Specifications For The Construction Of Secant And Tangent Pile Wall .
Specifications for the Construction ofSecant and Tangent Pile Wall Systemsusing Drilled Shafts1.0 GENERALThis document establishes the recommended construction specifications for the installationof cantilevered, braced, and/or anchored secant and tangent pile retaining wall systems.Secant and/or tangent pile walls may be constructed using various technologies includingdrilled shaft construction, continuous flight auger (CFA), and deep soil mixing (DSM)systems. The work described hereinafter is limited to the installation of secant or tangent pilewalls using drilled shaft construction methods.Commentary: It is recommended that a meeting shall be held early in the secant/tangentpile wall design process to discuss the construction requirements appropriate for thestructure application, and for geotechnical and general site conditions. For state and localgovernment projects, those involved should include representatives from theBridge/Structures office, Geotechnical office, and Construction office, representatives fromthe local ADSC Chapter, and other appropriate designers and consultants assigned to theproject. Arrangements for ADSC representation at such discussions or meetings can bemade through the local ADSC Chapter or through the national office of the ADSC.Note: This specification is subject to revision. Contact the national office of the ADSC at(469) 359-6000 for the latest version of this specification.2.0 DESCRIPTIONThis item of work shall consist of furnishing all materials, labor, tools, equipment, servicesand incidentals necessary to construct the secant/tangent piles in accordance with the Plans,Standard Specifications, and these specific product specifications.In the event that these specific specifications cause conflict or ambiguity with the projectspecifications, the Project Specifications shall take precedence unless otherwise accepted, inwriting, by the Project Engineer.3.0 DEFINITIONSAcceptable oracceptedReceived or admitted by the Owner's Representative as adequateor satisfactory.Bearing StratumThe soil or rock stratum that carries the load transferred to it by asecant/tangent pile.ContractDocumentsDocuments covering the required Work, including the ProjectDrawings, Geotechnical Reports/Information, and ProjectSpecifications.ContractorThe specialty contractor who is responsible for satisfactorilyperforming the work described herein.Casing MethodA method of construction in which a temporary casing is used toadvance and support the sides of the borehole during the19 October 2015*30323382*30323382
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 2 of 20construction of the secant/tangent pile, including the placement ofthe reinforcing steel and the concrete. Natural mineral or polymerdrilling fluid may or may not be used in conjunction with thismethod.DesignerA qualified engineer who is responsible for designing the secant ortangent pile wall system in accordance with the appropriate designstandards, specifications, and construction techniques.Drilling FluidThe drilling fluid can be composed of natural mineral materials(i.e., processed clay materials such as bentonite or attapulgite), canbe composed of synthetic materials (e.g., polymers oracrylamides), or can be a blend. See also: Slurry.Dry MethodA method of construction in which a borehole is advanced withoutthe use of slurry or water (as a stabilizing fluid) during theconstruction of the secant/tangent pile, including the placement ofthe reinforcing steel and the concrete. A temporary steel casingmay be used.EngineerOn behalf of his/her employer or client (e.g., Owner, Contractor,Consultant, etc.), this is a qualified engineer specialized ingeotechnical and structural characteristics of earth retentionsystems who is charged with serving as the representative onmatters pertaining to the design, specifications, construction,quality assurance-quality control, and supervision of the project.External bracingA system of horizontal and/or inclined structural membersconnected to the vertical structural members (i.e., secant ortangent piles) used to increase lateral stability of the earthretention system.Firm/FirmPrimary and secondary piles are backfilled with unreinforced,weak or lean concrete. Secondary piles can be reinforced asrequired by design.Secant PilesFully CasedA method of construction that occurs when a temporary steelcasing is used to support the borehole fully during the constructionof a secant or tangent pile. The casing is installed (during, before,or after excavation depending on ground or other environmentalconditions) and then is extracted after placement of the steelreinforcement and concrete.Ground Anchor(Tieback)A system used to transfer tensile loads to the ground (i.e., soiland/or rock) and to provide active lateral support to an earthretention system. The components of a ground anchor include thepre-stressing steel tendon, grout, centralizers, bond breaker,anchorage, and corrosion protection. Ground anchors are mostoften pre-stressed to limit the deformation of the earth retentionsystem.Ground SurfaceThe level at which the tooling for the construction of the secant ortangent pile wall first enters the ground. The ground surface is notnecessarily the same elevation as the working platform and/or the
