IRMT TERM Module 4
INTERNATIONAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT TRUSTstartModule 4PRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSTraining in Electronic Records Management
TRAINING IN ELECTRONIC RECORDS MANAGEMENTMODULE 4PRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDS
Training in Electronic Records ManagementGeneral Editor, Laura MillarMODULE 4PRESERVING ELECTRONICRECORDSINTERNATIONAL RECORDS MANAGEMENT TRUST
TRAINING IN ELECTRONIC RECORDS MANAGEMENTModule 4: Preserving Electronic Records International Records Management Trust, 2009.Reproduction in whole or in part, without the express writtenpermission of the International Records Management Trust,is strictly prohibited.Produced by the International Records Management Trust4th Floor7 Hatton GardenLondon EC1N 8ADUKPrinted in the United Kingdom.Inquiries concerning reproduction or rights and requests foradditional training materials should be addressed toInternational Records Management Trust4th Floor7 Hatton GardenLondon EC1N 8ADUKTel: 44 (0) 20 7831 4101Fax: 44 (0) 20 7831 6303Email: info@irmt.orgWebsite: http://www.irmt.orgVersion no. 1/2009
TERM Project PersonnelProject DirectorDr Anne Thurston, founder of the Trust, is a pioneer in defining internationalsolutions for the management of public sector records. Both as an academic and as aprogramme director, she has extensive experience of working with many differentgovernments to provide practical solutions for strengthening record-keeping systems.Her groundbreaking survey of record-keeping systems across the Commonwealthresulted in the establishment of pilot projects to restructure records systems in TheGambia and Ghana, and she established the Trust in 1989 to develop and extend thiswork. She joined the staff of the School of Library, Archive and Information Studiesat University College London in 1980 to develop the Masters’ in Records andArchives Management (International); she was also a Reader in International RecordsStudies. In 2000 she was awarded an OBE for services to public administration inAfrica; she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK Records ManagementSociety in 2006. She was awarded the Emmett Leahy award for OutstandingContributions to the Information and Records Management Profession in 2007.General EditorLaura Millar divides her time among three careers: in archives as an archival andinformation management consultant and educator; in publishing as a writer, editor,and instructor; and in distance education as a curriculum developer, instructionaldesigner, and course author. She received her MAS degree in archival studies fromthe University of British Columbia, Canada, in 1984 and her PhD in archival studiesfrom the University of London in 1996. From 1994 to 1999, as Managing Editor ofthe Management of Public Sector Records Study Programme for the InternationalRecords Management Trust and the International Council on Archives, she wasresponsible for the development, testing, and delivery of 18 distance educationtraining modules and 15 associated publications in archives, records and informationmanagement. She is the author of a number of books and articles on various topics inarchives, publishing, and distance education.Project ManagerA New Zealand born Australian based in Seattle, Washington, Michael Hoyle has aMasters degree in Information Management and Systems from Monash University inAustralia. Prior to moving to Seattle in 2005, he was the Group Manager, Government Recordkeeping at Archives New Zealand. He has also worked in various information management and other roles in several government agencies in Australasia,including ten years at Archives New Zealand and six years at the National Archivesof Australia. Michael has been a council member of the Archives and RecordsAssociation of New Zealand (1996 to 1999) and served the Association ofCommonwealth Archivists and Records Managers (ACARM) as Deputy Chair (2000to 2002) and as Chair (2002 to 2004). He also served the Pacific Branch of theInternational Council on Archives (PARBICA) as Secretary General (2002 to 2003)and President (2003 to 2004).
Module 4: Preserving Electronic RecordsAuthorsAdrian BrownShadrack KatuuPeter SebinaAnthea SelesAdditional ContributorsChristine ArdernLaura MillarReviewersAndrew GriffinMichael HoylePatrick NgulumbeJim SudermanAnne ThurstonLouisa VenterThe International Records Management Trust would like to acknowledge the supportand assistance of the Department for International Development (UK).
