GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY: A ,: PART II -- INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE - USGS
Click here to return to USGS publicationsr”-\a ,:STUDY GUIDE FOR A BEGINNING COURSE INGROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY:PART II -- INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE0OUNDARYD-WATERSYU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYOpen-File Report 92-637
aSTUDY GUIDE FOR A BEGINNING COURSE INGROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY:PART II -- INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDEBy 0. Lehn Franke, Thomas E. Reilly, Herbert T. Buxton, and Dale L. SimmonsU.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYOpen-File Report 92-637Reston, Virginia1993
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBRUCE BABBITT,U.S.DallasFor tmay beU.S. GeologicalSurveyBooks and Open-FileReportsFederalCenterP.O. Box 25425Denver,CO 80225U.S. GeologicalSurveyOfficeof Ground WaterNationalCenter,MS 41112201 SunriseValleyDriveReston,VA 22092iiSection
CONTENTSPageIntroduction.Purpose and scope of instructor'sguide .Suggestionsto instructorson teachingthe course .Section(I)--Fundamentalconcepts and definitions.Dimensions and conversionof units.Answers to Exercise(l-l)Dimensions and conversionof units.Water budgets .Answers to Exercise(l-2)Water budgets and the hydrologicequation .Characteristicsof earth materialsrelatedto hydrogeology.Occurrence of subsurfacewater.Pressure and hydraulichead .Answers to e(l-4)Hydraulichead .Preparationand interpretationof water-tablemaps. .Answers to Exercise(1-S) Head gradientsand the directionofground-waterflow .Ground-water/surface-waterrelations.Answers to Exercise(l-6)Ground-waterflow patternneargainingstreams .Supplementalproblem on ground-water/surface-waterrelations,with answers. .Section(2)--Principlesof ground-waterflow and storage.Darcy'slawAnswers to Exercise(2-l)Darcy'slaw. .Transmissivity.Answers to Exercise(2-2) Transmissivityand equivalentverticalhydraulicconductivityin a layered sequence .Aquifers,confininglayers , unconfinedand confinedflow.Ground-waterstorage.Answers to Exercise(2-3) Specificyield.Ground-waterflow equation.Section(3)--Descriptionand analysisof ground-watersystems.System concept.Informationrequiredto describea ground-watersystem. .Preliminaryconceptualizationof a ground-watersystem. .Answers to Exercise(3-l)Refiningthe conceptualizationof aground-waterflow system from head maps and hydrogeologicsections .Answer to the thirdunnumbered assignment under "Preliminaryconceptualizationof a ground-watersystem" .Analysisof ground-watersystems through use of flow nets .Answers to Exercise(3-2) Flow net beneath an impermeablewall .Regional ground-waterflow and depictionof ground-watersystemsby means of hydrogeologicmaps and sections.Geology and the occurrenceof ground water.Descriptionof a real ground-watersystem .Source of water to a pumped well.Answers to Exercise(3-3) Source of water to a pumped well . .Role of numericalsimulationin 262828303637383940424545464748686869777879808084
CONTENTS (Continued)Page.Section(4)--Ground-waterflow to wells.Concept of ground-waterflow to wells .Analysisof flow to a well-- Introductionto basic analyticalsolutions.Answers to Exercise(4-l)Derivationof the Dupuit-Thiemequationfor unconfinedradialflow .Analysisof flow to a well-- wers to Exercise(4-Z) Comparison of drawdown near a pumpedwell in confinedand unconfinedaquifersthrough use of theThiem and Dupuit-Thiemequations.Answers to unnumbered example problem.Answers to Exercise(4-3) Analyafsof a hypotheticalaquifertest by using the Theis solution.Concept of superpositionand its applicationto well-hydraulicproblems .Answers to Exercise(4-4) Superpositionof drawdowns caused bya pumped well on the pre-existinghead distributionin anarea1 flow system n.Background and fieldproceduresrelatedto ground-water.contamination.Physicalmechanisms of solute transportin ground water .Answers to Exercise(5-l)Ground-watertraveltimes in theflow system beneath a partiallypenetratingimpermeablewall 78992939798105106111112112113114timesin a hypotheticalstream-aquifersystem .Answers to Exercise(5-3) Applicationof the nces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.Flow diagram of a hypotheticalhydrologicsystem underpredevelopmentconditionsshowing assumed budget valuesassociatedwith selectedflow paths . . . . . . . . . . . .Sketchesin threeshowingcloselypressure head (p/7) and elevationhead (z)spaced observationwells. . . . . . . . .715l Numbers of illustrationsare the same as those in Part I of the Study Guide(Franke and others,1990).Because the Instructor'sGuide does not includeall the illustrationsfound in Part I of the Study Guide, figurenumbers inthis publicationare not consecutive.Two of the illustrationsin thispublicationare new and are not found in Part I of the Study Guide.iV0
ILLUSTRATIONS(Continued)PageFigureMaps of hydraulichead illustratingthree differentcontourpatternsand plots of head that assistin estimatingheadgradients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19l-11.Plot. . , . .201-12.Hypotheticalwater-tablemap of an area underlainbypermeable depositsin a humid climateshowing selectedstreamlines,lateralground-waterdivides,and the inferredground-watercontributingarea for a stream reach . . . . .24Head measurements near Connetquot Brook, Long Island,NewYork, during a 3-day period in October 1978 . . . . . . . .Sketchforthe"three-point"of water-tablePlot of data fromlaboratoryseepagebetween hydraulicthroughflow(Q) .head-gradientcontoursproblem.near a losingstream. . . . ,27hypotheticalexperimentswith thesystem illustratinga linearrelationgradient(Ah/L) and model. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Sketch of laboratoryseepage system showing boundaryconditionsof sand prism and representativeflowlinesandpotentiallines withinsand prism . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Head contoursin the unconfinedaquiferdrawn from resultsof a synopticmeasurement of water levelsin observationwells.52Head contoursin the confinedaquiferdrawn from resultsof a synopticmeasurement of water levelsin observationwells. . . . . . .53North-south-trendinghydrogeologicsectionshowing headcontoursdrawn from resultsof a synopticmeasurement ofwater levelsin observationwells . . . . . . . . . . . . .55East-west-trendinghydrogeologicsectionshowing headcontoursdrawn from resultsof a synopticmeasurement ofwater levelsin observationwells. . . . . . . . . . . . .56Conceptualdiagram of flow patternsalong north-southtrendinghydrogeologicsectionscomparing the rechargearea of the confinedaquiferat the water table with thearea of downward flow to the confinedaquiferat the top ofthe confiningunit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Measured heads in the unconfinedaquifercaused byresponse to steady pumping from a well screened in thelower part of the unconfinedaquifer. . . . . . . . . . .61V
-15.3-16.3-19.3-20.3-21.3-35.4-4.Measured heads in the confinedaquifercaused by responseto steady pumping from a well screened in the lower partof the unconfinedaquifer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62North-south-trendinghydrogeologicsectionshowing headcontoursdrawn from measured heads caused by response tosteady pumping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Measured heads in the unconfinedaquiferin a ground-watersystem with a discontinuousconfiningunit . . . . . . . .65Measured heads in the confinedhole in the overlyingconfiningaquiferand locationof theunit . . . . . . . . . . .66North-south-trendinghydrogeologicsectionshowing headsmeasured in a ground-watersystem with a discontinuousconfiningunit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67Verticalsectionthrough a ground-waterflow system near apartiallypenetratingimpermeable wall showingdiagrammaticsketch of flow pattern. . . . . . . . . . .72Aquiferblocks for calculatingblock conductancesandblock flows,and for plottingpositionsof calculatedvalues of stream functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73Flow net for a ground-waterwall.74systemnear an impermeable(A) Head map for the stressedaquiferwhen the pumpingrate of the well is 3.1 cubic feet per second withbounding flowlinesdelineatingthe area of diversionof(B) Head profilealong sectionAC inthe pumped well.(A).Steady flow to a completelypenetratingwell in anunconfinedaquiferas representedin the Dupuit-Thiemanalysis.;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi8390a0-