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 3 of 20top of the guidewalls.GuidewallA reinforced concrete template that is formed in the ground priorto the start of the construction of the secant or tangent pile walls.The guidewall provides restraint to the position and verticality ofthe secant/tangent piles, and aids in the support of the reinforcingsteel, casing extractors, etc. during the placement of concrete.Hard/FirmSecant PilesPrimary piles are backfilled with unreinforced, weak or lean,concrete, and secondary piles are backfilled with higher strengthstructural grade concrete and are typically reinforced.Hard/HardSecant PilesThe concrete in each primary and secondary pile has the samecompressive strength, which is a higher strength structural gradeconcrete. Secondary piles are typically reinforced, and primarypiles typically unreinforced.Hard/SoftSecant PilesPrimary piles are backfilled with a cement/bentonite mix and aretypically unreinforced, and secondary piles are backfilled withhigher strength structural grade concrete and are typicallyreinforced.InspectionThe observation of construction, equipment, materials, and actualsubsurface conditions that enables the Geotechnical Engineer torender a professional opinion on the expected performance of theconstructed work and on the Contractor's conformance to theContract Documents.Mineral SlurrySlurry in which the principal ingredient, by weight or activity, isfinely divided clay and/or other minerals.ObstructionA naturally occurring or man-made object(s) in the ground thatimpedes or prevents the advancement of the borehole or theinstallation of the secant/tangent pile.PigA device inserted into a tremie pipe that is used to separate fresh,fluid concrete from the fluid(s) within the borehole excavation.PolymerWater-dispersible or water-soluble water thickening compoundformed from two or more polymeric compounds. Suitablepolymers may potentially be synthetic, natural, modified natural,or combinations or grafts.Polymer SlurrySlurry, in which the principal ingredient, by weight or activity, iswater-soluble or water-dispersible polymers.Primary PileThe initial vertical pile, usually unreinforced (but can bereinforced for some applications), typically constructed usingrotary drilling methods (including oscillator methods), whichserves as soil support between the secondary, reinforced piles.Commentary: Primary piles function as soil support between thesecondary piles in both linear and circular shaft wallapplications. They also serve to transfer compression loads incircular shaft applications. It’s not uncommon for designs toinclude multiple unreinforced “primary” piles between eachreinforced pile.
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 4 of 20QualificationThe Contractor intending to perform the construction of the Workmust have had prior experience successfully installing secant ortangent wall systems. The requirements vary based on thedifficulty of the specific project. The contractor qualificationrequirements are typically defined within the project specificspecifications.QualityAssuranceA system or program of procedures, methods, and/or evaluationsthat ensure the required level of quality of and performance fromthe constructed work is achieved.Quality ControlA system for verifying and maintaining the required level ofquality in and performance from the constructed work throughplanning, use of proper equipment, continued observation andinspection, and corrective action.SeatingThe act of installing a steel casing whereby its entirecircumference is in complete contact with the underlying soil/rockformation.Secant Pile WallAn earth retention system consisting of contiguous,interlocking/overlapping vertical piles (e.g., drilled shafts,columns, etc.). A secant pile wall is constructed by installingconcrete or cement/bentonite grout primary vertical piles (with orwithout steel reinforcement) at prescribed intervals. Secondaryvertical piles are then installed in between and slightlyoverlapping the primary piles, wherein reinforcing steel is insertedand the secondary piles are filled with the appropriate concretemix. The reinforcement may be composed of either a steelreinforcing cage or a steel beam section. Typically, the primaryand secondary piles are of the same diameter. In non-waterretaining designs, often the unreinforced piles (primary piles) areonly drilled to 1-2 feet below the excavation level while thereinforced secondary piles have a deeper toe for wall stability.Secondary PileA vertical reinforced concrete pile, typically constructed usingrotary drilling methods (including oscillator methods), whichserves as the support for the proposed earth retention system andcan be used for vertical loading (e.g., when the secant wall is usedas an abutment, as support for the superstructure, etc.).SlurryA drilling fluid used to stabilize and support sides and bottom ofthe borehole during the construction of the secant/tangent piles.The slurry mixture provides hydrostatic pressure that supports thesides and bottom of the borehole, lubricates and cools the drilltools, and aides in cleaning or removing the cuttings from theborehole. For this type of construction, the slurry is mainlycomprised of water, clay materials (e.g., bentonite or attapulgite),polymeric materials, and/or acrylamides.SlurryDisplacementMethodMethod of drilling and concreting, whereby controlled slurryconsisting of water with or without additives such as bentonite,attapulgite, or polymer is used to stabilize the borehole. Theslurry may be used to stabilize an uncased drilled borehole, or to