ContentsPrefaceixIntroduction1Unit 4.1Understanding Key Concepts in Digital Preservation5Unit 4.2Basic Digital Preservation Practices21Unit 4.3Preserving Electronic Records in a Trusted Digital Repository33Unit 4.4Current Research and Future Directions47Study Questions55
FiguresFigure 1Characterising the Objects that Make Up an Electronic Record7Figure 2Key Steps in Data Migration13Figure 3Computer Environments that May Be Emulated19Figure 4Examples of Preservation Policies23Figure 5Examples of Entries from the PREMIS Data Dictionary27-28
PREFACEABOUT THE TERM PROJECTThis module is part of an educational initiative called Training in Electronic RecordsManagement or TERM, developed by the International Records Management Trust aspart of a wider project to investigate issues associated with establishing integrity inpublic sector information systems. Begun in 2006, Fostering Trust and Transparencyin Governance: Investigating and Addressing the Requirements for Building Integrityin Public Sector Information Systems in the ICT Environment was a project designedto address the crucial importance of managing records in the information technologyenvironment. The focus of the study was pay and personnel records, since payrollcontrol and procurement are the two major areas of government expenditure mostvulnerable to misappropriation, and payroll control is, therefore, a highly significantissue for all governments.The project provided an opportunity to explore the management of paper records asinputs to financial and human resource management information systems, themanagement of electronic records as digital outputs and the links between them. Italso involved examining the degree to which the controls and authorisations thatoperated in paper-based systems in the past have been translated into the electronicworking environment.The primary geographical focus of the study was eastern and southern Africa, and twosignificant regional bodies participated: the Eastern and Southern Africa RegionalBranch of the International Council on Archives (ESARBICA) and the Eastern andSouthern African Association of Accountants General (ESAAG). Four countries fromthe region (Zambia, Botswana, Lesotho and Tanzania) hosted case studies, andcomparative studies were carried out in West Africa (Ghana) and Asia (India).The products of this project, which will be available without charge, include route maps for moving from a paper-based to an electronic informationenvironment good practice indicators to measure records management integration in ICTcontrol systems these training modules on the management of records in electronic form.The project deliverables also include case studies conducted in Botswana, Ghana,India, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Zambia. The studies focused primarily on issuesrelated to the management of human resources and payroll functions in governmentsand involved research into paper-based and computerised personnel managementsystems. However, they provided an opportunity also to examine records andinformation management in the public sector in these countries. The case studies arePRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSix
most relevant to those readers focusing on personnel and payroll management.However, the findings also offer valuable insights into the challenges of automationand electronic government, and the issues involved with making the transition frompaper-based to electronic records and information management. The final case studiesare being made available on the Trust website at www.irmt.org.The case studies all point to the general need for greater integration of recordsmanagement in the design and implementation of electronic information andcommunications (ICT) systems. The good practice indicators produced by this projectare intended to help governments determine whether or not records managementrequirements have been integrated in ICT systems and to provide a high-level guideto records management integration. The indicators are particularly relevant toModules 2 and 3. The good practice statements that underpin the indicators arederived from generally accepted international standards but are also informed by thefindings of the case studies.It is hoped that the research conducted as part of this project will offer governmentsthe resources they can use to increase their capacity to manage paper and electronicrecords as accurate and reliable evidence in electronic environments. Their ability tomeasure progress toward accountability will be enhanced, and there should be ahigher success rate of e-governance applications.Project Steering TeamAn international steering team oversees the work of the project, consisting of thefollowing members. Stephen Sharples, Chair of the Steering Committee, Senior GovernanceAdviser, Africa Policy Department, UK Department for InternationalDevelopmentAnne Thurston, Project Director and International Director, InternationalRecords Management TrustMichael Hoyle, Project Manager, International Records Management TrustAndrew Griffin, Research Officer and UK Director, International RecordsManagement TrustJerry Gutu, Chief Executive Officer, East and Southern African Associationof Accountants General (ESAAG) (2006)Cosmas Lamosai, Chief Executive Officer, ESAAG (2007 and 2008)Kelebogile Kgabi, Chair, Eastern and Southern African Branch, InternationalCouncil on Archives (ESARBICA), and Director, Botswana NationalArchives and Records Services (2006)Gert Van der Linde, Lead Financial Management Specialist, Africa Division,World BankPeter Mlyansi, Director, Tanzania Records and National ArchivesDepartment and Chair of ESARBICA (2007 and 2008)Nicola Smithers, Public Sector Specialist, Africa Region, World BankPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSx
