MF2925 Landscape Design - Kansas State University
LandscapeDESIGNThe goal of landscape design is to connect a house, fence,water feature, commercial building, or any permanent structureto the environment. Landscape plants and other materials shouldaesthetically enhance the environment, creating a setting thatunites and balances the structure with its surroundings.Planning is important. The landscapedesigner should carefully consider thebeauty and science of plants to be used aswell as the following site features.Evaluate the direction the structurefaces from all sides. Sun exposure is acritical plant requirement. Generally, thenorth side will be shady, the east will getmorning sun, the west afternoon sun, andthe south will be sunny most of the day.Sun exposure can vary depending on treesor other structures that may shade anotherwise sunny area. Structure orientationalso predicts wind flow. Hot winds blowfrom the southwest and cold winter windsfrom the northwest.How will the family or those workingin and around the structure use thelandscape? Does the family have youngchildren? Will they entertain frequentlyusing the outdoor areas? Do they planto have a vegetable garden? Need a placefor fireplace wood? Does the yard needprivacy? Understanding the uses willdetermine what plants should be used.It is useful to divide the landscape intofunctional areas and landscape areasaccording to use — public, private, utility,play, borders, foundations, etc. This enablesworking with smaller sections whilefollowing an overall plan.Drainage is critical for plant growth.Few plants grow well in wet or soggysoil. Water should drain away fromthe structure. Downspouts should beextended and buried under landscapebeds to prevent erosion around plants.Excess water must go somewhere, soexcess free-moving water may need to bediverted away from structures, neighbors,or landscapes. Before excavating, identifyand avoid underground utilities, water andsewer lines, and septic laterals by calling1-800-DIGSAFE (1-800-344-7233).The designer should sketch a plotdrawing using accurate measurements. Itshould indicate parameters such as thefoundation of the structure, windows,doors, driveways, sidewalks, utility boxes,marked utility line locations, patios, airconditioner, playground equipment, pools,and existing plant materials to be kept.Plant symbols should be drawn to scale. Acommon landscape scale is 1/8 inch is equalKansas StateUniversityAgriculturalExperiment Stationand CooperativeExtension ServiceLandscape DESIGN1
to 1 foot. See the landscape plan onpages 14-15.Think about how the design willfunction now and in the future. Will apathway be needed for access from onearea of the yard to another? Pathwaysshould be wide enough for two peopleto walk together or pass each other. Thepathway should to be at least 3 to 5 feetwide and sloped at 1 to 2 percent grade sowater does not stand or puddle if using asolid surface. Avoid a path that feels closedin or restricted. The closer plants are to thewalkway, especially larger plants, the widerthe path requirement.Will the elevation require steps inthe landscape? A 6-inch rise (the height)is comfortable for most people. The run(depth of the step) plus twice the riseshould equal 26 inches. If multiple stepsare needed, include a landing every four orfive steps, making a gradual stairway. Thesurface used for stairs and pathways shouldcomplement landscape materials and bestructurally sound so nothing wobbleswhen used.Include GFC outlets where electricitywill be needed. Areas may require outdoorlighting, water pumps, holiday lights,or lighted accent pieces. Plan for futureirrigation lines. PVC sleeves for irrigationand electrical lines are simple to installduring the initial planting and shouldbe part of the landscape plan, even ifcompleted later. Leave access for hydrantsand outlets.If the landscape is not newconstruction, evaluate existing landscapeplants to determine whether they areworth keeping or should be removed.Although established plants can add to thedesign, old, diseased, or overgrown plantscan dominate a new landscape.Plan for year-round color andinterest. In the Great Plains, there arefour complete seasons. Each area of the2Landscape DESIGNlandscape design should have a point ofinterest during each season. Look forplants with beautiful foliage, bark, berries,and flowers. There are plants for all seasonswith appealing, unique qualities.Plan for the full-grown size. Themost common landscaping mistake is toplant too many plants too close togetherin too small an area. When designingthe landscape, the first consideration isthe sun requirement of the plant. Sizeis equally important. Give plants ampleroom to exhibit unique characteristics.Crowding plants may provide immediategratification, but will overgrow in as fewas three years. For a sustainable landscape,pick plants that are within the hardinesszone for your area