Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging - Rug
NUCLEAR MEDICINEANDMOLECULAR IMAGINGAnnual Report2008University Medical Center Groningenumcg
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingAnnual Report 2008Nuclear Medicine and Molecular ImagingUniversity Medical Center GroningenP.O.Box 300019700 RB GroningenThe Netherlands
Cover illustration: By injecting either a radiolabeled inhibitor or a radiolabeledsubstrate for P-glycoprotein, the expression or function of this efflux pump at theblood-brain barrier can be visualized. See pages 37-39 of this Annual Report.EDITORS:A.van WaardeA.M.J.Paans
CONTENTS1. Clinical Applications .12. Clinical Research .92.1 Cardiology. 92.1.1 Myocardial perfusion falls during uncomplicated hemodialysis. 92.1.2 Myocardial perfusion reserve determined with PET . 102.1.3 Left ventricular volume determined with planar ventriculography . 112.1.4 Ischemia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. 112.2 Neuroscience . 132.2.1 PK11195-PET to monitor neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease . 132.2.2 Neuroinflammation in schizophrenic patients. 132.2.3 Locally increased P-glycoprotein function in major depression . 142.2.4 Regional increase of P-glycoprotein function in chronic schizophrenia . 152.2.5 The dissociative brain: Feature or ruled by fantasy? . 152.3 Oncology . 202.3.1 Choline-PET after radical prostatectomy . 202.3.2 Detection of recurrence of prostate cancer after radiotherapy. 212.3.3 Early prediction of response to sorafenib. 222.3.4 Zirconium-89 trastuzumab for her-2 imaging . 232.3.5 Methionine-PET vs FDG-PET in differentiated thyroid cancer. 242.3.6 Visualization of recurrent laryngeal cancer. 252.4 Miscellaneous. 262.4.1 Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy for detecting skeletal abnormalities . 263. Basic Research .273.1 Animal studies . 273.1.1 Functional PET imaging of developmental neurotoxicity. 273.1.2 Radiation-induced cardiac damage assessed by FDG-PET. 303.1.3 FDG-PET in erythropoietin-treated rats with chronic heart failure. 313.1.4 MicroPET imaging of the cardio-renal axis . 323.1.5 MicroPET and microSPECT imaging of radiolabeled stem cells . 333.1.6 Effect of methotrexate on neuroinflammation and energy supply . 343.1.7 Effects of chronic stress and antidepressants on the BBB. 353.1.8 Novel PET probes for P-glycoprotein expression and function . 373.1.9 Loss of P-glycoprotein expression and function in neuroinflammation. 403.1.10 Detecting tumors using a PDGFß-R specific carrier . 413.1.11 In vivo VEGF imaging with a radiolabeled anti-VEGF Fab fragment. 423.1.12 89Zr-Trastuzumab for HER2 immuno-PET imaging . 433.1.13 A new HYNIC-bombesin analogue for targeting prostate tumors . 44
3.2 In vitro studies . 473.2.1 Cancer cell killing by sigma ligands and sTRAIL . 473.3 Radiochemistry. 493.3.1 18F-FEAnGA, a PET tracer for extracellular ß-glucuronidase . 494. Technology .514.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.8Cyclotron. 51Gamma cameras and clinical PET scanners . 54Cameras for small animal imaging. 55Measurement of leakage during chemotherapeutic limb perfusion. 56Click for PET: Application of click chemistry to 18F-PET tracers . 58Exploration of reaction parameters in 18F click chemistry . 61Simplified and automated production method for 18F-fluoromethylcholine . 63Radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical production overview . 655. Publications .675.15.25.35.45.55.65.7Ph.D.theses and books. 67Papers in international journals . 67Papers in international journals (by users of our facilities) . 72Papers in Dutch journals . 73Abstracts in international journals. 73Invited lectures, conference proceedings etc. 75Book chapters. 786. Personnel .796.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.86.9Medical staff. 79Residents-in-training . 79Medical physics. 79Radiochemistry . 79Nuclear medicine technologists. 80Medical and financial administration . 80PhD students. 80Visiting scientists . 80Trainees. 817. Other responsibilities .837.1 Teaching activities . 837.2 Appointments, diploms, (inter)national cooperation. 837.3 Social responsibilities. 83