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 5 of 20allow acceptable concrete placement when water seepage into theborehole is excessive.Surface CasingTemporary casing that is installed to prevent the sloughing of soilnear the surface of a borehole.Tangent Pile Wall An earth retention system consisting of contiguous (i.e., abuttingwith small or no gap) vertical piles (e.g., drilled shafts, columns,etc.). A tangent pile wall is constructed by installing concrete orcement/bentonite grout primary vertical piles (with or withoutsteel reinforcement) at prescribed intervals. Secondary verticalpiles are then installed in between and typically abutting theprimary piles, wherein reinforcing steel is inserted and thesecondary piles are filled with the appropriate concrete mix. Thereinforcement may be composed of either a steel reinforcementcage or a steel beam section. Typically, the primary andsecondary piles are of the same diameter. Wall designs may allowsmall gaps (1-6 inches) occurring between tangent piles.TemporaryCasingThis refers to a steel pipe that may be used to advance theborehole by supporting the sides of a borehole during the drillingand installation of the secant/tangent pile. The casing may be usedto construct the primary and/or secondary piles, and typicallyprovides a more consistent finished product. The casing isextracted during concreting.Tremie MethodA method used to place concrete by gravity into the boreholewhere water and/or slurry are typically present. Concrete isplaced through a conduit (i.e., steel pipe or tube) into the bottomof the borehole, and the concreting operation continues until theborehole is completely filled from the bottom up. A significanthead of fresh concrete (eg. 5 to 10 feet "above fluid level in theshaft") is constantly maintained, inside and above the tip of thetremie, ensuring upward displacement of slurry and water toprevent intermixing or dilution of fresh concrete with soil, water,and/or slurry. The tremie or tube is smooth and clean both insideand out, and typically has a minimum inside diameter (ID) of 10inches. The pump tube typically has a minimum ID of 5 inches.Wet MethodA method of construction, in which a borehole is advanced withthe use of slurry or water during the construction of thesecant/tangent pile, including the placement of the reinforcingsteel and the concrete. The slurry or water is used also as astabilizing fluid to support the sides of the borehole and tocounteract hydrostatic conditions. A temporary steel casing maybe used also with this method.WorkThis includes all of the activities associated with the installation ofcantilevered, braced, and/or anchored secant and/or tangent pileearth retention systems.Working platformA surface that safely supports the construction equipment andpersonnel. The working platform also includes any ramps, accesspaths, and roads.
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 6 of 204.0 MATERIALS4.1 WaterWater shall be potable, and shall be in accordance with the slurry requirements providedherein.4.2 Concrete4.2.a GuidewallsConcrete used in the construction of the guidewalls shall have a minimum 28-daycompressive strength of 3,000 psi, and shall conform to the requirements of Sectionof the Standard Specifications.11114.2.b Primary Piles-For hard/hard vertical piles, the concrete shall have a minimum 28-day compressivestrength of psi, and shall conform to the requirements of Section of theStandard Specifications. For hard/firm vertical piles, the infill material shall be apumpable lean concrete mix composed of 1.5 bags of cement per cubic yard of concrete.In water retention applications, the concrete mix design shall be such that its minimum28-day compressive strength is 550 psi.1111Commentary: For hard/firm piles, other cementitious products commonly used in thelean mix include slag cement and fly ash.4.2.c Secondary PilesConcrete used in the construction of the secondary piles shall have a minimum 28-daycompressive strength of 4,000 psi, and shall conform to the requirements of Sectionof the Standard Specifications.11114.3 Cement-Bentonite Grout4.3.a Primary PilesFor hard/soft vertical piles, the infill material shall be a cement-bentonite grout mix withtypical mix proportions of 27 gallons of water, 94 lbs. of cement, and 11 lbs. of bentonite.The addition of slag or fly ash is allowed in order to achieve similar low strengthproperties.4.4 Steel Reinforcement4.4.a Reinforcing Bars1111Bar reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of Section of the StandardSpecification.4.4.b Steel Beams1111Steel beam reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of Section of theStandard Specifications.4.4.c Centralizers and SpacersNon-corrosive centralizers and spacers that facilitate proper alignment of the steelreinforcement shall be used in the Work.