).4-7(c).4-8.4-10.5-5.5-6.5-9.Plot of calculateddrawdowns obtained by using the Thiem(confinedcase) and Dupuit-Thiem(unconfinedcase)equations.95Double logarithmicN-l (r 200 feet).99plot of drawdown againsttime for well. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Double logarithmicplot of drawdown againstN-2 (r 400feet).timeDouble logarithmicplot of drawdown againstN-3 (r 800feet).timeDouble logarithmicagainst time/radiusplot of selectedvaluessquared for wells N-l,forwell100forwell101of drawdownN-2, and N-3 . .103Head distributionIn confinedarea1 flow system resultingfrompumping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108Contours of equal time of travelfrom the upper left-handinflowboundary in the impermeable-wallground-watersystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11sHypotheticalwater-tablemap of an area underlainbypermeable depositsin a humid climateshowing streamlinesfrom point A to stream B and from point B to stream A . . .120Plot of relativeconcentrationagainst distancefrom sourcefor two values of the dispersioncoefficientD and anelapsed time of 1,000 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124Vii
TABLES’PageTablel-2.Head data. . . .142-l.Data from hypotheticalexperimentswith the laboratoryseepage system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303-4.Format for calculationwallproblem.of stream75Format for calculationfromthepumped well.of drawdowns at specifieddistances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106Format for calculationof absoluteheads at specifiedreferencepoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107Format for calculationof time of travelalong selectedflowlinesin impermeable-wallproblem. . . . . . . . . . .116Format for calculatingsolute concentrationswhen thedispersioncoefficientD 10 square feet per day and theelapsed time t 1,000 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122Format for calculatingsolute concentrationswhen thedispersioncoefficientD 100 square feet per day and theelapsed time t 1,000 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1234-3.4-4.5-l.5-2.5-3.forthreecloselyspaced observationfunctionswellsin impermeable1 Numbers of tablesare the same as those in Part I of the Study Guide (Frankeand others,1990).Because the Instructor'sGuide does not includeall thetables found in Part I of the Study Guide, table numbers in this publicationare not consecutive.Viiia0
LIST OFNOTESIN PARTI OFSTUDYGUIDE1Pagel-lPiezometersand measurementof waterflow equation --A simplified.Reilly18field.41by Gordon D. Bennett.46of a ground-waterstorage,.and head.3-1System conceptas tualization3-4Introduction3-5Examples of flow3-6Examples3-7Role of numerical4-lConcept4-2flowby Thomas E.57to ground-waterto describesystemsa ground-water. . . . . . . . .system65. . . . . .67. . . . . .72. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110of a ground-waterto discretization.netsdevelopment,of hydrogeologicmaps and sectionssimulation. . . , . . . . . . . .128. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130Analyticalsolutionsto the differentialequationsgoverningground-waterflow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1354-3Derivationof the Thiem equation. . . . .1374-4Additionalanalytical. . . .1414-5Application. . . . . .1504-6Aquifer. . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . equationsof superpositiontestsmechanismsto wellsforconfinedwellto wellof soluter This listingis for referencein Part I of the Study ichydraulicsystems.113. .of ground-waterin analyzingsystem.flowproblemsproblemsin ground waterof solutetransport. . . . . .159in ground172only.(FrankeThe page numbers referand others,1990).0iXto those