CLINICAL APPLICATIONSTable 1 presents an overview of the nuclear medicine studies which were performedin 2008. The total number of single-photon and positron emission studies wasincreased in 2008 as compared to 2007 (from 15966 to 16484, i.e. by 3 %). Theproduction of the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging wasincreased by 33% between 2003 and 2008.When the data from 2008 are compared to those of the previous year, a few trends areevident.In the category “blood, infection, tumor”, major increases occurred in sentinel nodescintigraphy (176 examinations in 2007, 296 in 2008), whole body FDG-PET (1712in 2007, 1969 in 2008) and whole body choline-PET (31 in 2007, 56 in 2008).In the category “central nervous system”, a sharp decline of the number of DAT scans(53 in 2007, 11 in 2008) was offset by increases of the number of FDOPA (34 in2007, 83 in 2008) and FDG-PET scans of the brain (127 in 2007, 164 in 2008). Thisgradual shift from SPECT towards PET was already noted in the Annual Report of2007.In the category “digestive tract” a strong increase of oesophagus scintigraphy shouldbe noted (62 examinations in 2007, 295 in 2008).The total number of examinations in the field of “endocrinology” was declined by10% (from 372 in 2007 to 334 in 2008) and the number of examinations regarding“heart and vessels” remained virtually constant (3122 in 2007, 3133 in 2008).The gradual decline of lung perfusion scintigraphy since 2005 was continued in 2008(646 examinations in 2007, 427 in 2008).In the category “skeleton” the number of bone densitometry measurements was againincreased (from 5491 in 2007 to 5609 in 2008). The total number of scintigraphicexaminations of the skeleton increased from 7063 in 2007 to 7118 in 2008.The number of applications of nuclear medicine techniques for therapeutic purposeswas increased (from 146 in 2007 to 176 in 2008) and the number of renography scanswith furosemide (138 in 2007, 193 in 2008) and renal scintigraphic examinations with99mTc-DMSA (133 in 2007, 160 in 2008) also showed a relatively strong increase.Statistics for the reliability of tracer production are presented in Table 2. Thereliability of most production methods was (much) greater than 90%, although asecond attempt at tracer production was sometimes required, which could result in 1to 2 h delay of the scanning time. 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan and 11C-verapamil werethe tracers with the lowest reliability (89% and 90%, respectively). The complexity ofthe (enzymatic) procedure for synthesis of 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan explains why thereliability of tracer production did not exceed 90%. 11C-Verapamil was only producedfor animal studies in 2008, not for any study in patients.-1-
Table 3 shows that the overall reliability of tracer production in 2008 was 93.9%(failure rate 6.1%, based on a single attempt at tracer synthesis). In reality, reliabilityof the tracer synthesis was higher since a second attempt at tracer production wasoften possible.Table 4 indicates that five tracers (FDG, FDOPA, methionine, raclopride, andcholine) could be produced in multidose quantities.-2-
Table 1. Nuclear medicine examinations in 2008Type of studyBLOOD, INFECTION, TUMORBone marrow scintigraphyBone marrow scintigraphyBevacizumab scanCholine whole body scanHydroxytryptophan scanMethionine whole body scanErythrocyte volume assessmentFDOPA whole body scanFDG whole body scanFluoroestradiol scanFLT whole body scanSodium fluoride scanGallium scanLeukocyte scan detailLeukocyte scan total bodyLymph node armsLymph node legsPlasma volume assessmentSchilling testSchilling test with intrinsic factorSentinel nodeSentinel node mammaSentinel node otherSentinel node vulvaSomatostatin receptor scintigraphyTrastuzumab scanTRM-1 scansubtotalNumber 3067762844RadiopharmaceuticalAveragedose (MBq)Tc-99m NanocolloidIn-111 ChlorideIn-111 Bevacizumab (Avastin)C-11 CholineC-11 5-hydroxytryptophanC-11 MethionineCr-51 Na-chromateF-18 FDOPAF-18 FDGF-18 FESF-18 FLTF-18 NaFGa-67 Gallium citrateTc-99m LeukocytesTc-99m LeukocytesTc-99m NanocolloidTc-99m NanocolloidI-125 HSA serum albuminCo-57 CyanocobalaminCo-57 CyanocobalaminTc-99m NanocolloidTc-99m NanocolloidTc-99m NanocolloidTc-99m NanocolloidIn-111 OctreotideZr-89 Trastuzumab (Herceptin)In-111 721200.260.020.0260606010219638149Subject AgeSex0-1516-40 1390330140167286791480015564242721222112292871