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 7 of 204.5 CasingThe temporary casing shall be steel, rigid, smooth, clean, and capable of withstanding allhandling, installation, and extraction stresses. The temporary casing shall be capable ofwithstanding the pressures exerted by the infill concrete, groundwater, and thesurrounding soil and/or rock. The outside diameter (OD) of the temporary casing shall beat least the required size of the vertical pile. The temporary casing shall be of sufficientlength (partial or full length of pile) to provide temporary support to achieve the requiredlength for each secant/tangent pile within the Work. If segmental casing is used, thesegments shall be connected by using flush-bolted, reasonably watertight, casing joints.4.6 SlurrySlurry shall conform to one of the following:4.6.a Mineral SlurryMineral slurries shall be used in conformance with the manufacturer's recommendationsand the quality control plan specified in subsection 5.2.b.5 of this specification. Themineral slurry shall conform to the following requirements:PropertyDensity (pcf)Viscosity(seconds/quart)pHSand Content (percent)1. Prior to finalcleaning2. Immediatelyprior to placingconcreteTestMud Weight (Density)API 13B-1, Section 1Marsh Funnel and CupAPI 13B-1, Section 2.2Glass Electrode, pHMeter, or pH PaperSand API 13B-1,Section 5Requirement63 to 7526 to 508 to 114.0 (max)4.0 (max)The use of bentonite in salt-water installations shall not be allowed. At the time oftesting, the temperature of the slurry shall be at least 40 F.Commentary: When it is necessary to use a mineral slurry in salt water applications, it isrecommended that attapulgite or sepiolite be used in lieu of bentonite.4.6.b Synthetic SlurriesSynthetic slurries shall be used in conformance with the manufacturer's recommendationsand the quality control plan specified in subsection 5.2.b.5 of this specification. Thesynthetic slurry shall conform to the following requirements:
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPropertyDensity (pcf)Viscosity(seconds/quart)pHSand Content (percent)TestMud Weight (Density)API 13B-1, Section 1Marsh Funnel and CupAPI 13B-1, Section 2.2Glass Electrode, pHMeter, or pH PaperSand API 13B-1,Section 5Page 8 of 20Requirement64 (max)32 to 1356 to 11.53. Prior to final1.0 (max)cleaning4. Immediately1.0 (max)prior to placingconcreteAt the time of testing, the temperature of the slurry shall be at least 40 F.4.6.c Water SlurryWater, with or without site soils, may be used as slurry when casing is used along theentire length of the drilled hole. The use of water slurry without full-length casing mayonly be used with the approval of the Engineer. The water slurry shall conform to thefollowing requirements:PropertyDensity (pcf)Sand Content (percent)TestMud Weight (Density)API 13B-1, Section 1Sand API 13B-1,Section 5Requirement65 (max)1.0 (max)At the time of testing, the temperature of the slurry shall be at least 40 F.4.7 External Bracing Steel-The components comprising the external bracing steel used in conjunction with the Workshall conform to Section of the Project Specifications.4.8 Ground Anchor Tendons-The components comprising the ground anchor tendons used in conjunction with theWork shall conform to Section of the Project Specifications.4.9 Grout-The grout to be used in conjunction with the Ground Anchor Work shall conform toSection of the Project Specifications.5.0 CONSTRUCTION5.1 Quality Assurance5.1.a Secant/Tangent Pile Construction Tolerances5.1.a.1 Secant/Tangent Pile DiameterThe allowable tolerance for the minimum diameter of the drilled shaft is 1 inchsmaller (-1”) than the diameter shown on the plans. The allowable tolerance for the
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 9 of 20maximum diameter of the drilled shaft is 6 inches larger ( 6”) than the diametershown on the plans.5.1.a.2 Horizontal PositioningAt cut-off level, the maximum permitted deviation from the center of shaft shown onthe drawings shall be one-inch in any direction.5.1.a.3 VerticalityThe maximum permitted deviation of the finished drilled shaft from the vertical atany level is 1 in 100 (1%). The Contractor shall demonstrate to the satisfaction ofEngineer the pile verticality is within the allowable tolerance.Commentary: A verticality tolerance for each drilled shaft of 1% is a very restrictivetolerance. A vertical tolerance of 2% is a more practically achievable tolerance.Designers and Specifiers must take the verticality tolerance into account in theirsecant pile overlap, tangent pile alignment design, and specifications to ensureproper wall design, water tightness (if required), and pile wall constructability.During drilling or excavation of the borehole, the Contractor shall make frequentchecks