Harnessing Renewable Natural Resources Towards Food Security And .
Vol. 8(9), pp. 228-238, September, 2015DOI: 10.5897/JGRP2015.0517Article Number: 9629A9355472ISSN 2070-1845Copyright 2015Author(s) retain the copyright of this articlehttp://www.academicjournals.org/JGRPJournal of Geography and Regional PlanningFull Length Research PaperHarnessing renewable natural resources towards foodsecurity and sustainable rural development in a richagricultural resource-base community in CameroonEleno Manka’a FubeYaoundé, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.Received 20 July, 2015; Accepted 21 August, 2015Many renewable resources the world over are increasingly becoming non-renewable owing to massiveand/or abusive exploitation, and little conservation. There is growing quest to conserve resources andswitch to dependence on renewable resources. World summits on environment recommend sustainableuse of resources to guarantee sustainable development. How sustainably these resources are beingused and the extent to which their usage brings about sustainable development especially in ruralcommunities remains a debatable issue. Cameroon’s rural milieu teems with abundant renewableresources which have lain idle, been under exploited and/or wantonly exploited for any sustainableeconomic growth and development of the areas. This paper examines goat and natural pasture asabundant renewable resources, the widespread involvement of the rural population in exploiting theseresources in contrast with the low level of exploitation. The inherent potentials of these resources inguaranteeing food security and sustainable development of rural areas, and government neglect of smallruminant livestock production are assessed. The basic assumption is that the attention paid goat cultureby farmers, government and research institutions is incommensurate to the available potentials for aprofitable large-scale commercial agricultural activity. Primary and secondary sources were invaluablein providing data for analysis. Key findings depict that goats are valuable assets providing flexiblefinancial reserves for poor rural farmers during periods of economic stress; a buffer against crop failure;and a source of cash income enabling farmers meet various needs. Despite its multifarious functions,very little progress has been made in utilising the available resources efficiently towards improvingcommercial productivity; nutritional level and general living standards of rural population. This papersuggests that these abundant renewable resources could be harnessed to increase food productivityand security; the economic status of rural population and boost their contribution to economicdevelopment.Key words: Renewable resource, food security, traditional management systems, cash income, sustainablerural development, Donga Mantung.INTRODUCTIONRural areas, especially in Africa, often depend heavily onagriculture for their livelihood which accounts for morethan 70% of employment of the rural poor. Agriculture isthe economic mainstay of the peasant population of theE-mail: nellyforch@yahoo.frAuthors agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution License 4.0 International License
FubeDonga Mantung Division of the North West Region ofCameroon. The cold montane climate, with over sevenrainy months annually, offers a rich agriculturalenvironment where both arable and pastoral agricultureare practiced. However, the economic potentials of itsrich agricultural base have not yet been fully exploited.Arable farmers derive little financial benefits from theabundant crop harvests owing to poor state of farm-tomarket roads and to the difficulty of evacuating farmproduce to the major urban markets. Similarly, the fullpotential of the enormous natural pasture that abounds inthis region is not exploited since utilisation is only duringthe early half of the rainy season and no haying ispracticed. Besides, goat culture is still more of a microagricultural activity in Cameroon, undertaken mostly bypeasant farmers and has received little attention andinvestments by the government, appropriate nongovernmental organisations and/or research institutes.Very little progress has been made in utilising theavailable resources efficiently towards improvingcommercial productivity and the nutritional level or thegeneral living standards of the entire population.Goat is a small, manageable and omnipresent resourcein Donga Mantung Division produced and marketed byvirtually every household in the division; however, itsproduction until now is only a small scale, sidelineactivity. Goat production and marketing is an importantbut neglected sector of livestock production andmarketing in Cameroon. The deliberate breeding of goatsfor sale is a rare phenomenon. Goats are generallyreared to meet family needs during cultural festivities andceremonies such as births, deaths and marriages; andhardly to satisfy habitual and direct home consumptionneeds or market demands. Hence, goat farmersgenerally lack incentives to increase productivity andequally lack openings for large-scale profitable production.A characteristic feature of goat production in the area isthe absence of commercial co-operative farming,consequently, the activity is subsistent and predominantlyin the hands of individual farmers.This small ruminant species whose production untilnow has been on a small-scale has enormous potentialsas a medium of development. This falls in line with theviews of LID (1999), (Delgado et al, 1999), and ILRI(1991, 2000); who hold that goats are capable oftransforming feeds of low or no alternative value intohigh-value livestock products such as meat and milk.Goats can therefore be considered as an exploitable,renewable resource capable of being harnessed forviable agricultural and economic development.229the total population of goat farmers was derived from the 1987national population census. Primary data was drawn from 187farmers