Capacity Building In Nuclear Science And Technology In The Philippines
Philippine Journal of Science149 (S1): 151-157, Special Issue on Nuclear S&TISSN 0031 - 7683Date Received: 19 Jul 2019Capacity Building in Nuclear Science and Technologyin the Philippines through the Use and Operation of SmallNeutron Sources for Education, Training, and ResearchUnico A. Bautista1*, Cheri Anne M. Dingle1, Alvie A. Astronomo2, Ma. Elina Salvacion Kristina V. Ramo3,Frederick C. Hila1, Julius Federico M. Jecong1, Kristine Marie D Romallosa4,Ryan U. Olivares2, Pablo P. Saligan5†, and Neil Raymund D. Guillermo11AppliedPhysics Research SectionReactor Operations Section3Licensing, Review, and Evaluation Section4Radiation Protection Services SectionDepartment of Science and Technology – Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI)Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines5Department of Science and Technology, Gen. Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig City 1631 Philippines2NuclearFor the past three decades, the Philippines’ expertise in nuclear science and technology (S&T)has diminished resulting from the shutdown of the Philippine Research Reactor-1 (PRR-1)in the 1980s. In addition, the mothballed Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) and the lowconfidence in nuclear technologies led to the non-prioritization of nuclear science in the country.Consequently, new nuclear facilities were never re-introduced, and the transfer of knowledgedeclined and nuclear applications were limited to radiation and isotopic studies. If the currentinitiatives of the Philippines in the use of nuclear energy will push through, the country willneed competent human resources who will be responsible for building the nuclear facilities andtheir safe operation. To augment the declined nuclear expertise in the country, the DOST-PNRIimplemented capacity building activities to reestablish and sustain knowledge and expertisein nuclear S&T in the country. Activities that were implemented include the development oftraining materials for undergraduate students and the development of research facility usingisotopic neutron sources. This paper discusses the capacity building strategies implementedand their significant outputs, as well as plans for sustainability and continual development.Keywords: capacity building, isotopic neutron source, neutron laboratory, PhilippinesINTRODUCTIONNuclear science research was very active in the Philippinesin the 1970s because two major nuclear facilities werebuilt in the country. First was the PRR-1, a facility donatedby the United States to the Philippines as part of its “Atomsfor Peace” program; the second was the 612 MW BNPP,*Corresponding Author: uabautista@pnri.dost.gov.ph†Deceased 16 Sep 2014a facility built as a solution to the 1973 oil crisis (IISS2009). These facilities led to a very active nuclear researchin the country. However, they were shut down during the1980s and have been non-operational for decades, whichresulted in the eventual decline of expertise in nuclearS&T in the country.Meanwhile, in South East Asia, nuclear research is movingand very active. While none of the eleven countries151
Special Issue on Nuclear Science and Technologyhave a concrete decision on the use of nuclear energy,countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Malaysiaappeared to have made the most progress in their nuclearinfrastructure. Vietnam came nearest to constructing itsfirst nuclear power plant (Putra 2017). As far as nuclearresearch is concerned, Thailand is the most active withthe use of its nuclear research reactor that offers a broadrange of nuclear applications such as the production ofradioisotopes, neutron scattering, neutron radiography,neutron activation analysis (NAA), and training andeducation (T&E) in the nuclear field (Tiyapun et al.2016). In the Philippines, a portion of these applicationswas accessible when the PRR-1 was still operating but isnow unavailable.In 2018, an International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA) expert mission reviewed the progress of thePhilippines’ infrastructure on the development ofa nuclear power program. The Secretary of Energyaffirmed the Government’s commitment