David Sawe, Director of Management Information Systems, Government ofTanzaniaRanjana Mukherjee, Senior Public Sector Specialist, Asia Region, WorldBank.More information about the project and the otherdeliverables can be found on the International RecordsManagement Trust website athttp://www.irmt.org/building integrity.html.About the ModulesThe following modules have been produced as part of this project:Module 1Module 2Module 3Module 4Module 5Understanding the Context of Electronic Records ManagementPlanning and Managing an Electronic Records Management ProgrammeManaging the Creation, Use and Disposal of Electronic RecordsPreserving Electronic RecordsManaging Personnel Records in an Electronic Environment.As well, the following two resources have been produced:Additional Resources a bibliography of key resources related to the managementof electronic records.Glossary of Termsa consolidated glossary of relevant records management,electronic records management, information technologyand computer terms.These materials are primarily intended for use by records management practitioners indeveloping countries. The focus is on providing both a conceptual framework andpractical guidance about important issues related to electronic records management.The goal is to produce a series of resources that can be used in a variety of ways, suchas for self study for in-house training for management training institutes as a resource for university or college courses as supporting information for distance education courses.A series of self-study questions has been included at the end of each module. Thesequestions can be used by readers to assess their own understanding of the contentprovided in the module. The questions may also be used by trainers or educators todevelop activities, assignments or other assessments to evaluate the success of anytraining offered. In order to facilitate the widest possible use of these questions byboth learners and educators, they have been gathered together in one place at the endPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSxi
of the module rather than interspersed throughout the text. Readers interested indeveloping educational or training initiatives using these modules are also directed tothe MPSR training resources developed in 1999, and listed below, which offerguidance on how to adapt and use educational tools such as these.ContributorsA number of records and information professionals were asked to contribute to themodules, including representatives from such countries as Australia, Botswana,Canada, Kenya, Singapore, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.The following people have contributed to the project as contributors, editors,reviewers and production assistants. Keith Bastin, United Kingdom, reviewerAdrian Brown, United Kingdom, contributorLuis Carvalho, United Kingdom, administrative coordinatorDonald Force, United States, editorElaine Goh, Singapore, contributorAndrew Griffin, United Kingdom, contributorGreg Holoboff, Canada, graphic artistMichael Hoyle, United States, contributorShadrack Katuu, South Africa, contributorSegomotso Keakopa, Botswana, contributorLekoko Kenosi, Kenya, contributorCharles Kinyeki, Kenya, reviewerBarbara Lange, Canada, desktop publisherHelena Leonce, Trinidad and Tobago, reviewerMphalane Makhura, South Africa, reviewerWalter Mansfield, United Kingdom, contributor, editorPeter Mazikana, Zimbabwe, contributorJohn McDonald, Canada, contributorLaura Millar, Canada, contributor, editorApril Miller, United States, contributorPatrick Ngulumbe, South Africa, reviewerGreg O’Shea, Australia, contributorLori Podolsky Nordland, Canada, contributorPeter Sebina, Botswana, contributorAnthea Seles, Canada, contributorElizabeth Shepherd, United Kingdom, reviewerKelvin Smith, United Kingdom, contributorJim Suderman, Canada, contributor, reviewerSetareki Tale, Fiji, reviewerPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSxii
Louisa Venter, South Africa, reviewerJustus Wamukoya, Kenya, reviewerRichard Wato, Kenya, reviewerGeoffrey Yeo, United Kingdom, reviewerZawiyah Mohammad Yusef, Malaysia, reviewer.Relationship with the MPSR Training ProgrammeThe modules are designed to build on and support the Management of Public SectorRecords training programme, developed by the International Records ManagementTrust in 1999. The MPSR training resources consist of over thirty separate trainingtools that address basic records management issues for developing countries. Whilesome information found in those earlier modules may also be found in this newtraining programme, the concept behind this new set of modules is that they buildupon but do not replace those earlier fundamental records management training tools.However, this new TERM programme focuses on the electronic record-keepingenvironment that is becoming so prevalent in the early years of the 21st century.Readers wishing to orient themselves to basic records management principles willwant to refer back to those MPSR resources, which are available free of charge fromthe International Records Management Trust website at www.irmt.org. Those trainingresources are identified below.Training Modules1The Management of Public Sector Records: Principles and Context2Organising and Controlling Current Records3Building Records Appraisal Systems4Managing Records in Records Centres5Managing Archives6Preserving Records7Emergency Planning for Records and Archives Services8Developing the Infrastructure for Records and Archives Services9Managing Resources for Records and Archives Services10 Strategic Planning for Records and Archives Services11 Analysing Business Systems12 Understanding Computer Systems: An Overview for Records and Archives Staff13 Automating Records Services14 Managing Electronic Records15 Managing Financial Records16 Managing Hospital Records17 Managing Legal Records18 Managing Personnel RecordsPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSxiii
Procedures Manuals19 Managing Current Records: A Procedures Manual20 Restructuring Current Records Systems: A Procedures Manual21 Managing Records Centres: A Procedures Manual22 Managing Archives: A Procedures Manual23 Planning for Emergencies: A Procedures Manual24 Model Records and Archives Law25 Model Scheme of ServiceEducators’ Resources26 Educators’ Resources Introduction to the Study Programme Glossary of Terms Additional Resources for Records and Archives Management Educators’ Resource Kit Writing Case Studies: A Manual.Case Studies27 Case Studies Volume 128 Case Studies Volume 229 Case Studies Volume 3The introduction to each module in the TERM programme includes more specificinformation about relevant MPSR resources that readers may wish to review inassociation with the TERM module in question.A Note on TerminologyAs with any material related to computer technologies, these modules contain a greatdeal of specialised terminology. Every attempt has been made to define key terms thefirst time they are used. When important concepts are discussed cross-references areincluded as appropriate to earlier references or to the glossary of terms. Readers arealso directed to the Additional Resources tool for more information on various topics,and web addresses are included whenever detailed information is provided aboutparticular organisations or specific resource materials.The modules are written using British English (programme, organisation) though ofcourse many computer terms use American English: thus an organisation may run arecords management ‘programme’ but it uses a particular software ‘program.’Abbreviations and acronyms are defined the first time they are used in each moduleand are used as sparingly as possible.One exception is ERM for ‘electronic records management’: this acronym is usedregularly throughout all the resources as appropriate when referring to the generalconcept of managing computer-generated records. When referring to an electronicPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSxiv
records management system – that is, to specific software programs designed tomanage electronic records – the term ERMS is used. It is recognised, however, thatERMS software may also offer document management features: supporting thecreation, use and maintenance of both documents (such as works in progress) andrecords (official, final documents). When referring specifically to software thatmanages both documents and records, the acronym EDRMS is used, but the acronymERMS is used more often, particularly when the concept of electronic recordsmanagement systems is discussed more generally.For More InformationFor more information or to download a copy of these resource materials free ofcharge, go to the International Records Management Trust website at www.irmt.org.The Trust can be reached as follows:International Records Management Trust4th Floor7 Hatton GardenLondon EC1N 8AD UKphone 44 (0) 20 7831 4101fax 44 (0) 20 7831 6303email info@irmt.orgwebsite www.irmt.orgPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDSxv
INTRODUCTIONThis module is the most technically challenging of the five modules in the series. Notonly are the issues involved complex, but the solutions to preserving electronicrecords over long periods are still emerging. Please note that this module is not a‘how-to’ manual but rather an educational guide, designed to introduce readers to keyconcepts and ideas and direct them to further sources of information.This module examines the nature of, and challenges associated with, the preservationof electronic records. The purpose of archival preservation is to ensure that recordsremain accessible over time in such a way that they can be considered authentic andreliable evidence. Not only must records be accessible, but their intrinsic value mustalso be retained. For traditional manual records and paper-based collections, includingtextual and audiovisual records created before the advent of computer technologies,the principal obstacle to preservation is the physical decay of the materialsthemselves. Paper records can become damaged through excessive handling and as aresult of deterioration caused by the acids in the paper fibres, leaving documentsbrittle and discoloured over time. As well, the colour dyes in photographic films andprints continue to be chemically active and can fade when exposed to excessive lightor high temperatures.The task of preserving electronic records over long periods presents a number ofcomplex challenges. As discussed in Module 1, digital information is stored in theform of bits: ones and zeros that denote values in binary notation. These bits have noinherent meaning; rather, they represent the encoding of information according to apredefined scheme. Computerised information can only be read with the help ofspecial computer hardware and software capable of translating that information intohuman-readable form.A significant challenge for preserving electronic records is the degradation of thesoftware or systems required to make digital information readable. Another difficultproblem in preserving electronic records is the inevitable obsolescence of thetechnology used to create them. For example, some digital photographs are created orsaved in a popular computer format called TIFF or ‘tagged image file format.’ Inorder to view that image, the user needs access to TIFF image viewing software torender the bits into viewable form. That image could then be converted into anotherfile format, such as GIF or ‘graphic interchange format.’ The image the viewer seeswill look identical to the TIFF image, but the computer is reading two completelydifferent records, each with its own unique qualities.Whichever format is chosen, the user needs access to multiple computer technologies:the appropriate image rendering software; the right operating system and hardwareconfiguration to view the image; and the hardware and software required to run thePRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDS1