in 12 villages of the five subdivisions that make up thedivision and 25 goat buyers. For a clear and logical investigation,the population involved in each stage of the activity was identifiedand categorised, and three separate questionnaires wereadministered to specific groups, viz. goat farmers, buyers andveterinary officers. This helped to describe and properly assess theproduction and marketing processes; and the contribution of therenewable resources under study to the economic development ofDonga Mantung Division. The quarterly and annual reports of theMinistry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industry (MINEPIA) andweekly sales records of main goat markets in Donga MantungDivision were consulted to obtain viable statistical data to illustratethe activities. Qualitative data was equally collected from MINEPIAto assess government coordination and intervention in livestockproduction and marketing.Concept perspectivesTwo key concepts are of particular interest in this work viz. naturalresource and sustainable development.A resource is an all-embracing term which has been perceivedand defined differently over the years. From a loose and cursorydefinition as ‘anything of economic importance or value’ to morecomplex definitions, a resource can be natural or man-made,renewable or non-renewable and can be classified according to itsphysical, economic and/or social attributes1. Irrespective of theirnature, resources, if well harnessed produce basic wealth, engenderhuman advancement and societal well being. Any element foundunder, on or above the surface of the earth which man perceives asuseful and exploitable to provide an essential product for human lifeconstitutes a natural resource. In this light, the goat and pasture inthe Donga Mantung Division (available and abundant naturalendowments) have thus been viewed as natural resources. Figure1 demonstrates a framework of the available renewable naturalresources whose judicious exploitation, usage and conservationcould contribute to guaranteeing food security, in the division inparticular and the nation at large; and in engendering sustainablerural development in the division.Goats are, therefore, a significant part of the resource base of thehuman environment in Donga Mantung Division and obviousrenewable natural resources whose predominance can be fullyutilised in combination with the abundant, available natural pastureto engender sustainable rural development. Regrettably, maximumexploitation and the fullest utilisation of the potentials of theseresources are yet to be undertaken on the one hand and on theother, renewable resources are becoming increasingly nonrenewable due to demographic explosion and improper management. The growing need for food security within the backdrop ofrising demands and pressures of a rapidly growing world populationon depleting resources necessitates new production methodsamongst small farm families. Thus the goat should be perceived asa valuable economic resource in order to conceive and adopt newtechniques by which this potent, renewable resource can besustainably exploited. This would raise the living standards of farmfamilies on the one hand and increase animal food supply in theface of a growing population.Sustainable development has been defined in many ways but themost common definition as coined by the Brundtland Report (1987)2METHODOLOGYPrimary and secondary data were the main sources of information.The activity was divided into goat production and goat marketing tobring out the particularity in their respective contributions. Interviewsduring the preliminary field surveys in Ndu and NkambeSubdivisions revealed that each household rears goats; therefore,1Whynne Hammond Charles, Elements of human Geography, 2nd ed. UnwinHyman Limited, London, 19852Our Common Future (1987), Report of the World Commission onEnvironment and Development, World Commission on Environment andDevelopment.
230J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.Figure1.Renewabledevelopment framework.resource-foodsecurity-ruralis ‘development that meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their ownneeds.’ This is a process that depicts a complex dynamicrelationship between socioeconomic variables notably resource andpopulation. These are prerequisites to development and thepossibilities or limitations imposed by technology and socialorganisations in exploiting available resources to meet humanneeds. A proper blend between these variables has a positiveinfluence on human well being and the environment engenderinghigher standards of living while a poor mix endangers both theenvironment and human well being.Looking at the interrelatedness of the variables that influencesustainable development, both the present and future dimensionshave been considered within the context of this write up, but focusis more on a futuristic perspective. It thus evaluates the efforts bythe local population to use the available resources of goats andpastures to meet their current food and other livelihood needs.Principally, it attempts an assessment of how far the production andmarketing of goats in the Donga Mantung Division have and canpotentially contribute to meeting the nutritional needs of thepopulation and to the economic development of the division whilemaintaining the renewable potential of these resources.RESULTSCustom-dominated goat management systemsThe management systems employed in goat rearing inDonga Mantung Division is predominantly influenced bythe cultural beliefs of the local population. The systemsreflect the level of the activity and determine the qualityand quantity of the live goats and goat productsproduced; their economic value and consequently theliving conditions and standards of the farmers. Productionis rudimentary and subsistent with minimal labour inputsand poor husbandry techniques. The husbandry systemadopted is therefore more a function and outcome