Part 4 Systems And Components Chapter 7 Pressure Equipment - DNV
RULES FOR CLASSIFICATIONShipsEdition January 2017Part 4 Systems and componentsChapter 7 Pressure equipmentThe content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by DNV GL AS ("DNV GL"). The useraccepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV GL and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certificationand/or verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on thebasis of and/or pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV GL's prior written consent.DNV GL is not responsible for the consequences arising from any use of this document by others.The electronic pdf version of this document, available free of chargefrom http://www.dnvgl.com, is the officially binding version.DNV GL AS
FOREWORDDNV GL rules for classification contain procedural and technical requirements related to obtainingand retaining a class certificate. The rules represent all requirements adopted by the Society asbasis for classification. DNV GL AS January 2017Any comments may be sent by e-mail to rules@dnvgl.comIf any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of DNV GL, then DNV GL shallpay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to tentimes the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million.In this provision "DNV GL" shall mean DNV GL AS, its direct and indirect owners as well as all its affiliates, subsidiaries, directors, officers,employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of DNV GL.
This document supersedes the October 2015 edition.Changes in this document are highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve a whole chapter,section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.Main changes January 2017, entering into force July 2017 Sec.1 Pressure equipment— Sec.1 [1.2.2]: Reference to Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.6 has been added for pressure equipment in refrigerationplants.— Sec.1 Table 2: Differentiation between flammable gases and non-flammable gases has been added.— Sec.1 [2.5.1]: Guidance note has been added.— Sec.1 [2.5.2]: Text and table moved to Sec.1 [3.2.1].— Sec.1 [3.1.4]: Guidance note has been added.— Sec.1 [3.1.5]: Drawing approval for charge air cooler has been dispensed with.— Sec.1 Table 5 to Table 7 and Table 9: Explanations have been added and typing errors have beencorrected.— Sec.1 Table 6: Certification requirements for plates, dished ends and heads of pressure equipment class IIchanged to certificate type MC issued by manufacturer.— Sec.1 Table 7: Certification requirement for plates, dished ends and heads of pressure equipment class IIIchanged to certificate type TR issued by manufacturer.— Sec.1 [3.2.3]: Special requirements for gas cylinders in fixed fire extinguishing systems added.— Sec.1 [5]: Approval and certification requirements for gas cylinders for fixed fire extinguishing systemsmodified. Sec.2 Materials— Sec.2 [1.1.1]: Guidance note has been added.— Sec.2 [1.2.1]: Low temperature limit for rolled steels deleted. Sec.3 Arrangement— Sec.3 [3.2.1]: Requirement for the approval of the fixed fire extinguishing system removed.— Sec.3 [3.2.2]: Water delivery requirement for the fixed fire extinguishing system removed. Sec.4 General design requirements— Sec.4 [2.9.1]: Specific joint efficiencies modified to joint efficiency ranges.— Sec.4 [3.7]: Specific requirements for minimum wall thickness of heat exchanger tubes deleted,applicable design loads and design requirements with reference to other pressure equipment codes added.— Sec.4 [5.2.2]: Transfer errors for coefficient Yi corrected.— Sec.4 [8.2.1]: Transfer errors corrected and requirements for gusset stay design revised. Sec.5 Mountings and fittings— Sec.5 [4.2.1]: Guidance note has been added. Sec.7 Manufacture, workmanship and testingRules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 3Part 4 Chapter 7 Changes - currentCHANGES – CURRENT
Editorial correctionsIn addition to the above stated changes, editorial corrections may have been made.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 4Part 4 Chapter 7 Changes - current— Sec.7 [1.1.1]: Reference to DNVGL-CP-0261 Pressure equipment added and application limited to welded,pressed and heat treated pressure equipment and seamless gas cylinders.— Sec.7 [4.1.3]: Requirements for non-destructive testing (NDT) for joint efficiency v 0.7 added.