to implement theIAEA’s recommendations when it takes its next steps inconsidering the development of nuclear power program(IAEA 2018). With these current developments, thegovernment must equip its people with knowledge andskills on the safe use of nuclear technology. However,nuclear science has not been a priority in the country fora very long time and no new nuclear facilities were built;therefore, the propagation of nuclear S&T was minimal.Moreover, if the initiatives on the use of nuclear energywill push through, the country will need competenthuman resources who will be responsible for building thenuclear facilities and their safe operation. However, thecountry’s expertise in nuclear S&T had diminished overthe years. Therefore, there is a need to build capacity foran anticipated nuclear power program and advancementin non-power applications of nuclear energy.The DOST-PNRI is the sole government agency that hasthe mandate of promoting and regulating the applicationof nuclear S&T in the country (DOST-PNRI 2015). Itwas originally a large organization under the Office of thePresident and was known as the Philippine Atomic EnergyCommission (PAEC). The downsizing of the organization,from the PAEC to the DOST-PNRI, led to the migrationof Filipino nuclear scientists and engineers abroad wherethey can practice their profession. This resulted in braindrain, with very few Filipinos who were trained in nuclearscience and engineering remaining in the country.For the past decade, nuclear-based and radiation techniqueresearch and development (R&D) in the DOST-PNRIhave continued with its two major radiation facilities – theCobalt-60 gamma irradiation facility and electron beamaccelerator facility. These facilities were able to produceresearch results in the areas of mutation breeding of cropsand ornamental plants, sterile insect technique, radiation152Bautista et al.: Capacity Building in the Use andOperation of Small Neutron Sourcesprocessing, and use of nuclear-related techniques inproduct authentication (DOST-PNRI 2018a). The DOSTPNRI has received several awards and recognitions inthese fields (DAP 2019, Nazario 2019, Dantes 2017).Capacity building in the areas of cytogenetic biologicaldosimetry (CBD), receptor binding assay (RBA) in thedetection of harmful algal bloom, isotopic techniques inwaste management, and nuclear material recovery werealso successful. The CBD laboratory has become fullyoperational and the RBA technology was transferred toDOST-PNRI stakeholders (DOST-PNRI 2017). However,in the field of neutron and nuclear research, the outputswere minimal as compared to the above-mentionednuclear-related applications because a working nuclearfacility is non-existent.To augment the declined nuclear expertise in the country,capacity building in nuclear S&T was initiated in 2009 thatutilized small isotopic neutron sources. The small neutronsources were utilized in this initiative for two reasons.First, they were the only available neutron source in theInstitute; and second, they offer portability, which makesthem suitable for teaching and education as well as basicresearch. Without a neutron source, the establishmentand retention of essential knowledge in nuclear S&T inthe county will always be a challenge. The rationale ofthe project was to develop simple neutron experimentsand related facilities that can be used by young DOSTPNRI researchers and stakeholders. The goal is to helpthem understand the basic nuclear S&T with the use ofsmall neutron sources and use this knowledge when theyhandle more complex neutron applications (i.e., neutronimaging, neutron diffraction, and nuclear research reactortechnology) when they are sent abroad for training or asan exchange researcher. Moreover, this capacity buildingwill provide human resources not only in nuclear reactortechnology but also in the non-power applications ofnuclear energy that are equally important to the society(i.e., agriculture, healthcare, water management, materialsmodifications, environmental remediation).This paper presents the results of capacity buildingactivities in nuclear S&T in the Philippines since 2009.Three sections were devoted to discussing the activities onthe capacity building on T&E, R&D, and future activitieson capacity building.STRATEGY OF CAPACITY BUILDINGCapacity building has been defined by the IAEA asa systematic and integrated approach to develop andcontinuously improve the governmental, organizational,and individual competencies and capabilities necessary forachieving a safe, secure, and sustainable nuclear powerprogram (IAEA 2015). The Philippines, a country thatconsiders nuclear energy to be part of its energy mix in the