and pick the perfectplant for the spot. Always considerultimate size, sun, and soil requirements;geometric shape; bloom, berry, or foliagetiming; and compatibility with otherplants, while keeping in mind the overallsite design.The landscaped area should becontained in beds. Planting a singleshrub in the middle of the lawn createsa mowing inconvenience, and the plantmust compete with grass for survival.Because competition is strong and neitherwill thrive, it is best to plant wheresimilar plants can be cared for together.For example, acid-loving plants thatprefer shade can be grouped for similarrequirements and maintenance.Mulching landscape beds helpsprevent weed growth, insulates soil fromtemperature fluctuation and conservesmoisture. Organic mulches — cypress,cedar, or pine bark, for example — actuallyimprove the soil. Underlaid fabric is notrequired with organic mulch, and weedscan be controlled by hand or by using apreemergence herbicide.As mulch biodegrades, it becomesorganic matter for soil conditioning.Inorganic mulches such as rock or rubber
Left: Natural edging forlandscape beds.See diagram below forinstallation of naturaledging.can be rolled into a circle, it will be tooweak and have a short life. Secure theedging every 3 feet to prevent it fromheaving as the ground freezes and thaws.Rubber will not withstand mower blades,so it must be installed below mowingheight.Other types of edging require moreinstallation and will need to be part of theplan. Stone and concrete edging require a6 inchesTurfMulchLandscape bedSoilSand6 inchesneed underlayment to prevent the mulchfrom sinking into the soil. Mulch in alandscape bed should be approximately2 to 4 inches deep.Edging the landscape bed defines theplanting area from the turf and decreasesmaintenance. A natural edging is usedfrequently because of ease of installationand flexibility. It can be enlarged ordecreased depending on the bed and plantrequirements.Install a natural edging by digging a6-inch-deep trench straight down on theturf side. Angle the trench at 45 degreestoward the landscape. The top of thetrench should be 6 inches wide. Fill thebottom two-thirds with sand and the topone-third with mulch. See diagram, right.Edging will need to be cleaned out andre-dug every 2 to 3 years to keep a sharp,clean edge. Be sure drain tubing is buriedbelow the edging.Steel and rubber edging are frequentlyused and readily available. If using rubberedging, be sure to buy a heavy grade. If itSoilDrain tubingLandscape DESIGN3
solid surface, accomplished by excavating,leveling, and then forming a base with acompacted layer of crushed rock. There aremany decorative edgings available to suitdifferent styles and to match well with thestructure.Elements of DesignWhether decorating a home, arrangingflowers, or landscaping a yard, the elementsof design hold true in creating an artisticdesign that is pleasing to the viewer.This series of design elements is writtenwith the landscape in mind, but can havemultiple design applications.ColorColor adds excitement to thelandscape. While the many shades of greenare beautiful, they can be redundant. Color,size, and contrast are used in creating focalpoints for the landscape and developing atheme.Color can be added by using plantswith colored foliage, flowers, or berries.Accent pieces will bring out color in otherways that compliment the use of plants.Variegated foliage can be used to breakup colors and add variety to basic green.As a rule, use lighter flower colors towardthe back of the landscape and the morevibrant colors toward the front, closer tothe viewer. The lighter colors pull the view4Landscape DESIGNback, increasing depth and dimension. Anexception would be a pastel color theme.Softer colors such as pink, lavender, softyellow, blue and white are used throughoutto create a calming environment, ideal fora serene garden room. Warmer, brightercolors of red, orange, bright yellow, and hotpink cause more excitement for the viewer.All the colors of nature are compatible.A simple trick to add color to thelandscape is to extend the landscape bedby approximately 3 to 4 feet and border itwith flowers. The border can be a solid bedor arranged as color spots — small areas offlowers spotted throughout the landscapethat can be changed with the seasons.Try to stay away from alternatingmirror images. If using only two colors —for example, red and yellow barberry —grouping the plants three or more togethertends to look better than alternating red,yellow, red, yellow. Something with color,even if it is a temporary seasonal plant,will add the pizzazz needed to brightenthe landscape and make the most of itscounterparts.One last note on color: Do not tryto put color in the landscape by leavingtags on plants. It is like wearing the pricetag on your clothes. This is an overlookeddetail seen much too often. Shrubs andtrees for bloom color are listed onpages 5–9.