Changes – current. 3Section 1 General requirements. 101 Classification.101.1 Application. 101.2 Cross-references. 102 Definitions.112.1 Terms. 112.2 Specifications. 112.3 Symbols.132.4 Units. 172.5 Pressure equipment classes. 173 Documentation.193.1 Documentation requirements.193.2 Certification requirements. 214 Accumulators for hydraulic systems. 254.1 Design. 254.2 Fabrication. 254.3 Certification.255 Gas cylinders for fixed fire extinguishing systems.255.1 General.255.2 Design. 255.3 Fabrication. 265.4 Certification.266 Operating instructions and signboards. 266.1 General.26Section 2 Materials.271 Material requirements.271.1 General.271.2 Boilers and pressure vessels. 271.3 Thermal-oil heaters. 28Section 3 Arrangement.291 General. 291.1 Access and inspection openings. 291.2 Draining and venting.29Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 5Part 4 Chapter 7 ContentsCONTENTS
1.4 Marking. 302 Boilers.312.1 Instruments. 312.2 Positioning. 312.3 Exhaust gas boiler or economisers. 313 Components and equipment in thermal-oil installations. 323.1 General.323.2 Heaters.323.3 Expansion tank. 333.4 Pre-pressurised systems. 343.5 Safety arrangements. 343.6 Control and monitoring system.343.7 Insulation and shielding.344 Oil burner and oil firing equipment. 344.1 General.344.2 Fuel oil supply. 354.3 Combustion air supply. 354.4 Exhaust gas ducting.364.5 Marking. 36Section 4 General design requirements. 371 General. 371.1 Application. 372 Design criteria. 382.1 Design pressure.382.2 Calculating pressure. 382.3 Other loadings.392.4 Design material temperature. 392.5 Nominal design stress. 402.6 Minimum thickness of shell and dished ends. 422.7 Corrosion allowance. 432.8 Tolerance and fabrication allowance. 432.9 Joint efficiency.433 Shells, headers and tubes.433.1 Conditions. 433.2 Cylindrical shells. 443.3 Spherical shells.443.4 Conical shells of circular sections. 45Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 6Part 4 Chapter 7 Contents1.3 Positioning. 29
3.6 Tubes subjected to external pressure. 493.7 Heat exchanger tubes. 503.8 Scantlings of boiler shells with set in end plates. 503.9 Efficiency of ligaments between tube holes. 513.10 Compensating effect of tube stubs. 564 Dished ends. 574.1 Conditions. 574.2 Dished ends for vertical boiler fireboxes. 635 Flat end plates.645.1 General.645.2 Un-stayed flat end plates.655.3 Scantlings of flat plates supported by stays. 685.4 Tube plates with stay tubes and tubes within tube nests. 695.5 Covers for inspection openings and manholes.745.6 Straps and girders. 756 Openings and compensations. 776.1 General.776.2 Openings not requiring reinforcement.776.3 Openings requiring reinforcement. 786.4 Minimum thickness of nozzles and branches.816.5 Welded branch connections. 816.6 Openings in flat plates. 887 Furnaces and fireboxes of cylindrical form and uptakes. 897.1 Plain furnaces.897.2 Corrugated furnaces. 937.3 Stiffeners. 937.4 Fireboxes for vertical boilers. 947.5 Openings in furnaces.957.6 Internal uptakes in vertical boilers. 958 Stays. 968.1 Stay tubes and bar stays.968.2 Gusset stays. 97Section 5 Mountings and fittings. 991 General. 991.1 Construction. 992 Safety valves. 992.1 Valves on boilers. 99Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 7Part 4 Chapter 7 Contents3.5 Tubes subjected to internal pressure. 48
2.3 Protection of condensers against overpressure. 1023 Stop valves and check valves. 1023.1 Valves on boilers.1023.2 Valves on pressure vessels other than boilers and steam-heatedsteam generators. 1034 Blow-down valves and test valves for boiler water.1034.1 Blow-down valves. 1034.2 Test valves. 1035 Gauges. 1035.1 Water gauges. 1035.2 Pressure gauges. 104Section 6 Instrumentation and automation. 1051 General. 1051.1 Cross reference.1051.2 Manual operation. 1052 Pressure vessels. 1062.1 Monitoring. 1063 Boilers.1063.1 Automatic control. 1063.2 Monitoring. 1064 Exhaust gas boilers or economisers. 1074.1 Instruments and Monitoring. 1075 Water heaters. 1085.1 Monitoring. 1086 Thermal-oil Heaters. 1086.1 Automatic control. 1086.2 Monitoring. 1086.3 Indicators. 1097 Oil burners.1107.1 General. 1107.2 Automatic quick-closing valves.1107.3 Safety time. 1107.4 Monitoring. 111Section 7 Manufacture, workmanship and testing. 1131 Manufacture. 1131.1 General. 113Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 8Part 4 Chapter 7 Contents2.2 Valves on pressure vessels other than boilers and on steam-heatedsteam generators. 101
2.1 Cutting of plates. 1132.2 Welded joints.1132.3 Tolerances for shells. 1152.4 Fitting of tubes. 1152.5 Doors and plugs. 1163 Heat treatment. 1163.1 Post-weld heat treatment. 1163.2 Heat treatment of plates after hot or cold forming.1173.3 Heat treatment of tubes after bending.1184 Testing. 1184.1 Extent of non-destructive testing. 1184.2 Performance of non-destructive testing. 1194.3 Acceptance criteria for non-destructive testing and repair of defects.1204.4 Welding production test. 1214.5 Constructional check.1244.6 Hydraulic test. 1244.7 Performance test.125Appendix A Types and minimum dimensions of the inspection openings inpressure equipment. 1261 Definitions and dimensions.1261.1 Examination holes. 1261.2 Manholes.126Changes – historic. 128Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 9Part 4 Chapter 7 Contents2 Workmanship. 113