Special Issue on Nuclear Science and Technologyfuture, has to ensure that necessary resources are availablewhen it embarks on using nuclear power.In the DOST-PNRI, there was a small influx of youngpeople specializing in nuclear science because it was nota priority of the DOST in the past decade. This results inan aging nuclear workforce and a significant age gap ofnuclear scientists. The solution to this problem is to builda program or strategy that is focused on T&E, humanresource development, knowledge management, andknowledge networking in order to retain the knowledgeand remaining expertise in the country.To solve the problem of diminishing expertise on nuclearscience in the country, a capacity-building strategy toreestablish, develop, and sustain knowledge in nuclearscience in the country is proposed as shown in Figure 1.The strategy is composed of two phases with four mainobjectives. Phase 1 is the development stage of the capacitybuilding, and Phase 2 is designed for the expansion andsustainability of the initiative to rebuild the country’sexpertise in nuclear science. The four main objectives are:(1) to set up a facility for T&E and R&D in basic neutrontechniques, (2) to set up a training program for basic neutronand nuclear techniques, (3) to initiate and perform R&D,and (4) to present a proposal to build or acquire one or moremajor nuclear facilities in the Institute.Phase 1 of the strategy for capacity building involveshuman resources development and the establishmentof small neutron facilities. Small radioisotope neutronsources that were stored and disused were recovered fromthe Radioactive Waste Management Facility (RWMF) andused as radiation sources in small experimental setups.To ensure safe and reliable operation of neutron sources,Bautista et al.: Capacity Building in the Use andOperation of Small Neutron Sourcesradiation safety assessments and neutron characterizationexperiments were performed. The characterized sourceswere placed in a renovated laboratory for research andT&E activities.Phase 2 of the capacity building strategy was designedto expand the reach of the developed learning materialsand to sustain the interest of nuclear science to youngscientists and other DOST-PNRI stakeholders. A trainingprogram was developed and the syllabus was implementedfor young science and engineering students in theacademe, particularly junior and senior college studentsin engineering and physical sciences.TRAINING AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIEST&E is an essential component of any capacity-buildingstrategy because it provides a means to develop the capacityof an individual to perform simple and complicatedactivities in nuclear S&T. T&E also provides the basisfor human resource development and other strategies ofcapacity building such as knowledge management andknowledge networking. Nuclear research organizationssuch as the DOST-PNRI have the responsibility toensure that all radiation and nuclear-related activitiesthat may affect safety are performed by suitably qualifiedpersonnel. This requirement can be met by training andlearning programs through skills development, training,and exercises (IAEA 2015).In the Philippines, T&E in nuclear science is obtained fromhigher education institutions and through courses offeredby the DOST-PNRI (Bernido 2003). However, the coursesgiven by the DOST-PNRI are mostly radiation-safetyrelated to users of radioactive materials and radiationtechnologies. The DOST-PNRI has on-the-job trainingFigure 1. Strategy for capacity building in nuclear S&T in the Philippines through the use and operation of smallneutron sources.153