CONVERSIONFACTORS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND VERTICAL quared0.02832cubicmeter0.06309literper second0.04381cubicmeter0.7894meter per year per ilesquarefootmilefootgallon(mi")per day (ftl/d)per secondper minutemillionfoot25.4squaredcubicgallonsper year[(ftlyr)/miqAdditional(fta/s)(gal/min)per day (Mgalld)per squaremile1abbreviationsusedin this(m)(km)kilometer(km2)per day (d/d)per second(x /s)(L/s)per second(II? Is)report:ft'fyr- cubic feet per yeargal/daft- gallon per day per foot- gallon per day per squaregal/deftq- gallon per day per squaregal/d%&inq - square inchin/hr- inch per hourlbs - pounds- pounds per inchlbslin.- pounds per square footlbslftq- pounds per cubic footlbs/ftacubicmeters per daynfldcentimetercd - cubic centimetercm/s - centimeterper secondcm/d - centimeterper daycd/s- square centimeterper secondcd/s- cubic centimeterper secondd - dayft? - square footft" - cubic footft/d - foot per day- foot per yearftlyrfta/d- cubic feet per daycd0To obtainby- square"sea level"refersto the NationalSea level:In this report,Geodetic VerticalDatum of 1929 (NGVD of 1929)--ageodeticdatum derived from a general adjustmentof thefirst-orderlevel nets of the United States and Canada,formerlycalledSea Level Datum of 1929.XaL‘footmile
INTRODUCTIONCourse inThis publicationis a companion to dStudy Guide for a BeginningPart I--CourseParticipants"(Franke and others,Ground-Water Hydrology:1990) and is not designed to stand alone.The companion study guide,hereafterreferredto as Part I of the Study Guide, includessuggestedreadings in a selectionof appropriateground-watertexts,comments on outlinetopics,and speciallyprepared notes and exercises.Purposeand ScopeofInstructor'sGuideThe purpose of this publicationis to provide(1) suggestionstoinstructorson teachingthe course outlinedin Part I of the Study Guide, (2)additionalreferencesand comments on the topicsin Part I of the Study Guide,and (3) answers to the exercisesin Part I of the Study Guide.This instructor'swe proceed sequentiallyand provide the followingand comments from eachreferencesfor certaintopic--e ithertechnicalanswers to exercisesinSuggestionsguide consistsof five sections.Within each section,through each subsectionin Part I of the Study Guideinformation:(1) a repetitionof the assignmentssubsectionin Part I of the Study Guide; (2) additionalsubsections;(3) furthercomments on the subsectioncomments or suggestionson teaching;and (4) detailedthe Study Guide.toInstructorson TeachingtheCourseIn this section,we make briefsuggestionsand coannents on coursemechanics, pace of teaching,additionalreferencesto supplement the keyedcourse texts,and sources of additionalproblems.Instructorshave considerablelatitudein how a course is organizedandpresented.In class sessions that meet for no longer than 2 to 3 hours,intensivelecturingwith reading and problem assignmentsbetween classes can bean effectiveteachingapproach.In workshops that are scheduled for 8 hours ormore a day, however, continuouslecturingis virtuallyfruitless,particularlyin workshops lastingseveraldays.In this lattersituation,we recommend thatformal lecturingbe limitedto less than one-halfof the scheduled time.Theremaining time can be spent profitablyin reading notes, In class discussion,and in working well-designedexercises.We believethe latterto beparticularlyimportantfor developingan understandingof new concepts.lWe suggest making overhead transparenciesof all figuresin the notes andexercisesso that these figurescan be discussedreadilywith the entireclasswhen appropriate.If an instructorprepares additionalfigures,these need benothing more than neat pencilsketches,as simplicityof design aidsunderstandingby the viewer.As a rule, course participantsbenefitfromhaving a paper copy in theirnotes of any overhead transparencythat isdiscussed.This same principleappliesto equation derivations--ifcourseparticipantshave complete derivationsin theirhands, they willbe able tomake additionalmarginalnotes as the derivationproceeds.1