on the plumbness, alignment, and dimensions of the borehole. Any deviationexceeding the allowable tolerances shall be corrected with a procedure approved bythe Engineer.5.1.a.4 Steel ReinforcementPlacement tolerances of the steel reinforcing shall conform to the stated tolerances.5.1.a.5 Overpours, Cavities, and Overbreaks To account for potential voids, cavities, overbreaks, obstructions, soft soil layers, etc.,an additional tolerance of plus inches ( ”) shall be allowed for concreteprotrusions beyond the intended face of the secant or tangent pile wall. TheContractor shall be responsible to remove, by means accepted by the Engineer,concrete protrusions beyond the acceptable limits specified herein.5.1.b. Secant/Tangent Pile Pre-Construction ConferenceAt least five working days prior to the Contractor beginning any secant/tangent pilerelated construction work at the site, a pre-construction conference shall be held todiscuss construction procedures, personnel, and equipment to be used, and other detailsof the approved secant/tangent pile installation plan as specified in subsection 5.2.b ofthis specification. Those attending shall include:1. Contractor Representatives - The superintendent, on site supervisors, and allforemen responsible for excavating the boreholes, placing the casing and slurry(as applicable), placing the steel reinforcement, and placing the concrete. Ifsynthetic slurry is used to construct the secant/tangent piles, the slurrymanufacturer's representative or approved Contractor employees trained in the useof the synthetic slurry shall attend also.Commentary: If the Secant/Tangent Pile system is designed by the Contractor,the Contractor’s Design Engineer shall attend.2. Contracting Agency Representatives - The Project Engineer, designer, keyinspection personnel, and representatives from the Contracting AgencyConstruction Office and Materials Laboratory Geotechnical Branch.
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 10 of 20If the Contractor proposes a significant revision to the approved secant/tangent pileinstallation plan, as determined by the Engineer, an additional conference shall be heldbefore any additional secant/tangent pile construction operations are performed.5.2 Submittals5.2.a Construction ExperienceThe proposed Work shall be accomplished by Contractors and skilled workers thoroughlyexperienced in the necessary crafts and having relevant experience with the anticipatedsubsurface materials, water conditions, installation equipment, drilled shaft dimensions,and any special techniques required. In some cases, pre-qualification may be required toensure that qualified, experienced contractors perform the work. Approval of theContractor, its personnel, equipment, methods, etc. is subject to satisfactory fieldperformance. Documentation containing satisfactory proof of compliance shall besubmitted by the Contractor to the Engineer for his/her approval, and shall include:1. Not less than three successfully completed and documented projects within thepast five years where the Contractor performing the work has successfullyinstalled a secant or tangent wall system with drilled shafts similar to the size,length, and type to be installed on the project. The Contractor shall providerelevant details describing the equipment and methods used, details pertaining toany difficulties encountered, and how the difficulties were overcome. TheContractor shall include the complete contact information for at least onereference for each project cited.2. The name and experience record for the Contractor’s on-site supervisor for thiswork. The experience record shall include, at a minimum, a record of successfulinstallation of a secant or tangent pile wall system on at least two projects in themost recent 5 to 10 years.3. The name and experience record for the Contractor’s drilling operator for thiswork. The experience record shall include, at a minimum, two years ofexperience installing secant and/or tangent pile wall systems, or drilled shaftfoundations with similar diameters and lengths, and in similar ground conditionsusing a technology similar to that proposed for this work. The experience recordshall include a record of successful installation of a secant or tangent pile wallsystem on at least two projects in the most recent 5 to 10 years.The Engineer shall approve or reject the Contractor's qualifications and field personnelwithin 10 working days after receipt of the submission. Work shall not be started on anysecant/tangent pile until the Contractor's qualifications and field personnel qualificationsare approved by the Engineer. The Engineer may suspend the secant/tangent pileconstruction if the Contractor substitutes unapproved personnel. The Contractor shall befully liable for the additional costs resulting from the suspension of work, and noadjustments in contract time resulting from the suspension of work shall be allowed.5.2.b Secant/Tangent Pile Installation PlanThe Contractor shall submit a secant/tangent pile installation narrative for approval by theEngineer. The Engineer shall evaluate the secant/tangent pile installation plan forconformance with the Plans and Specifications, within the review time specified inSection of the Standard Specifications.-