Special Issue on Nuclear Science and TechnologyBautista et al.: Capacity Building in the Use andOperation of Small Neutron Sources(OJT) and thesis/research advisorship opportunities forundergraduate students who wish to study radiationrelated techniques and applications. These programsare well-appreciated by the students and even generatedseveral thesis manuscripts and technical papers. However,there are little to no resources for teaching basic nuclearscience to undergraduate students.A training program in basic nuclear S&T was startedto meet the need for T&E. The program has two maincomponents. The first one was the establishment of a smallneutron facility that houses the recovered radioisotopesources in the Institute. The second was the developmentof a course syllabus and a training program for youngstudents and professionals.Establishment of the Small Neutron LaboratoryThe last operation of the PRR-1 was in 1984 and, after that,most if not all neutron applications were stopped in theDOST-PNRI (ISSS 2019). To start a program on capacitybuilding, the available small neutron sources in the Institutewere recovered and characterized for research and experimentdemonstration purposes. The recovered neutron sources wereAmericium-Beryllium (Am-Be), Californium-252 (Cf-252),and Plutonium-Beryllium (Pu-Be).The neutron sources used to be located in differentresearch sections of the Institute. The Am-Be neutronsource was with the Isotope Techniques Section and wasbeing studied for Prompt Gamma Neutron ActivationAnalysis (PGNAA). This source is a Neutron Calibratordonated by the IAEA for use in the calibration of neutrondetectors for the BNPP. The Cf-252, on the other hand,was recovered from the RWMF of the DOST-PNRI. Itwas previously used by a cement company for PGNAAapplications. The last neutron source, the Pu-Be, was alsoa neutron source donated by the IAEA and was previouslyused by the DOST-PNRI Nuclear Training Center fordemonstrating half-life experiments. Table 1 presents asummary of information on these neutron sources.To be familiarized with these sources, several activitieswere performed. These include the following: neutrondosimetry and characterization experiments such as NAA,measurement of neutron flux and neutron leakage usingboron trifluoride (BF3) detector, and active neutron surveymeters. These activities helped in understanding the natureand behavior of different neutron sources and becamethe topic of OJTs and thesis students of the DOST-PNRI.After performing such activities, the Applied PhysicsResearch Section (APRS) recovered the Cf-252 from theRWMF of the DOST-PNRI and transferred it to a renovatedlaboratory located at the basement of the Atomic ResearchCenter (ARC) building. This laboratory was designed anddedicated to the demonstration of neutron interaction withmatter, particularly neutron moderation and absorptionusing various materials and available neutron detectors.In 2018, the Pu-Be and Am-Be were transferred to theupgraded neutron laboratory in West Wing of the ARCbuilding (see Figure 2) for neutron dosimetry and calibrationmeasurements, and sample irradiation experiments.Development of Training Program and TrainingMaterialsThe first formal training on nuclear science andengineering was offered in the 1980s at the University ofthe Philippines Diliman Campus, offered as the Masterin Nuclear Engineering program. However, after theBNPP was mothballed, the graduate program in nuclearengineering was also stopped (DOST-PNRI 2018b). Afterthis event, there have been no formal education programson nuclear science in the country.To solve this problem and introduce nuclear S&T to youngpeople, a training program called the Annual NeutronSchool (ANS) was developed. The ANS provides trainingand teaching environments for future nuclear scientists. ItFigure 2. Nuclear Services Division Neutron Laboratory.Table 1. Recovered radioisotope neutron sources, performed activities, and neutron detectors.NeutronsourceOriginal activity(GBq)Reference dateNeutron emissionrate (n/s)Am-Be18516 Aug 19901.1 x 107Cf-2520.419 Sep 19964.3 x 107Pu-Be37unknown1.8 x 106154Activities/ measurementsperformeddosimetry, NAA, neutronleakage, neutron flux, etc.Neutron detectors usedBoron trifluoride (BF3),helium-3 (He-3), protonscintillator, and REM ball