1 Classification1.1 Application1.1.1 Pressure equipment according to these rules are components subject to gaseous or liquid fluids with apressure above 0.5 bar. Pressure equipment may consist of more than one pressurized compartment.1.1.2 The term pressure equipment in this section applies to the following components:— pressure vessels, including mountings, necessary for performing the main functions listed in Pt.1 Ch.1Sec.1 [1.2]— other pressure vessels containing:—————toxic fluidsfluids with flash point below 100 Cfluids with temperature above 220 Cfluids with pressure above 40 barcompressed gases wherepd V 1500 bar ltr— boilers and hot water generators, including mountings— thermal-oil heaters— oil burners and oil firing equipment. design pressurepdV Volume1.1.3 Pressure equipment according to [1.1.2] are subject to certification by the Society.1.1.4 The control and monitoring systems shall be certified according to Ch.9 for the following:—————electrically heated pressure vesselsboilersthermal-oil heatershot and warm water generatorsoil burners and oil firing equipment.1.2 Cross-references1.2.1 Pressure equipment for liquefied gases shall meet the requirements in Pt.5 Ch.7 Sec.5.Cargo process pressure vessels, as defined in Pt.5 Ch.7 Sec.1, shall be graded as class I pressure equipment.However, the selections of materials, qualification of welding procedures and production weld testsshall be according to the rules for classification of ships Pt.5 Ch.7 Sec.5 and Pt.5 Ch.7 Sec.6. Non-cargoprocess pressure vessels, as defined in the rules for classification of ships Pt.5 Ch.7 Sec.1, shall meet therequirements of Pt.4 Ch.7.Boiler installations on liquefied gas carriers with gas operated machinery shall meet the requirements in therules for classification of ships Pt.5 Ch.7 Sec.161.2.2 Pressure vessels for refrigerating plants are, in addition to the requirements in this section, to meetthe requirements of the rules for classification of ships Pt.6 Ch.4 Sec.10 and Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.6.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 10Part 4 Chapter 7 Section 1SECTION 1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Terms2.1.1 A boiler is defined as a welded pressure equipment:— In which steam is generated by the application of heat from oil or gas burners, coal, exhaust gases etc.with a pressure above atmospheric pressure (steam generator) – the generated steam shall be used in asystem outside of the steam generator.— In which the temperature of water is raised to a temperature of 120 C at the discharge side (hot watergenerator) – the generated hot water shall be used in a system outside of the hot water generator.Superheaters, economisers, re-heaters and other pressure parts including valves and fittings, connecteddirectly to the boiler without intervening valves, shall be considered as parts of the boiler.2.1.2 A thermal-oil heater is defined as an arrangement in which organic fluids (thermal-oils) are heated byoil or gas burners, exhaust gases or electricity to a temperature below the initial boiling point at atmosphericpressure and circulated for the purpose of heating fuel oil, or cargo, or for production of steam or hot waterfor auxiliary purposes.2.1.3 A warm water generator is defined as an arrangement in which the temperature of the water is raisedto a temperature of 120 C at the discharge side of the generator. Warm water generators are considered aspressure vessels.2.1.4 A steam heated steam generator is a heat exchanger heated by steam with higher pressure/temperature for the production of steam at lower pressure/temperature. Steam heated steam generators arenot endangered by overheating and are considered as pressure vessels.2.1.5 Oil burners and oil firing equipment are used for burning liquid or gaseous fuels. They may be installedon propulsion boilers, auxiliary boilers, thermal-oil heaters, hot or warm water generators as well as inert gasgenerators.2.1.6 Pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, i.e. the gauge pressure. As a consequence,vacuum pressure is designated by a negative value.2.1.7 The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) is the maximum pressure which may be safely heldin normal operation of the pressure equipment.2.1.8 The thermal oil temperature is the temperature of the thermal oil in the centre of the flow crosssection.2.1.9 The film temperature is the wall temperature on the thermal oil side. In the case of heated surfaces,this may differ considerably from the temperature of the thermal oil.2.1.10 The discharge temperature is the temperature of the fluid immediately at the heater outlet.2.1.11 The return temperature is the temperature of the fluid immediately at the heater inlet,2.2 Specifications2.2.1 In once-through forced flow boilers, the design pressure is the pressure at the superheater outlet or, inthe case of continuous flow boilers without a superheater, the steam pressure at the steam generator outlet.Rules for classification: Ships — DNVGL-RU-SHIP Pt.4 Ch.7. Edition January 2017Pressure equipmentDNV GL ASPage 11Part 4 Chapter 7 Section 12 Definitions