The ideal pace for presentingmaterialin a course is difficultto fixrigidly,as it depends to a large degree on the technicalbackground andThe technicalbackground of participantsinmotivationof the participants.Inthissituationthebestin-house trainingcourses often varies widely.participants,andapproach is to aim the presentationsfor the "middle-level"to encourage those less-preparedwith individualhelp and the more advancedIn this setting,instructorswith additional,more challengingassignments.are not under pressure to complete a prescribedcurriculumin a fixed timeIn general,we recommendframe, as is often the case in an academic setting.coveringless materialmore thoroughly,rather than coveringmore materialina manner in which only the best-preparedparticipantsachieve understanding.because a topic is coveredOne pitfallto avoid is the assumption that,clearlyin a lecturefrom the instructor'sstandpoint,this topic isUnderstandingassimilatedand understoodIn perpetuityby the participants.by course participantsis enhanced by judiciousrepetitionof key concepts,particularlyas they apply to practicalexamples.The level of detailand relatedtime allotedto some course topicsshouldbe determinedin part on the basis of the technicalbackground of the courseparticipants.For example, if most of the participantshave a geologicbackground,the discussionof geologicframework maps can be shortenedincomparison with the discussionof this topic if the participantshave othertechnicalbackgrounds.Circulationof a briefquestionnairethat surveys thetechnicalbackground of each participantat the beginningof the course willassistthe instructorin evaluatingthis variable.Course instructorsshould have appropriatesource materialreadilyavailablefor quick reference.For the beginningcourse in ground-waterhydrologythat we have outlined , the combinationof the keyed course texts(Fetter,1988; Freeze and Cherry,1979; and Todd, 1980) and the annotatedlistof referencesprovidedat the beginningof Part I of the Study Guide generallyis sufficient.Additionalpertinentreferencesare listedin this publicationand in Part I of the Study Guide, and all three textbookslistedabove containcarefullyselectedand widely ranging bibliographies.Well-designedand relevantexercises,particularlyare less readilyavailablethan are referencematerials.in the Study Guide, we believethat a selectionof suchAdditionalour principalcontributionsto this course.can be found in both Fetter(1988) and Freeze and Cherrybook is availablefor the problems in Fetter'stext.Inexercises,severalof which stress the geologicaspectsavailablein Heath and Trainer(1968).2those with answers,As noted previouslyexercisesis one ofillustrativeproblems(1979).An answeraddition,worthwhileof hydrogeology,are
SECTION(l)--FUNDAMENTALCONCEPTS ANDDEFINITIONSThis initialsectionof the course providesa background in earthmaterials,selectedhydrologicconcepts and features,and physicalprinciplesthat is sufficientto begin the quantitativestudy of ground-waterhydrologyin Section(2).Dimensionsand ConversionofUnitsAssignment*Work Exercise(1-1)--Dimensionsand conversionof units.Conversion of units 1s a painfulnecessityin everyday technicallife.Tables of conversionfactorsfor common hydrologicvariablesare found inFetter(1988), in both the inside cover and several appendixes;Freeze andCherry (1979), p. 22-23, 29, 526-530, and front inside cover; and Todd (1980),p. 521-526, and back inside cover.CommentsExperienceindicatesthe need to continuallyemphasize the units of allvariableswhen teaching beginninghydrologists,even for variablesas familiaras hydraulicconductivityand transmissivity.In all exercises,stressthenecessityfor using the appropriateunits tiththe numericalanswers.Uponcompletionof Section(2) in Part I of the Study Guide, instructorscan reviewunits by associatingcommon hydrologicvariableswith the unit combinationsinExercise(l-l).Anstuers to Exercise(1-1)--Dimensionsand Conversionof hitsBelow is a listof several conversionsto be calculated.Beforeperformingthe calculations,test whether the two sets of units aredimensionallycompatible.(In one or more examples, they are not compatible.)To perform this test,write a general dimensionalformula for each set ofunits in terms of mass (M), length (L), and time (T).For example, velocityhas a general dimensionalformula of (LT'l),and force has a generaldimensionalformula of (MLT'*).As part of the calculations,write out allconversionfactors.(1)15 ft/dto(a)(2) 200 gal/minto(3) 500 gal/deft%(4) 250 fta/d(5)500,000toin/hr,(a)to(b) cm/sfts/d,(a)ft*/d,(a) gal/daft,gal/d*mi*to(a)(b) cnf/s(b) d/d(b) c&/sinlyr,(b) cm/d.