Special Issue on Nuclear Science and TechnologyBautista et al.: Capacity Building in the Use andOperation of Small Neutron Sourceswas composed of experimental and theoretical experienceroughly at the level of advanced undergraduate nuclearscience courses. The ANS is a two-week course composedof lecture sessions in the morning and laboratory exercisesin the afternoon. This training program has the mainobjective of building competence in students and expertisein lecturers in the areas of nuclear instrumentation, neutronmoderation and shielding, neutron flux measurements,dosimetry in the mixed neutron and gamma field, neutroncalculations, and modeling. The contents of the developedcourse syllabus are shown in Appendices I and II.The syllabus contains 15 lectures and six laboratoryexperiment demonstrations. The topics covered werebasic radiation interaction, radiation detection andinstrumentation, and radiation applications. Thesyllabus had the initial testing in 2011 but the formalimplementation commenced in 2014. The actual numberof students and trained instructors are shown in Table 2. Asof 2019, several students, DOST-PNRI research staff, anduniversity faculties and researchers have been part of thetraining program. It is hoped that these developed humanresources will pursue a career in nuclear S&T to contributeto the country’s anticipated nuclear power program.Table 2. Record of trained students from 2011–2017.YearNo. of trained studentsNo. of trained 72017197R&D ACTIVITIESThe only research reactor in the Philippines, the PRR1, has not been operational for almost three decadesand this caused a significant decline in the knowledgeand experience of nuclear researchers and DOST-PNRIstakeholders in the country. R&D activities were started toidentify the gaps in the scientific and technical capabilityin the Institute that included knowledge, expertise,research and education, and training (IAEA 2015). R&Dstarted with the use of small neutron sources that are eitherdisposed of or stored in the Institute. These sources wererecovered, studied, and characterized.The recovered neutron sources served as the trainingmaterials for gaining hands-on experience in differentaspects of neutron detection and measurement. Thesources were used to study neutron detection, measureneutron flux, neutron leakage, and neutron dose; and toperform Monte Carlo simulations alongside experimentalmeasurements. The results of these R&D activities werepresented in various local and international conferencesheld from 2013 to 2018 (Pantua et al. 2013; Asuncionet al. 2014; Itliong et al. 2014; Dingle et al. 2016,2017; Gatchalian et al. 2016; Hila et al. 2017, 2018).The summary of the names of undergraduate thesis,technical papers, country presentations, technical reports,and conference proceedings is summarized in Table 3.Moreover, the newly trained DOST-PNRI researchershave already performed criticality calculations for thesubcritical assembly for safety analysis and updated theradioactive material inventory of the PRR-1 (Gatchalian etal. 2018, 2019; Asuncion-Astronomo et al. 2019; Jeconget al. 2019). It is worth noting that, before this capacitybuilding initiative, there was virtually no disseminatedknowledge on neutron and reactor physics activities fromthe DOST-PNRI since the late-1980s.CONCLUSIONAs discussed in the previous chapters, the capacitybuilding in nuclear S&T in the Philippines has beenvery productive and successful – Phase 1 and some partsof Phase 2 of the proposed strategy were implementedwell. The goal to reestablish the expertise in nuclearscience was achieved by setting up a learning system thatconsists of basic neutron laboratory, training syllabus,and R&D topics on the utilization of small neutronsources. Moreover, the capacity building initiativeshave led to the creation of newly trained DOST-PNRIresearchers that are now in charge of reusing the PRR-1for subcritical reactor applications, the establishment ofthe first neutron dosimetry laboratory in the country, andimplementation of other neutron-related applications.These accomplishments of the Institute will be beneficialin sustaining the knowledge of nuclear S&T in the country.FUTURE PERSPECTIVESThe use of small neutron sources for T&E and for R&Dis beneficial. For T&E, the accreditation of the developedtraining program in basic nuclear S&T by the Commissionon Higher Education is highly considered. The goal is tooffer the program to the academe to promote nuclear S&T.The use of small neutron sources for R&D is very helpfulin understanding the behavior and detection of neutrons.However, the measured values of neutron flux with thesesources were minimal; thus, other neutron applicationssuch as NAA and neutron imaging were limited. In thefuture, the purchasing of new neutron sources such as aneutron generator with moderate to high neutron flux shallbe highly considered.155