2— the area [m ] measured on the side exposed to fire or heating gas, or— in the case of electrical heating, the equivalent heating surface:where:H heating surfaceP electric power2.2.3 The sensor initiating a burner cut-off (BCO) shall be located at the low-low water level (LLWL).LLWLshall be at least 150 mm above the highest flue also when the ship heels 4 to either side.The highest flue (HF) shall remain wetted even when the ship is at the static heeling angles laid down inCh.1.The height of the water level is crucial to the response of the water level limiters.The dropping time is the time taken by the water level under conditions of interrupted feed and allowablesteam production, to drop from the low low water level (LLWL) to the level of the highest flue.where:Ds allowable steam outputT dropping timev’ specific volume of water at saturation temperatureV VolumeThe low low water level (LLWL) shall be set so that the dropping time is not less than 5 minutes.2.2.4 The highest flue (HF) is the highest point on the side of the heating surface which is in contact with thewater and which is exposed to flame radiation. HF shall be defined by the boiler manufacturer in such a waythat, after shut-down of the burner from full-load condition or reduction of the heat supply from the engine,the flue gas temperature or exhaust gas temperature respectively is reduced to a value below 400 C at thelevel of the highest flue. This shall be achieved before, in case of interrupted feed water supply, the waterlevel has dropped from the low low water level (LLWL) to a level 50 mm above HF.The highest flue on water tube boilers with an upper steam drum is the top edge of the highest gravity tubes.The requirements relating the highest flue do not apply to:————water tube boiler risers up to 102 mm outer diameteronce-through forced flow boilerssuperheatersflues and exhaust gas heated parts in which the temperature of the heating gases does not exceed 400 Cat maximum continuous power.The heat accumulated in furnaces and other heated boiler parts shall not lead to any inadmissible lowering ofthe water level due to subsequent evaporation when the oil burner is switched-off.This requirement to an inadmissible lowering of the water level is met for example, if it has beendemonstrated by calculation or trial that, after shut-down of the burner from full-load condition or reductionof the heat supply from the engine, the flue gas temperature or exhaust gas temperature respectively isre
Pressure equipment DNV GL AS —Sec.7 [1.1.1]: Reference to DNVGL-CP-0261 Pressure equipment added and application limited to welded, pressed and heat treated pressure equipment and seamless gas cylinders. —Sec.7 [4.1.3]: Requirements for non-destructive testing (NDT) for joint efficiency v 0.7 added. Editorial corrections
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Part No : SVI-II-4X-IP-66 Part No : J023995455177 Part No : CAGE (INNER) 15 Part No : CAGE (OUTER 26 Part No : CAGE GASKET 26 Part No : 010272032-779-0000 Part No : 010275042-24250000 Part No : 008387003-686-0000 Part No : 035107-040-716 Part No : SVI II AP 2112312130 Part No : 35-35212 Part No : 204500389-900-0000 Part No : 021000412-153G0000
Components and resolution of vectors The components of a vector are the vectors we add together to get that vector. For example, the vector shown below (in red) has many pairs of components (shown in various blues) and one pair at right angles (black). Components A Components C Components B Vector Components D (at 90 these are the most
components in electronics. Electronic components are divided into groups: Passive components Very important and essential parts but they can't amplify the voltage Electromechanical components Contains moving parts Active components Used to amplify the voltage. They are also called semiconductors. Optoelectronics components Emits or receives light
Rad-hard components: Dose 100 krad(Si) - Mrad(Si) COST components : Dose 3-30 krad(Si); some up to 100 krad(Si) The technological development of rad-hard components is 5 -7 years after COTS components. Rad-hard components are very expensive compared to COTS components. Rad-hard components may be difficult to obtain.