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMMethionine scan of the brainPK11195 scanPiB scanRaclopride scanCisternography – leakageDaT scanFDG scan of the brainFDOPA scan of the brainLiquor drain functionsubtotal658269611164831409C-11 MethionineC-11 PK11195C-11 PiBC-11 RacloprideIn-111 DTPAI-123 FP-CITF-18 FDGF-18 FDOPAIn-111 76233111537712781681692490380115572341DIGESTIVE TRACTAbdominal scanGastrointestinal blood lossBile duct scintigraphyLiver and spleen scintigraphyGastric emptyingGastric emptying (solids)Meckel scanOesophagus scintigraphyOesophagus scintigraphy nanocolloidSalivary gland scintigraphysubtotal11155113013259361462Tc-99m Tin-colloidTc-99m ErythrocytesTc-99m MebrofenineTc-99m Tin-colloidTc-99m Tin-colloidTc-99m CMC-gelTc-99m Na-PertechnetateTc-99m Tin-colloidTc-99m NanocolloidTc-99m 5241ENDOCRINOLOGYAdrenal cortex scintigraphyAdrenal medulla scintigraphyParathyroid scintigraphyThyroid scintigraphy I-123Thyroid scintigraphy I-131Thyroid scintigraphy I-123 i.v.Thyroid cancer fluidThyroid cancer scintigraphy (1 mCi)Thyroid cancer scintigraphy (2 mCi)Thyroid uptakeDMSA-V total bodysubtotal141431051613326743334I-131 NorcholesterolI-123 MIBGTc-99m SestamibiI-123 Na-iodide (capsule)I-131 Na-iodide (solution)I-123 Na-iodide, i.v.I-131 Na-iodide (solution)I-131 Na-iodide solutionI-131 Na-iodide solutionI-131 Na-iodide, dilutedTc-99m DMSA 12221553-4-
HEART, VESSELSm-Hydroxyephedrine scanMyocardial metabolism (FDG)HaemangiomaHeart l-r shuntHeart r-l shuntMUGA first passMUGA restMyocardial metabolism (DISA)Myocardial innervationMyocardial scintigraphy (at rest)Myocardial scan (with adenosine)Myocardial scintigraphy (exercise)Myocardial scan thallium adenosineMyocardial scan thallium (exercise)Myocardial scan thallium (at rest)subtotal15221113858381219246392754513133C-11 MHEDF-18 FDGTc-99m ErythrocytesTc-99m HDPTc-99m albumin aggregatesTc-99m Na-PertechnetateTc-99m Na-PertechnetateF-18 FDGI-123 MIBGTc-99m TetrofosminTc-99m TetrofosminTc-99m TetrofosminTl-201 ThalliumchlorideTl-201 ThalliumchlorideTl-201 47001823380838228892330Tc-99m albumin ELETONSkeletal scintigraphy total bodySkeletal scintigraphy total body flowSkeletal scintigraphy detailSkeletal scintigraphy detail flowYttrium citrate colloid scanBone dsitometry measurementssubtotal79244401272156097118Tc-99m HDPTc-99m MDPTc-99m MDPTc-99m MDPY-90 212146891643242291760355161631051437282371670Sr-89 StrontiumchlorideP-32 Na-orthophosphateI-131 MIBGI-131 Na-iodide (solution)I-131 Na-iodide 45210LUNGSLung perfusion scintigraphyLung ventilation scintigraphyTHERAPYMetastatic bone diseasePolycytemia veraNeuroendocrine tumorsHyperthyroidism (treatment 1)Hyperthyroidism (treatment 2)1877413-5-
Thyroid carcinoma73176I-131 Na-iodide (capsule)4965122502449subtotalUROGENITAL SYSTEMRenal scintigraphyPriming hippuran clearance childrenRenographyRenography / captoprilRenography / lasixRenography of renal transplantIothalamateI131-hippuran clearance childrenIothalamate clearance childrenClearance studies ERPF/GFRsubtotal16043431932744410441477Tc-99m DMSA (succimer)I-131 HippuranTc-99m MAG-3 (Tiatide)Tc-99m MAG-3 (Tiatide)Tc-99m MAG-3 (Tiatide)Tc-99m MAG-3 (Tiatide)I-125 Na-iothalamateI-131 HippuranI-125 Na-iothalamateI-125-iothalamate or SCELLANEOUSMeasurement of perfusion leak TcMeasurement of perfusion leak IAmyloid scintigraphy (SAP scan)Tc-99m Tin-colloidLacrimal / lymph scintigraphysubtotalTOTAL NO. EXAMINATIONS776812110416484Tc-99m Na-PertechnetaatI-131 HSA, verdundI-123 SAPTc-99m Tin-colloidTc-99m 174433014*Not included in Table 1 are tracer production data for animal experiments. See Table 2 and chapter 4 for information on animal scans.-6-
Table 2. Statistics Radiopharmacy/Radiochemistry 2008Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for PETMonth lity * (%)96 / 9994 / 10094 / 9494 / 9691 / 9596 / 9689 / 89100 / 10087 / 9294 / 9492 / 9290 / 90100 / 100100 / 100100 / 100* The second figure relates to reliability after 2 attempto synthesize the tracerTracer delivery for animal studies -labeled 6479718-7-1111495588695216109151221410406105354
Table 3. Failures of radiopharmaceutical production for human PET studiesRadiopharmaceuticalProduction failures in 240001353 or 6.1 %(based on 100 % 867)Table 4. Multi dose vial preparation of radiopharmaceuticals in 2008Radiopharmaceuticalfor multi dose holine18Number ofpreparations forhuman use (n)245136536833-8-Number of doses(d)d/n21592358668568.81.71.61.11.7