ofsocio-cultural and ecological rather than economicinfluences. Traditionally, goats are socially accepted inthe rural community and are regarded as an integral partof each household; except in Misaje Subdivision wherethe indigenous population does not customarily reargoats. Hence the management systems used are not aresult of any economic considerations but in most cases,is a consequence of societal norms.The importance of crop production relative to livestockproduction in the area, equally dictates the goatmanagement systems. In all parts of Donga MantungDivision food crop production is considered more important than goat production, thus more labour, time andresources are invested into crop production, especiallymaize production which is the base of the staple meal ofthe local population. Traditionally, goat farming on a largescale is regarded by 92.5% of arable farmers as anuneconomic activity compared to food crop farming andcoffee cultivation. Goats are, therefore, reared on a lowinput system, with very little labour and capital inputs. Thegoat farmers are content with whatever economic benefitsthey derive from their goats compared to the investmentsmade in time, labour and finances. This largely explainsthe low level of productivity in goats and the low level ofdeliberate commercial production.Three principal husbandry systems are used throughoutthe division viz. tethering, free-range or extensivesubsistence and semi-intensive systems (Figure 2).Tethering and free-range systems are the mostpredominant, popular systems used throughout theregion. Their usage is determined by seasonal variations,food crop farming patterns and the economic value thelocal population attaches to goat farming. The tetheringsystem, a low-input system in terms of time cost andfinances is practiced by 90.4% of goat farmers. Thissystem predominates in the rainy season—March toSeptember—when there is abundant pasture and alsocoincides with the main cropping season of the area. Thissystem is adopted during this period mainly as aprotective measure against crop destruction by ruminants.The free-range system is practiced by 93% of farmersand predominates in the dry season—October to March—soon after crop harvests. During this period, goatsscavenge on farms, streets, markets and garbage heaps.No specific breeding programme is followed; however,62.6% of farmers affirm that kidding is higher within thefree-range period during which the goats can freely mateunlike when they are tethered. Notwith-standing this, freeranged goats cause damages on any available vegetativematerial found around the houses. This method of goatfarming has set in place a single cropping season inDonga Mantung Division unlike the neighbouring BuiDivision with similar climatic tolerances which has twocropping seasons. It is also uncommon to find smallvegetable gardens around homes during the dry season.Freely roaming animals damage crops resulting in conflictsamongst villagers. Over 43% of goat farmers suffer fromsuch conflicts. In some localities like Dumbo, destructionof crops and conflicts account for 80 and 72%
Fubea) Tethering of goats on hill slopes during farmingseasonc) Semi-intensive husbandry (goats are grazed for 3-4hours each day and penned after grazing)231b) Free range system of husbandry practiced afterharvest of farm cropsd) Semi-intensive husbandry (goat pen)Figure 2. Principal goat husbandry systems in practice in Donga Mantung Division.respectively as the major problems faced by goat farmers.This evidently has repercussions on goat productivity.The semi-intensive system is a compromise betweenthe extensive subsistence and intensive methods. Thegoats are confined and pen fed; and also allowed to grazeor browse in the open for a few hours daily (Figure 2cand d). This system is not widespread and is practiced byonly 4.8% of goat farmers in the division, especially inNwa Subdivision under the auspices of Heifer Internationaland in Nkambe town. It is more productive than theformer systems with higher flock size owing to bettermanagement, feed supplementation and more intensiveveterinary care. It involves higher crop-livestock integration that maximises the use of goat droppings onarable farm plots and crop residues for feeding of goats.Low productivity despite enormous natural potentialsThe spatial distribution of goat population in the NorthWest Region reveals that Donga Mantung Division hasthe highest goat population owing to the enormouspotentials for pastoral farming as depicted on Tables 1and 2 and the cultural importance of goats to the localpopulation.Goats represent a major under-exploited resource inDonga Mantung. They are raised largely by crop farmersas a small-scale sideline activity even though goats arean integral part of farm households in Donga Mantung.Often they are reared alongside other small scale farmingactivities notably maize cultivation, besides local pigkeeping and poultry. Traditionally, farm families keep twoto four breeding animals, mainly does on which spendingis minimal. In general, farmers provide no specialfeeding, housing or other inputs, and production is riskydue to high mortality from diseases and low or inexistentveterinary attention.The main pasture lands are located away from thevillage vicinity while goats are reared on small patches ofland in the village closet by both landed and landlesssettlers; therefore, the abundant available pasture is notfully exploited. The common grass species fed to goatsare Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), Andropogon(oil grass), Kikuyu and Sporobolus africanus—a speciesof low nutritive value and low palatability. In addition, treeleaves of many varieties notably fig tree, pear tree andplantain leaves are traditionally fed the goats. The use ofthese leaves is of particular significance as asserted byOgwang et al. (1992) because of the ability of goats toconvert them into animal products of value to man.