Shrubs for Spring ColorHeight(feet)4-53Width(feet)3-42-4Exbury Hybrid,RhododendronBeautybushCherry, NankingDeutziaForsythiaFothergillaHydrangea, smoothAnnebelleKerriaLeptodermisLilac, common -54-54-52-310-124-52-310-12Lilac, dwarfMockorangePlum, CistinaQuinceRhododendronSpirea, Bridalwreath,Snowmound ,Thunberg, Tor,VanhoutteViburnum4-64-66-83-43-54-65-6Plant NameFlowering AlmondAzaleaColorPinkRed, white, pink,lavenderYellow, orange, pink,white, -63-43-56-8YellowPurplePurple, white,lavender,magentaPurpleWhitePinkWhite, salmon, redRed, lavenderWhite5-6WhiteMany produceberriesAcid soilsAcid soilsFragrantFragrantFragrantNote: Sizes and colors are an average for the plant. Sizes and plant characteristics differ by variety.Landscape DESIGN5
Shrubs for Summer ColorHeight(feet)3-5Width(feet)3-5Althea (Rose ofSharonBlue SpireaBushclover8-105-62-33-63-43-6Red, pink, ly 4-65-63-43-4YellowBlue, purple, whiteWhiteWhite, roseRed, pinkElderberryFalsespireaHoneysuckleHydrangea, bigleaf,oakleaf, panticleHypericum,St. John’s eep redWhite, pink2-32-3Yellow2-43-5Rosy pinkJetbeadNew Jersey TeaPheasant Berry3-52-43-54-63-43-5WhiteWhite, pinkWhitePotentillaRoseSpirea, dwarf2-32-52-42-32-42-4Yellow, whiteAll colorsRose, white, eep redWhitePink, deep rosePlant NameAbeliaColorWhiteNotesFragrant, attractsbutterfliesCut back to 6 inchesin springPrune in spring,late to emergein the spring,south exposureBig leaf are moredwarfRemove die-back inthe springEarly summerCut back close tothe ground inspringPrune to 12 inchesin springFragrantNote: Sizes and colors are an average for the plant. Sizes and plant characteristics differ by variety.6Landscape DESIGN
Shrubs for Fall Color and Multiple-Season InterestPlant ryBurning Bush,compactClethra, 3-54-52-3Frothergilla, large6-85-6Hydrangea, oakleafMahonia; Oregongrape 6-10Spicebush6-106-10Fragrant oliage color: red,green, yellowLilac-purple fruitsFoliage color: redWinged cork barkGolden yellow foliageCoral-red fruitPink bloomsRed fruit; orangemulit-coloredfoliageWhite flowers;red, orange, yellowfoliageBurgundy foliageYellow flowers deeppurple berriesmulti-coloredfoliageRed foliageNotesSpring, summer, fallLate summer–fallFall, winterFallFall, winterSpringFall, winterSpring,fragrant fallFallSpringSummerFall and winterFall and winterNeeds protectionWhite flowersSpringOrange berries, foliage Fall and winterevergreenYellow flowersSpringRed fruit on femaleSummerYellow foliageFall, prefers shadeOrange-Red foliageFallWhite flowersReddish-purplefoliageWhite flowers erFallNote: Sizes and colors are an average for the plant. Sizes and plant characteristics differ by variety.Landscape DESIGN7
Trees for Bloom Color8Plant NameBuckeyeHeight owpanticlesPink or whitePink or whiteflowers; red ororange fruitPink or whiteflowers;Burgundy foliage infallSmall white clustersRed to black seedscapsulesWhite, fragrantYellow flowers onpanticlesWhite flowersRed berriesRed or yellowMaroon foliageYellowPink, yellow, whiteCherry, -20Korean wthorn20-30Horsechestnut20-30LindenMagnolia, Saucer,Star, SouthernMimosa15-20PinkPagodatree30-40WhitePeach, floweringPear10-1215-20Plum15-20RedbudSeven-Son ish-OrangefoliageWhitePurple foliageRose-Purple, whiteWhiteReddish-Pink sepalsPink “smoke like”plumesPurple foliageSummerMarginally hardyPea like flowersSummerSpringSpringFallLandscape DESIGN12-15SpringSpring, somevarieties SpringFallSpring, fragrantSpringSpringSummer and fallSpringLate summerFallSummerAll growing season
Trees for Bloom ColorPlant NameSourwoodHeight 5Yellowwood30-4015-20ColorCreamy-whiteRed and purplefoliageWhiteBlue-black berriesNotesSummerFallYellow, orange,copperOrange, red andpurple foliageWhite clustersEarly spring flowersFall foliagePrefers shady,moist conditionsSummerSummerSummer and fallNote: Sizes and colors are an average for the plant. Sizes and plant characteristics differ by variety.Themes and Focal PointsDevelopment of a theme often beginsby determining which plants to use asthe focal point — the spot the viewer’seye sees first. Whatever is most colorfulor contrasts the most in size, texture, orgeometric form will command attentionand become the focal point of a landscape.Accent pieces, specimen plants,or plants with color catch the eye.Proportion is critical for the focal point.It should attract attention without beingoverbearing. The focal point is usuallyfound at the entrance to the structureor seen at first glance when viewing theoverall landscape. Lighting in the areaof the focal point will provide 24-hourenhancement.The theme will provide consistencyin each section of the landscape. Using arepetition of the same plants will draw theeye from the focal