computer in the first place. As well, the user will need a way to connect the computerto the media on which the image is stored, such as a computer’s hard disk drive or aCD-ROM storage device, which might require specialised software to function.As a result, access to any digital object – photograph, document, database,spreadsheet or other electronic information resource – depends upon a complexnetwork of interconnected technologies. This network is called a ‘representationnetwork’ since it must comprise all of the elements required to represent the objectcorrectly. The absence or failure of any part of this network could render the objectinaccessible.One of the difficulties in securing a suitable representation network is that computertechnologies are constantly changing and evolving. Information technology is arapidly advancing field, and new and improved technologies are being developedregularly. Equally, economic pressures force technology developers to follow aregular cycle of product replacement. New products and new versions of existingproducts are brought to market regularly, and as new products become available,existing products cease to be supported.The currency of any given computer technology is, therefore, typically very short:perhaps five to ten years at most. This rapid rate of obsolescence applies to alltechnologies in the representation network, including file formats, software, operatingsystems and hardware. The challenge of digital preservation, therefore, lies inmaintaining a way to access digital objects in the face of rapid technologicalobsolescence. In particular, digital preservation requires methods for identifying andpredicting the impact of technological change on digital collections and for executingappropriate preservation strategies to reduce this impact, often even before the recordsthemselves have been created.Maintaining accessibility in itself is not enough – in an archival context, theauthenticity of the record must also be preserved. As discussed in Module 1, theauthenticity of an electronic record derives from three essential characteristics:reliability, integrity and usability. But authenticity in a digital environment iscomplicated by the fact that the preservation of electronic records always entails someform of transformation. Digital preservation requires the management of objects overtime, and the techniques used may result in frequent and profound changes to thetechnical representation of that record. Over time, new technical manifestations of arecord will be created, making it that much more important to confirm the authenticityof the record.Therefore, ensuring the preservation of and access to electronic records involvesunderstanding some of the important technological and management issues associatedwith digital preservation.Digital preservation represents a formidable challenge, at both a technical andorganisational level, and many challenges remain to be fully resolved. However, thesedifficulties should not be seen as obstacles to the establishment of practicalpreservation policies. Every element of the preservation process described in thisPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDS2
module can be addressed with varying degrees of complexity as suits the resourcesavailable.Furthermore, the widespread and active research activities in this field should begrounds for optimism – more mature and integrated solutions should become widelyavailable in the next few years. But the rapid pace of research should not be seen as areason to postpone action now. Even electronic records created relatively recently canbe under threat, and the adoption of some simple preservation and security measurescan significantly reduce these risks immediately.This module provides an overview of the issues involved with preserving electronicrecords over time and examines some of the options for establishing a preservationstrategy. The discussion focuses on preserving digital objects since, as discussed inModule 1, the preservation of a complex electronic record may well involve ensuringthe protection of many different components or objects.Unit 4.1 examines important principles associated with the task of digitalpreservation, including considering the characteristics of digital objects;understanding the role of different characterisation software programs, and addressingdifferent types of preservation, including refreshing data, replicating data, migrationand emulation. The unit includes a brief overview of issues consider when choosingthe best preservation strategy.Unit 4.2 introduces different preservation practices, including developing apreservation policy, preparing a risk assessment, establishing security and accesscontrols, ensuring the integrity of the electronic record, managing metadata, managingthe content of electronic records and planning for emergencies.Unit 4.3 examines the role, purpose and nature of a digital repository. Specific topicscovered include the concept of a trusted digital repository, requirements forestablishing and maintaining a trusted digital repository, selecting hardware andsoftware solutions, understanding the ingest process and the concept of