CLINICAL RESEARCH2.1 Cardiology2.1.1Myocardial perfusion falls during uncomplicated hemodialysisIn cooperation with Dialysis Center Groningen, Dept Internal Medicine, Division ofNephrology, Dept Cardiology, Groningen, and Dept Renal Medicine, Derby CityGeneral Hospital, Derby, England.Whereas hemodialysis (HD) is life-saving by replacement of renal function there isdata to suggest that the HD procedure itself may contribute to the high cardiovascularrisk in HD patients. Previous studies have shown that HD may elicit myocardialischemia but the effect of HD on myocardial blood flow (MBF) has not beenquantified. We studied the effect of HD on global and regional MBF.Previous studies have shown that cardiac output (CO) falls during HD. Wequestioned whether the decrease in CO is primarily caused by hypovolemia-inducedreduction of the filling volume of the left ventricle (LV) or by compromisedmyocardial contractility due to a diffuse or regional reduction in myocardialperfusion.Gated 13N-ammonia Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was used to quantifychanges in LV volume, LV function and myocardial perfusion in 7 chronic HDpatients during a single HD session of 4 h duration. A total of 3 PET scans was made:before the start of HD, and 30 and 200 minutes into the HD session (Table 5).Participating patients had an uneventful cardiovascular history and had stable HDsessions in the preceding 3 months. HD sessions were uneventful. Total ultrafiltratevolume was 2.8 1.0 l.Table 5. Changes of heart function during hemodialysisBefore HDSystolic BP (mmHg)Diastolic BP (mmHg)Heart rate (bpm)Cardiac output (l/min)LV end-diastolic volume (ml)LV end-systolic BP (ml)Myocardial perfusion(ml/min/100 g)125 1074 1169 94.1 1.0111 2554 1875 1730 min intoHD123 674 970 93.9 0.8105 23 *51 18 *64 14 *200 min intoHD119 5 #68 978 11#3.1 0.4 *#77 20 *#35 14 *#54 10 *#Data shown are Mean SD; *denotes p 0.05 compared with baseline.#denotes p 0.05 compared with 30 min into the HD session.CO, LV end-diastolic, LV end-systolic volume and myocardial perfusion alldecreased significantly during HD. Interestingly, myocardial perfusion had alreadysignificantly declined at 30 minutes into HD, i.e. without significant fluid removal.-9-
The reduction in myocardial perfusion was diffuse in 5 patients and predominantlyregional in 2 patients. These 2 patients developed regional hypokinesia/akinesia inthose regions with the greatest fall in MBF. There was a significant correlationbetween the change in myocardial perfusion and the change in CO at 200 min into theHD session (r 0.84; p 0.03). We found no significant correlation between the changein end-diastolic or end-systolic LV volume and the change in either CO or myocardialperfusion at 200 min.In conclusion, cardiac volumes and myocardial perfusion decrease significantlyduring HD in selected non-hypotension-prone HD patients with an uneventfulcardiovascular history. As MBF fell already early during HD, not only hypovolemiabut also acute dialysis-associated factors seem to play a role. Further studies to clarifythe mechanism behind the link between the reduction in myocardial perfusion andcardiac output are necessary.2.1.2Myocardial perfusion reserve determined with PET: an independentprognostic factor in patients with advanced coronary artery diseaseIn cooperation with Dept CardiologyCoronary artery disease is a diffuse disease not only affecting large epicardialcoronaries but also smaller resistance vessels. The functionality of these smallervessels is the main determinant of myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR). Next to leftventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) determinessurvival in patients with hypertrophic as well as dilated cardiomyopathies. Thepurpose of this study was to assess the prognostic value of myocardial perfusionreserve in patients with coronary artery disease.Between 1995 and 2003, 480 patients with chronic CAD underwent dipyridamolestress and rest 13N-ammonia PET to determine MPR. Additionally FDG PET wasperformed for viability (mismatching defects) and infarction (matching defects)assessment. Patients were followed for all cause mortality and major cardiovasculareventsIn 463 out of 480 patients valid MPR data could be acquired (368 male; mean age66 11 years; LVEF 35 15%). One-hundred and nineteen patients underwent a PETdriven revascularization (67 percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] and 52coronary artery bypass graft [CABG)]. The remainder of 344 patients was subject ofthis study. The overall MPR was 1.71 0.50 (inter-tertile boundaries: 1.49 and 1.84).After adjustment for conventional risk factors and medication, MPR was associatedwith a multivariate relative risk for cardiac death of 1.32 (95% confidence interval[CI]: 0.69 – 0.83).The relative risk for LVEF was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.53-0.84). MPRwas a stronger predictor for cardiac death than LVEFIn summary, MPR assessed with PET is an important predictor for cardiac death inpatients with obstructive coronary artery disease, with a predictive value ofcomparable magnitude as LVEF. CAD patients not eligible for revascularisation witha low myocardial perfusion reserve are at higher risk of cardiac death. Therefore,- 10 -