point to other pointsof interest. Repetition, while pulling thelandscape theme together, can be achievedwithout using the plants in the samesequence or placement. A rearrangementor using additional plants or objects canalso achieve overall harmony. The plantingsin each landscape area do not need to bethe same but should work together andhave something in common.Part of the overall theme will includetransitional areas that connect plantingareas in the landscape. Creating anobstruction or boundary defines one areaand connects it to the next space. Use ofcolor spots, especially pastel or neutralcolors, small hedges, walls, boulders, orpathways work well to end one section andmove to the neighboring planting area.Care should be taken to scale the boundarywith the surroundings and style of thestructure so it does not become intrusiveand dominant. The goal is to transitionfrom area to area in a harmonious flow.Texture and FormTexture is the visual “feel” of the plant.There are plants with bold heavy leavesand deep veins. In contrast, other plantsare wistful, flowing, airy, and fine-textured.Plant texture is a valuable tool in designingfor depth and balance. Every plant hasits own geometric shape and associatedtexture. They can be pyramidal, horizontal,vertical, prostrate, columnar, globe, orvase-shaped. All shapes and sizes give avisual experience within the landscape.Texture can create drama — a bold or softLandscape DESIGN9
statement. Bold plants command attentionbut can be counterbalanced with fineundergrowth, grasses, or weeping twigs.Dominant structures can be softenedand made intrinsically interesting byadding fine-textured plants that do nothave as much visual weight. The largerand more stately the plant, the heavierit appears to the viewer. Balancing thelandscape will offset large garages, corners,or parts of the structure with dominatingfeatures. A landscape balanced withtextures and geometric shapes is morepleasing to the viewer and keeps themovement of the landscape flowing.The “feel” of the design determinesthe reaction of the viewer. With many tochoose from, the palette of textures andforms together provides a sense of balance.Together they create interest and stability.The difference in appearance between afern and a large leaf viburnum can createa complementary appearance in thesame bed. Another example is the furrytexture found on the perennial rabbit’s ear(Stayches). Who can resist the touch of thefoliage? It is soft and visually gentle. Usedas a groundcover with a stiff or erect plant,such as an ornamental tree, creates interestbecause they complement each other.Consider the shape each plantcontributes to the landscape. Using severalgeometric shapes will add rhythm andcan be used to accent similar shapes inthe structure. If the structure has a peakedroof, a vertical plant can accent it, or aspreading plant can play down the verticalline. Similarly, different geometric shapescan break up a linear wall and developsections that can be duplicated in otherareas.Line and RhythmThe line and movement of thelandscape allow the viewer to move theirfocus from one area of the landscapeto another. The view starts at the focal10Landscape DESIGNpoint and moves to other sections of thelandscape. Repetition of color or plants,flowing curved beds, or the addition ofbold shape or texture help to create a lineand flowing movement.Take a clue from nature. Think ofthe natural flow of a river and its bluffs.The line moves in and out, sometimesdramatically. Small crannies and largeloops harmoniously flow at the perimeterallowing growing space for both largecanopy plants and smaller undergrowthand groundcovers. Asymmetrical shapeswork together as a consistent theme —natural, soft, and informal.Symmetrical design is used to developa more formal look. Planting identicalmirror images of two areas developa balanced look that works well nearstructures that are also symmetrical.Formal gardens with clipped hedges canbe used to create garden rooms and formpathways for the garden landscape.Landscaping within structuralboundaries is often limiting. It maybecome necessary to eliminate thesebarriers by jumping the landscaped bedbeyond a sidewalk to connect with otherareas or beds. Landscaped beds do notneed to always connect from one areato another, but the visual flow from areato area will be part of the developingtheme. Transition can be achieved byincorporating pathways, either with solidmaterials or turf.As the landscape moves aroundthe structure, use different plants toaccommodate the change in sun and sizerequirements, but remain consistent withaesthetic goals. The flow of the landscapedbed is used to dramatically enhance thebalance of the landscape structure. Asweeping, looped bed around the cornerof a house will offset a massive drivewayon the opposite corner.Many landscape mistakes are madewhen determining the size of the bed. An