Answers :(1)[L/T],(a)(b)15 ft-d12 in.--ftl7.5 in.--hr[Ls/T],(a)24 hr-------(3)[L/T1 - [L* /Tl,(4)[Lq/T],(5)WTI,3,600lftr--d250 ftq--dl(b)250 ft'--dl(2.54 cm)*d- 0 ---------bin.as086,400 10.50in.--yr(2.54lcm)q- -- ------m--syr04---Sft80---7.48 galmiq0---(5,280)9in.--yrcm--in.2.69ft4365 d--Cm? yr-- 0.073365 dcm-d--S(12 in.)llin.'sl2.540Cd 12,619 1,870 gal/deftgal----w-Bd l miq(12 in.)'------m-ftsunits7.48 gal--ft886,400fta--d38,503 7.48 gald(a) 500,00010.50---d(a)(b)ftl---cm/ss1,440 minlnot compatible12 in.--ft 5.29 x 10'"--m---ein.---38,503hr0min(b)in.t 7.5 --hr-e--w2.54 cml200 gal(2)dlftql
WaterBudgetsAssignments*Study Fetter(1988),p. 203-207, 364-367;*Work Exercisep. 1-12, 15-24,or Todd (1980),(1-E)--Waterbudgets446-448; Freezep. 353-358.and the hydrologicThe preparationof an approximatewater budget isUnfortunately,thein many hydrologicinvestigations.components that we can measure directlyand do measureprecipitationand streamflow.Evapotranspiration,thehydrology,can be estimatedby variousindirectmeans,subsurfaceflows also usuallyare subjectto considerablereasons for the uncertaintyin subsurface-flowestimatesin this course.and Cherry(1979),equation.an importantfirststeponly two budgetroutinelyare"great unknown" inand estimatesofTheuncertainty.are addressed laterIn Exercise(l-2)and the accompanying discussionon water budgets,thefollowingpointsare emphasized:(1) the differentiationbetween inflowsandoutflowsfrom a basin as a whole and flows withinthe basin,(2) the possiblespecificinflowand outflowcomponents of the saturatedground-waterpart ofsystem , and (3) the necessitythe hydrologicof clearlydefininga referencevolume when determininga water budget for the saturatedground-waterpart ofthe system.This referencevolume willbe used again laterin the developmentof concepts specificallyrelatedto ground-watersystems.ReferenceHeath and Trainer(1968),p. 230-244.5
AnstuerstoExerciseBudgets and the Hydrologic(l- )--WaterEquationaParticipantswho have not had a previouscourse in hydrologymay havep articularlyin matching givendifficultygettingstartedwith this exercise,ofIn this case, the beginningl-l."budget numbers" with flow lines in figurethis exercisemay be completed as part of a class discussion.OutflowInflowPrecipitation(1) System budget(See fig.l-l)Total45 in.evapotranspirationStream dischargeSubsurface(2) Stream budget(bodies of surfacewater)Direct(3) Ground-waterreservoirbudget(zone ofsaturation)Recharge(5,280(4) 250ml*l(a) 2.614ft)*45(5,280ft)a-ems-ssm.-;Yr2.14?365 d45 in.ll2.614 x 10'0 12 in.l-86,400ftl---828.912 in.s8m-wft'mi’6fts--yr---7.48 galldischargefts Yr.10-bl8 t---outflowSeepage to streams20 in.in.012 in.Neglected--evaporationstream surfaceseepage11 in.Neglected--rechargeground water bystreams----------x lOloTotal1 in.Ground-waterto streamsmi'(5)runoff--365 d25 in. 12 in.from11 in.8 in.0