therapeutic strategies to improve MPR may be of value, especially in case of a lowMPR.2.1.3Left ventricular volume assessment by planar radionuclide ventriculography validated with MRIIn cooperation with Dept.Cardiology, Thorax CenterAssessment of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV volume areessential for the evaluation of prognosis in cardiac disease. LVEF and LV volumescan be measured with several imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), however, these are relativelyexpensive and time consuming. In contrast, planar radionuclide ventriculography(PRV) for LVEF assessment is a low-cost, fast and reliable technique, but PRV forLV volumes calculation is less common.The aim of this study was the development and validation of a new hybridgeometrical count-based method (HGCBM) in comparison with two count-basedmethods (CBMs) and a geometrical method (GM) for the calculation of LV volumeswith PRV using MRI as reference.Thirty cardiac patients underwent routine PRV with a standard dose of 500 MBq of99mTc-pertechnetate and additional cardiac MRI as reference method. LV volumesfrom PRV data were calculated by four different methods. The CBMs and GM arebased on the assumption that the shape of the LV can be approximated by an ellipsoidor sphere, and the new HGCBM extracts the volume from the projected count ratesthemselves.All methods underestimated the left ventricle volumes as compared to the MRImeasured volumes. The correlation coefficients for EDV between PRV methods andMRI were r 0.90 for GM and r 0.85 for HGCBM. The CBMs showed poorcorrelation r 0.64 with the MRI data and a high SD. The correlation coefficients forESV between PRV methods and MRI were r 0.955 for GM and r 0.914 forHGCBM, r 0.85 for CBM1 and CBM2.Although GM showed the highest correlation with MRI, the difference of EDV andESV between PRV and MRI was much higher for GM in comparison with HGCBM.Both CBMs showed poor agreement with MRI data. PRV using the new HGCMBmethod in comparison to previous methods is an easy and accurate approach todetermine LV volumes.2.1.4Ischemia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a comparison betweenPET perfusion and MRI dobutamine stress testingIn cooperation with Dept CardiologyAlthough Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (IDC) is characterized by the absenceof significant coronary artery disease, an imbalance between myocardial oxygen- 11 -
consumption and supply has been postulated. So, ongoing and subclinical myocardialischemia may contribute to progressive deterioration of LV function in IDC. Weaimed to prove that in IDC reduced regional myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) isassociated with reduced contractile performance, in the same myocardial regions.Patients with newly diagnosed IDC, not treated yet with a beta-blocker, were eligiblefor inclusion in this study. Patients were examined with PET scanning, using theperfusion tracer 13NH3 (ammonia) at baseline and after dypiridamole stress, and theviability tracer 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose. Within one week, a dobutamine stress MRIwas performed. MPR (assessed by PET) as well as wall motion score (WMS,assessed by MRI) were evaluated in a 17 segment-model.Twenty-two patients were included (age 49 11 years; 15 males). Left ventricularejection fraction before inclusion was 33 10 %. Five patients were judged to haveheart failure NYHA class I, 16 class II, and 1 class III. With MRI, a total of 305segments could be analysed. Wall motion abnormalities at rest were present in 127(35.5%) segments and in 103 (29.9%) segments during dobutamine stress. A meanWMS per segment at rest of 1.7 0.9 was found. During dobutamine stress, WMSdid not increase (1.6 0.9). A total of 21 segments deteriorated during dobutaminestress. We determined that MPR was reduced in the deteriorating segments comparedwith the segments without deterioration or improvement (see Fig.0).Our data comparing wall motion changes during dobutamine stress MRI with PETdata on segmental myocardial perfusion show that regional ischemia in IDC is presentand may be severe enough to cause contractile dysfunction.Figure 0. Myocardial perfusion reserve in different segments of the heart(vertical axis indicates the number of segments)MPR3,02,52,0*1,51,00,50,0No DeteriorationDeterioration- 12 -