Ornamental grasses,sedums, andgroundcovers provideinteresting plant texturein the landscape.ornamental tree should not be plantedwithin 10 feet of a house. The averagefoundation plant has a spreadof 4 to 5 feet. Allow at least 18 inchesbetween foundation plantings and thehouse at full-grown size. This meansthe center of the plant should not becloser than 4 feet from the house. Allowanother 3-foot radius between the plantand house to allow it to spread. The 4to 5-foot foundation shrub requires a7-foot diameter planting area. Curvedlines develop a flow and rhythm, so allowenough space to adequately accommodatethe plants. It is difficult to achieve thedesired effect if plantings are close andlinear.DimensionDimension in a landscape givesdepth to the plantings. Plantings shouldbe layered to see beyond one row ofplants. Done properly, three-dimensionalplantings can make a small area seemlarger and deeper. Framing the landscapewith borders will not only createparameters for development but is an areawhere dimension becomes interesting as abackground for other landscaped areas.Whether landscaping a foundation orbackyard, start with large, bold plants inthe background of the view and progressforward using medium plants next andsmaller more colorful plants in theforeground. Incorporate color into thedepths with lighter colors to the back andmore vibrant colors closer to the viewer.Small border plants and groundcoverscan enhance layering and serve as anedging that creates a soft, natural flow ofplants. The foreground is a perfect placeto add annuals and perennials for seasonalcolor. Visualize using layers of plantswith different degrees of size and shape.Think about how the frame lends itselfto combinations of texture and shapeswithout any of the plants hiding oneanother.A backyard border can provide privacyusing combinations of deciduous plantsthat lose leaves in the fall, and evergreens.Varied shapes, groupings, and layers ofplants make a year-round perimeter ofplants. Plants that produce flowers, berries,and provide protection will be a usefulhabitat for butterflies, wildlife, and birds.Dimension in the landscape increaseswith lighting. Strong up-lighting in theLandscape DESIGN11
background or down-lighting from trees isdramatic. Pathway lighting works well forborders and pathways. Lighting not onlycontributes to the dimensional statement,but also provides security.AccentsAccents are useful elements of designbecause they help create special pointsof interest. The placement of a uniquespecimen plant or an object of interestshould be designed with the view in mind.Water gardens, disappearing fountains,a sundial, fencing, boulders, arbors orpergolas, and statuary are among a populararray of landscape accents. Accents canact as a reason for the plantings in anarea or to fill a void. Accents can developa separate theme or be used to enhancean existing one. Caution should be takennot to compete with existing featuresby placing accents too close together orcreating an area that is too busy. This willonly confuse the view and disrupt the flowof the landscape.Defining AreasThe artistic selections for the landscapeare a matter of personal preference. Agood landscape will include all types ofplants. These include trees and shrubs,both deciduous and evergreen. Perennials,annuals, groundcovers, grasses, andbulbs give variety but need to be plantedstrategically. When selecting plants thatwill work together, first consider plantrequirements. Similar requirements helpmake maintenance easier and the gardenersuccessful.Consider the view and angles of thelandscape as seen from different vantagepoints. View the landscape from inside thehouse to evaluate the overall panorama.Because landscaping is an extension ofthe home or structure, there should be aconnection.12Landscape DESIGNGarden rooms can serve as outdoorliving areas that provide privacy andshelter. The space is defined and is adestination for a quiet sanctuary. Thegarden room, big or small, can be designedfor the unique taste and preference of theuser.Busier areas are designed for thepublic to enjoy. Public areas add curbappeal to the structure. Utility areas suchas vegetable gardens, outdoor storage, orsites for air conditioners may need to bescreened off and out of site. Borders framethe property and provide background andprivacy.Each distinct area will require plantswith