,T,ONA45 lN/YR- -4-1 25 lN/YRFLOW OF LIQUID WATER--Heavytines represent major flow paths;thin lines, minor flow pathsnowOI: GASEOUS WATER-%avylines represent major flow p&s;thin Iincs, minor flow palhr0SURFACE-WATEROUTFLOW \bD12 lN/YRCECAPILLARYASEEPAGEANDSPRINGFLOW11 lN/YRRISESUBSURFACEGROUND-WATEROUTFLOW \N\*8 lN/YRFigureal-l.--Flowdiagram of a ingassumedwith selectedflow undervaluesassociatedand McClymonds,-
(6) Inflow- Outflow- (Total EvapotranspirationSubsurface Ground-WaterPrecipitation35 in. A Storage- (20 in. 10 in. 7 in.) Surface Water OutflowOutflow) A Storage 35 in.- 37 in. -2 in.As -2”Inflow---------- 35 in.----se----System Outflow--e----s---2 in.(From storage) 37 in.---.------ If the (A Storage)term is on the right-handside of the water-budgetequation,a (-AS) means that water has been removed from storage in thehydrologicsystem and appears as outflowfrom the system.8
gyAssignments*Study FetterTodd (1980),(1988), p. 63-73;p. 25-31, 37-39.Freezeand Cherry(1979),p. 29, 36-38;or*Look up in both the glossaryand the index in Fetter(1988) and write thedefinitionsof the followingterms describingthe flow medium:isotropic,anisotropic,homogeneous, and heterogeneous.In consideringearth materialsfrom the hydrogeologicviewpoint,thefirstlevel of differentiationgenerallyis between consolidatedandunconsolidatedearth materials.In many ground-waterstudies,the thicknessof the unconsolidatedmaterialsabove bedrock definesthe most permeable partof the ground-watersystem.Relevant characteristicsof earth materialsviewpointinclude(1) mineralogy,(2) grain-sizeunconsolidatedmaterials,(3) s i ze and geometryrocks,(4) porosity,(5) permeability(hydraulicspecificyield.from the hydrogeologicdistributionofof openings in consolidatedconductivity),and (6)Mineralogyis includedin this listbecause it is one of the principalbases for the geologicclassificationof consolidatedrocks, and it exerts anevolutionof ground water(a topicthatimportantinfluenceon the geochemicalis not discussedin this course).Permeabilityand specificyield,includedhere to make the listof relevantcharacterieticsmore complete,are definedand discussed later in the course.ReferencesDavis (1969), p. 53-89.Heath (1983), p. 2-3, 7-9.Heath and Trainer(1968), p. 7-29.Meinzer (1923), p. 2-18.