Special Issue on Nuclear Science and TechnologyBautista et al.: Capacity Building in the Use andOperation of Small Neutron SourcesTable 3. R&D outputs of capacity building from 2013–2018.YearName or title of researchType*2013Neutron and Gamma Flux Measurement in a Cf-252 Source Storage Drum using BF3 Detector and SodiumIodide Scintillation DetectorUT, CP2013–2014Neutron Flux Measurement Inside the Am-Be Neutron Calibrator SourceUT, CP2014–2015Neutron Flux and Dose Leakage Measurement Outside the Neutron Howitzer Tank with Pu-Be Neutron SourceUT, TPRecent Status of Nuclear Development and Youth Organization/Outreach ProgramCP (country report)Conduct of ANS for Capacity Building in the Use and Operation of Small Neutron SourcesTR, TPOptimization of Gamma Rejection and Sensitivity of a Proton Recoil Scintillator Neutron DosimeterTPNeutron Science and its ApplicationsTPNeutron Moderation and Absorption Using Borated Paraffin Wax and Cf-252CP (poster)The ANS – Program and Facility for Nuclear S&TCP (poster)Determination of Limit of Detection for Gold using NAA with Pu-Be Neutron HowitzerUT2016MCNP5 Simulation of an Am-Be based Neutron CalibratorCP (oral)2017Characterization of Cf-252 Neutron Energy Spectrum Leaking in the Neutron Storage Drum using MCNP5CP (oral)Potential of Unused Pu-Be Isotopic Neutron Source for Detection of Gold by NAACP(oral)Design of Semi-portable Shielding for Cf-252 Neutron Source using MCNP5CP (poster)Neutron Flux Mapping of a Pu-Be Neutron Irradiator using PHITS Monte Carlo Transport CodeCP (poster)Study on the use of Plexiglass and High-density Polyethylene Neutron Moderators for Spent Cf-252Irradiator SystemCP (poster)Technical Report on the Characterization of Proto-type Cf-252 Neutron Irradiator using Gas ProportionalCounter (BF3) and Gold Foil Activation MethodTREffect of Low-dose Neutron Irradiation by a Cf-252 Neutron Source on Escherichia coli (E. coli) SurvivalUT20152018*Notes: UT – undergraduate thesis, TP – technical paper, CP – conference proceedings (oral, poster, country presentation), TR – technical reportACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors wish to thank the IAEA. A large portionof this work was supported by the IAEA through theTechnical Cooperation Project, TC Project PHI 0015.The authors would also like to express their sincerestgratitude to the different sections of the DOST-PNRI whohave contributed to the success of the capacity building– namely the Office of the Director, Radiation ProtectionServices Section, Nuclear Training Center, and IsotopeTechniques Section.NOTES ON APPENDICESThe complete appendices section of the study is accessibleat ON AJ, CLEMENTE AD, SOLMERON WB,SULIT RF. 2014. Thermal Flux Measurements withActivation Foils in a Neutron Howitzer. PhilippinePhysics Journal 36: 97–123.156ASUNCION-ASTRONOMO A, ŠTANCAR Ž,GORIČANEC T, SNOJ L. 2019. Computational designand characterization of a subcritical reactor assemblywith TRIGA fuel. Nucl Eng Technol 51(2): 337–344BERNIDO C. 2003. Nuclear Science and Technology inHigher Education in the Philippines. Retrieved Store/Public/40/102/40102298.pdf?r 1&r 1 on 10 Jul 2019.[DAP] Development Academy of the Philippines. 2019.Two PMDP alumni from DOST-PNRI recognized fortheir scientific contributions. Retrieved from ons/ on11 Jul 2019.[DOST-PNRI] Department of Science and Technology– Philippine Nuclear Research Institute. 2018a. PNRIAnnual Report. Retrieved from ations/pnri-annualreports on 10 Jul 2019.[DOST-PNRI] Department of Science and Technology –Philippine Nuclear Research Institute. 2018b. PNRI tohelp bring back Nuke Engineering course in the academe.Retrieved from https://www.pnri.dost.gov.ph/index.