specific function. There should bea reason for each plant selected, and allareas should work together for a balanced,proportional, and interesting landscape thatconnects to the structure and environment.Massing, or grouping many plants ofthe same type, makes a bold statement.Using several of the same plants andstaggering their placement gives depthand weight to the area. Planting in oddnumbers is generally more appealingprovided there is enough space. Massplantings are generally found inside theborders of landscape beds for largertrees and shrubs, frequently usingplants with color to make an abundantgrouping. Vertical plants can be staggeredthroughout a border to develop rhythm.Variegated plants work well with justabout everything, breaking up the colors.Perennials can be planted strategicallyin groupings and timed for bloomingto become a continuous change of colorand texture. Ornamental grasses fit intomost groupings as a transition of texture,intertwining with stems and foliage fornaturalizing.Plants with stately structure, withmany sizes and shapes from which tochoose, are the fundamentals of thelandscape. They add stability to the bed
and should be considered first whendesigning plant combinations. Trees forshade or design effects should be placedinitially. Other plants can be filled in toincorporate variety and fulfill the aestheticdesign. If the landscape is being completedin stages, the following guidelines will behelpful in determining priorities. Site preparation – removal ofunwanted plants and structures,excavation as needed for drainage,installation of irrigation lines andelectrical outlets, addition of topsoil,trees, and other slow-growing plants Hardscape such as decks, patios,water features, or other morepermanent structures Planting beds – start with front yard Borders and perimeter plantings Accent features and final touchesFoundation plantings, those plantsaround and close to the structure, arefundamental in most landscapes. Thefocal point is often incorporated into thisarea and responsible for much of the curbappeal given to the structure. These plantsshould not block the view by being plantedin front of windows or restricting access tothe entrance. Combinations of evergreens,deciduous plants, and flowers can beused and layered for a three-dimensionalappearance. Three of the same plant ina row is not considered landscaping.Foundation plants tie the structure to theimmediate area and then the design flowsfrom there.Often, during construction, inadequatespace is allowed for foundation plantingsso it may become necessary to extendthe planting bed beyond barriers such assidewalks, driveways, steps, or retainingwalls. The plants selected must be able togrow to full size in the space allowed, orreplaced every few years as they becomeovergrown. Continual pruning is anoption, but not a good one as it takes atoll on the health and beauty of the plant.Plant placement is critical so plants do notgrow into the structure or create drainageor maintenance problems.Landscape Plan GraphicsDeciduous Tree SymbolsDeciduous Shrub SymbolsEvergreen Tree SymbolsEvergreen Shrub SymbolsGround Cover Bed SymbolsLandscape DESIGN13
Landscape PlanOakleaf Hydrangea (2)Black Hills Spruce (3)LawnAnnabelle Hydrangea (9)PatioFrench Patio DoorsPeriwinkleBlue Chip Juniper (8)Green Mountain MapleDaylilies14Landscape DESIGN
Virginia Sweetspire (12)Redbuds (5)Paperbark MapleOakleaf Hydrangea (3)Hosta BedRed OakNo. Date RevisionClient :Spreading Yew (5)The Smith ResidenceAddress :Stepping Stones1234 Oak StreetPrairiefire Crabapple (3)Scale : 1/8" 1'0"Plan No. :Designer : gldEditor :Date :Landscape DESIGN15
ResourcesSome useful links to help in planting and maintaining the landscape can be foundon the K-State Research and Extension website. Pruning ornamental df Planting trees and pdf Watering a new trees and .pdf Fertilizing pdf Establishing new pdf Fertilizing pdf Weed control in the df Designing a perennial f Care for annualshttp://www.ksre.ksu.edu/hfrr/extensn/Hort Tips/Annual&Perrenial Flower/Annuals.pdf Water f Plants recommended for tabid 731Authors:Emily Nolting, Horticulturist, Commercial Landscape and OrnamentalsCheryl Boyer, Horticulturist, OrnamentalsLandscape plan drawings by Greg Davis, Associate Professor of Landscape DesignBrand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only.No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned.Publications from Kansas State University are available on the World Wide Web at: www.ksre.ksu.eduPublications are reviewed or revised annually by appropriate faculty to reflect
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