CommentsThe referencesabove and these comments discuss the most risticsof earth materials,Thus,specificyield,which have not yet been introducedin the course.of the followingtopicsare more appropriatelydiscussedlater.andsomeSome hydrogeologicfeaturesof earth materialsthat merit discussioninclude(1) the fundamentaldifferencebetween the geometry and spatialdistributionof void space in unconsolidatedmaterialscomposed of grains andthat in fracturedbedrock;(2) the fact that the porosityof fracturedbedrockcommonly is lower than that of granularmaterials;(3) the large spatialvariationsin porosity(and permeability)exhibitedby certaintypes ofconsolidatedrock, such as limestoneand basalt;(4) the importanceof grainsortingon porosityand permeability--well-sortedmaterialstend to havehigher porositiesthan less well-sortedmaterials;(5) the absence of agenerai,directrelationbetween porosityand permeability--thatis, a highporositydoes not necessarilyimply a high permeability;for example, claysgenerallyhave higher porositiesbut lower permeabilitiesthan sands andgravels;(6) the concept of primary and secondary permeability;and (7) theimportanceof solutionopenings as well as fracturesin consolidatedrocks.Davis'(1969) overview of porosityand permeabilityof earth materialsprovidesmuch more informationthan would normallybe presentedin a beginningground-watercourse.Heath and Trainer(1968) provide exerciseson openingsin rocks and the relationbetween sortingand porosityof granularmaterials.Most textbookdiscussionson openings in rocks refer to a figurein anddiscussionof this topic by Meinzer (1923, fig.1, p. 3).10
OccurrenceofSubsurfaceWaterAssignments*Study Fetter(1988), p. 85-95,or Todd (1980), p. 31-36.99-101;Freezeand Cherry(1979),p. 38-41;Subsurface water generallyis consideredto occur in three zones--(l)theunsaturatedzone, (2) the capillaryor tensionsaturatedzone, and (3) theThe water table in coarse earth materialscan be definedsaturatedzone.The focusapproximatelyas the upper bounding surface of the saturatedzone.processesin theof this course is the saturatedzone; however
study guide for a beginning course in r"- \ ground-water hydrology: a ,: part ii -- instructor's guide 0oundary d-water sy u.s. geological survey
with the LACDPW Hydrology Manual. The soil type used is No. 10 and the 50year, 24hour ‐‐ isohyet is 5 inches per Appendix B Sheet 1H1.7 of‐ LACDPW Hydrology Manual (2006). The isohyets for WQV and 25year storms are converted by multiplication factors per Table 5.3.1 of ‐ LACDPW Hydrology Manual.
Physical Hydrology Second Edition S. Lawrence Dingman University of New Hampshire . Introduction to Hydrologic Science 1.1 Definition and Scope of Hydrology 1 1.2 Development of Scientific Hydrology 1 1.3 Approach and Scope of This Book 5 Basic Hydrologic Concepts 2.1 Physical Q
Stanford University, the University of Arizona and Wisconsin. The Hydrology Program at NM Tech now offers an on-line 15-Credit Graduate Certificate and a 30-Credit coursework only Professional Masters Degree Hydrology. The hydrology faculty who teach distance education classes are listed below in Table 1.
Chapter 7 HYDROLOGY 7.1 HYDROLOGIC DESIGN GUIDELINES Manual, hydrology will address estimating flood magnitudes as The following sections summarize ODOT practices that relate to hydrology.
This edition includes new sections on wetlands hydrology and snowmelt hydrology, an expanded section on arid lands hydrology, corrections of minor errors, and inclusion of dual units. 17.
Hydrology- Madan Mohan Das, Mim Mohan Das-PHI Learning private Ltd. New Delhi-2009 3. A Text Book Of Hydrology- Jayarami Reddy, Laksmi Publications, New Delhi-2007 (Ed) 4. Irrigation, Water Resources and water power Engineering- P.N.Modi- standard book house, New Delhi. 5. Irrigation and Water Power Engineering-Madan Mohan Das & Mimi Das Saikia .
Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources An overview of global Impacts and techniques to assess at local scale Literature Review Eusebio Ingol - Blanco . Climate Impacts on the Hydrology and Water Resources 2.1 Impacts on the hydrology cycle The main components of hydrology cycle are the precipitation, evaporation, runoff, groundwater, .
Anatomi Tulang dan Fisiologi Panggul 2.1.1 Tulang Tulang pelvis merupakan komposisi dari tiga buah tulang yakni dua tulang kokse . tulang pria lebih kekar dan kuat, sedangkan kerangka perempuan lebih ditujukan kepada pemenuhan fungsi reproduksi. Pada wanita bentuk thorak bagian bawah lebih besar, panggul berbentuk ginekoid dengan ala iliaka lebih lebar dan cekung, promontorium kurang .