2.2 Neuroscience2.2.1[11C]-PK11195 PET: a technique to monitor anti-inflammatory treatmentin Parkinson’s disease?In cooperation with Dept. Neurology[11C]-PK11195-PET has been used for in vivo brain imaging of microglia activationin Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. COX-2 inhibition has been shown to reduceneuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in animal models of PD. This pilot studyassessed the use of [11C]-PK11195 PET to evaluate the ability of COX-2 inhibition toreduce neuroinflammation in PD patients.Fourteen PD patients and eight healthy, age matche
Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging University Medical Center Groningen P.O.Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands . . The number of applications of nuclear medicine techniques for therapeutic purposes was increased (from 146 in 2007 to 176 in 2008) and the number of renography scans with furosemide (138 in 2007, 193 in 2008) and .
Guide for Nuclear Medicine NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION REGULATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE. Jeffry A. Siegel, PhD Society of Nuclear Medicine 1850 Samuel Morse Drive Reston, Virginia 20190 www.snm.org Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Guide for NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION REGULATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE. Abstract This reference manual is designed to assist nuclear medicine professionals in .
in nuclear medicine. This year the topic is hybrid imaging in conventional nuclear medicine. When choosing the theme for the Tech Guide, the Technologists’ Committee had in mind the impact of non-PET hybrid imaging on nuclear medicine practice. Moreover, SPECT-CT and the Tech Guide are of similar age, so we wanted to
1. Medical imaging coordinate naming 2. X-ray medical imaging Projected X-ray imaging Computed tomography (CT) with X-rays 3. Nuclear medical imaging 4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 5. (Ultrasound imaging covered in previous lecture) Slide 3: Medical imaging coordinates The anatomical terms of location Superior / inferior, left .
Molecular imaging is an emerging discipline at the intersection of molecular biology and traditional medi-cal imaging. It uses imaging methods to display specic molecules at the tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels. It can assess the changes at the molecular level in vivo, and perform qualitative and quantitative imaging studies on
Nuclear Chemistry What we will learn: Nature of nuclear reactions Nuclear stability Nuclear radioactivity Nuclear transmutation Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Uses of isotopes Biological effects of radiation. GCh23-2 Nuclear Reactions Reactions involving changes in nucleus Particle Symbol Mass Charge
Research group Medical Imaging (MIMA) In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Lab (ICMI) - VUB Nuclear Medicine Department - UZ Brussel. 2 7-12-2011 . Medical Physics, Mathematics, Informatics. 8 7-12-2011 In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Lab (ICMI) Probe development identify molecular probes
Nuclear Medicine Technology 7 August 2022 . PROGRAM OF STUDY - NUCLEAR MEDICINE TECHNOLOGY (SUBJECT TO CHANGE) Program follows specified cohort . Fall 1 . Course # Course Title Credits . 15 NUC101 Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Technology 1 NUC110 Introduction to Radiation Physics and Biology for Nuclear Medicine 3
Civil Engineering is a profession that applies the basic principles of Science in conjunction with mathematical and computational tools to solve problems associated with developing and sustaining civilized life on our planet. Civil Engineering works are generally one-of-a-kind projects; they are often grand in scale; and they usually require cooperation among professionals of many different .