-back-nukeengineering-course-in-the-academe on 10 Jul 2019.[DOST-PNRI] Department of Science and Technology– Philippine Nuclear Research Institute. 2017. PNRIAnnual Report. Retrieved from ations/pnri-annualreports on 10 Jul 2019.[DOST-PNRI] Department of Science and Technology –Philippine Nuclear Research Institute. 2015. Mandate,Functions and Officials. Retrieved from isionmission/2visionmission on 10 Jul 2019.DINGLE C, HILA F, GUILLERMO N, JECONG J,SALIGAN P. 2017. Characterization of 252-Cfneutron energy spectrum leaking in the neutron sourcestorage drum using MCNP5. Proceedings of the 35thSamahang Pisika ng Pilipinas; 07–10 Jun 2017; CebuCity, Philippines.DINGLE C, RAMO M, BAUTISTA U, ASUNCIONA, OLIVARES R, SALIGAN P. 2016. Conduct ofthe Annual Neutron School for Capacity Buildingin the Use and Operation of Small Neutron Sources.Philippine Physics Journal 37: 142–151.DANTES HJ. 2017 Oct 03. Filipino-developed plansupplement wins Japanese excellence award. PhilippineInformation Agency. Retrieved from https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1000733 on 11 Jul 2019.GATCHALIAN R, VITANCOL R, BAUTISTA U. 2016.MCNP5 Simulation of an 241Am-Be Based NeutronCalibrator. Proceedings of the 34th Samahang Pisikang Pilipinas Physics Conference and Annual Meeting;18–21 Aug 2016; University of Philippines Visayas –Iloilo Campus.GATCHALIAN RDE, ASTRONOMO AA, FONTANILLARN, GREGORIO ES, VALDERRAMA F. 2019.Gamma spectrometry and radiation dose survey ofradioactive materials at the PRR-1 storage facility.Proceedings of the 37th Samahang Pisika ng Pilipinas;29 May – 01 Jun 2019; Tagbilaran City, Bohol.GATCHALIAN RDE, ASTRONOMO AA, JECONGJFM, HILA FC. 2018. Subcriticality of PhilippineResearch Reactor-1 fuel storage facility. Proceedingsof the 36th Samahang Pisika ng Pilipinas; 06–09 Jun2018; Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.HILA F, DINGLE CA, JECONG JF, OLIVARES R,GUILLERMO NR. 2017. The potential of an unusedPu-Be isotopic neutron source for detection of gold byneutron activation analysis. Proceedings of the 35thSamahang Pisika ng Pilipinas; 07–10 Jun 2017; CebuCity, Philippines.: Capacity Building in the Use andOperation of Small Neutron SourcesHILA F, JECONG JF, DINGLE CA, LOPEZ GE,ROMALLOSA KM, GUILLERMO NR. 2018. Designof a semiportable shielding for a Cf-252 neutron sourceusing MCNP-5. Proceedings of the 36th SamahangPisika ng Pilipinas; 06–09 Jun 2018; Puerto PrincesaCity, Palawan.[IAEA] International Atomic Energy Agency. 2015.IAEA Report on Capacity Building for Nuclear Safety.Retrieved from -capacity-building.pdf on 12 Jul 2019.[IAEA] International Atomic Energy Agency. 2018. IAEAReviews the Philippines’ Nuclear Power InfrastructureDevelopment. Retrieved from re-developmenton 12 Jul 2019.[IISS] International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2009.Preventing nuclear dangers in Southeast Asia andAustralasia. p. 119–130.ITLIONG JN, SOLMERON WB, ORTIZ KG, DINGLECM, BAUTISTA UA, SALIGAN PP. 2014. NeutronFlux Measurements inside the Americium-BerylliumNeutron Calibrator Source. Philippine Physics Journal36: 118–126.JECONG JF, HILA F, DINGLE CA, ASTRONOMOA, GATCHALIAN RD, ROMALLOSA KM,GUILLERMO NR. 2019. Development and Validationof a Serpent-2 Model for the Former 3 MW TRIGACore Configuration of the Philippine ResearchReactor-1. Philipp J Sci 148(S2): 87–92.NAZARIO D. 2019 Sep 14. DOST teams conferred"Lingkod Bayan, Dangal ng Bayan” awards by Duterte.Manila Bulletin. Retrieved from e/PANTUA SS, BAUTISTA UA, SALIGAN PP. 2013.Neutron and Gamma Flux Measurement in aCalifornium-252 Source Storage Drum Using BoronTrifluoride Neutron Detector and Sodium IodideScintillation Detector. Philippine Science Journal 34.PUTRA NA. 2017. The dynamics of nuclear energy amongASEAN member states. Energy Procedia 143: 585–590.TIYAPUN K, KLAYSUBAN N, BOONMARK S,TIPPAYAKUL C. 2016. Current Status and FutureChallenge of TRR-1/M1 Thai Research Reactor.Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.157
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appeared to have made the most progress in their nuclear infrastructure. Vietnam came nearest to constructing its first nuclear power plant (Putra 2017). As far as nuclear research is concerned, Thailand is the most active with the use of its nuclear research reactor that offers a broad range of nuclear applications such as the production of
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