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPage 11 of 20In preparing the narrative, the Contractor shall reference the available subsurface dataprovided in the contract geotechnical report(s) prepared for this project. This narrativeshall provide at least the following information:1. Proposed overall construction operation sequence including procedures and methodsto be used to ensure the adjacent or nearby structures and utilities are protected during theexecution of the Work.2. Procedures and methods to be used to safeguard against loss of slurry, concrete,and/or grout into waterways, sewers, project areas, and protected areas. The proposedprocedures shall be in full compliance with all local, state, and federal environmentalregulations.3. The proposed construction procedures, sequencing and methods for installing anyground anchors and/or bracing, including the procedures for anchor drilling;reinforcement and grout placement; anchor testing or pre-loading; and inspection.4. Drawings (e.g., plans, elevations, section views, etc.) and/or methods to describe thevarious activities required to complete the guidewall templates including dimensions,concrete strength, reinforcement, and formwork in accordance with the specifications.5. Description, size, and capacities of proposed equipment, including but not limited tocranes, drills, oscillators, rotators, augers, bailing buckets, final cleaning equipment, andslurry handling equipment. The narrative shall describe why the equipment was selected,and describe equipment suitability to the anticipated site conditions and work methods.The narrative shall include a project history of the drilling equipment demonstrating thesuccessful use of the equipment on drilled shafts of equal or greater size/length in similarsoil/rock conditions. The narrative shall also include details of borehole excavation andcleanout methods.6. Details of the method(s) to be used to ensure stability (e.g., prevention of caving,bottom heave, etc. using temporary casing, slurry, or other means) of the drilled shaftduring excavation (including pauses and stoppages during excavation) and duringconcrete placement.7. Detailed procedures for mixing, using, and maintaining the slurry shall be provided.A detailed mix design (including all additives and their specific purpose in the slurrymix) and a discussion of its suitability to the anticipated subsurface conditions shall beprovided for the proposed slurry.The submittal shall include a detailed plan for quality control of the selected slurry toensure conformance with the slurry manufacturer's recommendations and thesespecifications. The quality control narrative shall include the test methods to beperformed and the minimum and/or maximum property requirements, which must be metto ensure the slurry functions as intended for the anticipated subsurface conditions anddrilled shaft construction methods,. At a minimum, the slurry quality control plan shallinclude the following tests:
ADSC-IAFD Secant and Tangent Pile Wall Construction SpecificationsPropertyDensityViscositypHSand ContentPage 12 of 20TestMud Weight (Density)API 13B-1, Section 1Marsh Funnel and CupAPI 13B-1, Section 2.2Glass Electrode, pH Meter, or pH PaperSand API 13B-1, Section 58. Details of the concrete placement, including proposed operational procedures forpumping methods shall be provided. For a drilled shaft, the Contractor shall provide asample uniform yield form to be used for plotting the approximate volume of concreteplaced versus the depth of secant/tangent pile (except for concrete placement in the dry).9. When drilled shafts are constructed in the wet, the submittal shall include descriptionsof provisions for dewatering and flooding.10. Description and details of the storage and disposal plan for excavated material, anddrilling slurry (if applicable).11. Reinforcing steel shop drawi
of cantilevered, braced, and/or anchored secant and tangent pile retaining wall systems. Secant and/or tangent pile walls may be constructed using various technologies including . A reinforced concrete template that is formed in the ground prior to the start of the construction of the secant or tangent pile walls. The guidewall provides .
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