informationpackages, choosing storage devices, preparing records for preservation in therepository, ingesting records into the repository, deciding when to destroy originalrecords, monitoring the status of the preservation programme and staying current withtechnological changes.Unit 4.4 introduces information about various research projects currently underwayaround the world on the subject of electronic records management and offerscomments on possible future directions and trends in electronic records preservation.At the end of the module is a series of study questions that readers may wish toreview in order to help them reflect on the topics discussed throughout the text.FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONThis module more than all the others in this training programme requires that readersturn to other resources for more detailed explanations of issues and actions. Therefore,readers should pay particular attention to the relevant citations in the AdditionalPRESERVING ELECTRONIC RECORDS3
Resources document to find references to publications, websites, associations andother resources relevant to the general topic of electronic records preservation.Readers are also reminded that the Glossary of Terms includes definitions for keyrecords management terminology. Readers wishing to study some of the fundamentalsof records management as related to this specific topic may wish to review some ofthe MPSR training modules, available online at www.irmt.org.Of particular relevance to the preservation of electronic records are the followingMPSR products:Training Modules Preserving RecordsEmergency Planning for Records and Archives ServicesManaging Electronic RecordsProcedures Manuals Planning for Emergencies: A Procedures ManualCase Studies Pitt Kuan Wah, Singapore, Preserving Electronic Records at the NationalArchives of Singapore: a balancing archival act and a shared responsibility Roger Craig, Cayman Island, A Disaster Preparedness Plan for the CaymanIslands National Archives Cassandra Findlay, Australia, Development and Implementation of theImmigration Department’s New International Traveller Movements System Pino Akotia, Ghana, Management of Financial Records: The Ghana CaseStudy Ann Pederson, Australia, Storage/Preservation Case Study: RespondingEffectively to a Disaster.Readers are also directed to the work of various national, state and regional archivalinstitutions that are actively developing strategies for the management andpreservation of electronic records; specific information about some of those initiativesis provided throughout this module.Laura Millar, the editor of this module, ackno
4th Floor 7 Hatton Garden London EC1N 8AD UK Printed in the United Kingdom. Inquiries concerning reproduction or rights and requests for additional training materials should be addressed to International Records Management Trust 4th Floor 7 Hatton Garden London EC1N 8AD UK Tel: 44 (0) 20 7831 4101 Fax: 44 (0) 20 7831 6303 Email: info@irmt.org
Teacher’s Book B LEVEL - English in school 6 Contents Prologue 8 Test paper answers 10 Practice Test 1 11 Module 1 11 Module 2 12 Module 3 15 Practice Test 2 16 Module 1 16 Module 2 17 Module 3 20 Practice Test 3 21 Module 1 21 Module 2 22 Module 3 25 Practice Test 4 26 Module 1 26 Module 2 27 Module 3 30 Practice Test 5 31 Module 1 31 Module .
WinDbg Commands . 0:000 k . Module!FunctionD Module!FunctionC 130 Module!FunctionB 220 Module!FunctionA 110 . User Stack for TID 102. Module!FunctionA Module!FunctionB Module!FunctionC Saves return address Module!FunctionA 110 Saves return address Module!FunctionB 220 Module!FunctionD Saves return address Module!FunctionC 130 Resumes from address
XBEE PRO S2C Wire XBEE Base Board (AADD) XBEE PRO S2C U.FL XBEE Pro S1 Wire RF & TRANSRECEIVER MODULE XBEE MODULE 2. SIM800A/800 Module SIM800C Module SIM868 Module SIM808 Module SIM7600EI MODULE SIM7600CE-L Module SIM7600I Module SIM800L With ESP32 Wrover B M590 MODULE GSM Card SIM800A LM2576
Approaches to Language Teaching: Foundations Module 1: Contextualizing Language Module 2: Building Language Awareness Module 3: Integrating Skills Module 4: Pairwork / Groupwork Module 5: Learner Feedback Approaches to Language Teaching: Extension Module 6: Managing Large Classes Module 7: Learning Strategies Module 8: Authentic Materials Module
Getting to know Cerebral Palsy: List of Modules: Module 1: Introduction Module 2: Evaluating Your child Module 3: Positioning Your child Module 4: Communication Module 5: Everyday Activities Module 6: Feeding Your child Module 7: Play Getting to know cerebral palsy V1 - Module 5: Everyday activities Page 4 MODULE 5 EVERYDAY ACTIVITIES
the Management of Public Sector Records Study Programme for the International Records Management Trust and the International Council on Archives, she was responsible for the development, testing, and delivery of 18 distance education training modules and 15 associated publications in archives, records and information management.
Contents Preface ix Introduction 1 Unit 5.1 The Context of Personnel and Payroll Records Management 5 Unit 5.2 Understanding the Relationship between Human Resource Management Functions and Records 13 Unit 5.3 Types of Personnel Records 29 Unit 5.4 Managing Personnel Records and Personnel Files 39 Unit 5.5 Improving Personnel Record-keeping Systems and Verifying
inquiry-based instruction supported 5E learning cycle . In the instruction based on 5E learning cycle method, teaching and learning activities and lesson plans were designed to maximize students active involvement in the learning process. The topics included in the lesson plans were about the three units of fifth-grade sciences book; they included: hidden strangles (microbes, viruses, diseases .