232J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.Table 1. Goat production and distribution in the North West Region of Cameroon.PopulationDivisionDonga 171 21445 20024 67517 60811 256269 953Percentageof 93135 59640 15031 00017 12010 300234 166Percentage oftotalPopulation2010Percentage oftotal57.9117.1513.247.314.39100.00161 54743 98235 48119 93615 325276 27158.4715.9112.847.215.54100.00Source: MINEPIA, North West Province Annual Report, 1981/82, 1992/1993, 2010.Table 2. Range land area in the North West Region by administrative divisions.DivisionDonga MantungMezamBuiMomoMenchumTotalLand area ofdivision (Ha)Range landArea (Ha)1 144 9961 467 597627 9061 061 5381 116 4865 418 523305 714105 667108 0c00124 200415 3331 058 914Percentage oftotal range land inthe province28.810.010.211.739.2100.0Range land area aspercentage of total landarea in the division26.77.217.211.737.2100.0Source: The Environment Situation of the North West Province, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and UNDP Project,CMR/92/008, Bamenda 1994.The surveyed farmers had small numbers of animalswith herd sizes generally ranging from 1-5 goats. Thereappeared to be a correlation between remoteness, humanpopulation density and flock size. The more remotelocalities like Akwesse and Dumbo in the Ako and MisajeSubdivisions respectively with lower population densitieshad larger herd sizes of 30-60 goats (Table 3). These twosubdivisions are the least populated of all thesubdivisions in Donga Mantung Division hence there isavailable grazing land. Over 60% of goat farmers herehave a herd of more than 10 goats unlike in NkambeCentral Subdivision, where less than 5% of farmers haveherds with over 10 goats. Land availability for grazing thegoats is the most probable explanation for larger herds inthese localities.The level of low productivity can equally be observedby the crop-livestock integration relationship which is veryinsignificant as illustrated in Figure 3.Food crop fields are located away from the villagevicinities where goat rearing is predominant. Littlebenefits are thus derived from the droppings of goats inthe form of farm manure on the one hand, and on theother, the gleanings of farm residues after harvest by theanimals. Some crop-livestock integration is practicedunder the semi-intensive husbandry method, howeveronly to a minimal degree (only 4.8% of goat farmers),thus much of the available potentials lie unexploited.Buffer against economic stressesLivestock and goats in particular, transform feeds withlow or no alternative value into high-value livestock3products such as meat, milk, etc . The presence ofabundant pasture in Donga Mantung provides a goodbase for goats as a buffer against economic stresses forthe predominantly rural agricultural population. In thisarea, goat culture is traditionally an important sociocultural activity, undertaken by about 95% of thehouseholds. It performs a multitude of functions: valuableassets to farmers, provides flexible financial reserves forperiods of economic stress and a buffer against cropfailure; and is a source of cash income enabling farmersto meet various domestic, economic and cultural needs.Reasons for sale of goats range from education ofchildren (75.4%), medical care (57.8%), improvestandards of living (40.1%), ceremonial needs (13.9%),tax payments (13.4%), check disease spread (2.7%), andsavings (2.1%). In addition, the proportion of goat farmerswho depend on the sale of goats as a buffer to economicstress is higher in the more remote localities wherepoverty is rife than in the more urban areas (Table 4).Overlapping in percentage is due to multiple uses ofgoats in the study area.3LID, 1999
Fube233Table 3. Average goat flock size in Donga Mantung Division.3711 218Averagedistance (km)from Nkambe**1520No ofhouseholdsinterviewed845Average no ofgoats per 6386550252152728514810.942.59.9402264281424 091475652414111913187577659651 NjapBinkaNduMisajeAkoNwaNguriMfeNwaNwantiTotalNo ofhouseholds*Averageflock size11.37.7Source: *Household figures based on 1987 census figures and field survey. **Nkambe is the administrative headquarters of theDongaMantungThelevelDivision.of low productivity can equally be observed by the crop-livestock integrationrelationship which is very insignificant as illustrated on figure 2.Type ofactivityGoat productionCrop cultivation0Distance from village centreFigure2: Foodproductioncrop-goatproductionrelationshipin DongaFigure 3.Food crop-goatrelationshipin DongaMantung Division.Mantung DivisionFood crop fields are located away from the village vicinities where goat rearing ispredominant. Little benefits are thus derived from the droppings of goats in the form of farmThis corroborates the assertion that poverty is still4largely a rural phenomenon. Livelihood of the rural poorcould therefore be improved through investments in thelivestock sector notably in goats that are raised by atleast 95% of the rural households in Donga Mantung.One of the most valuable but underutilised resources ofthis division is its natural pasture growing on the rollinghills and valleys. The livestock management systems inuse fail to make utmost use of the abundant naturalpastures notably during the rainy season. No conservationof fresh pasture as hay or silage is practiced; hencemaximum economic benefit is not derived from much ofthe abundant available pasture. In addition, climaticconditions favour rapid lignification of pasture and declinein crude protein content with maturity thus reducing the5nutritional value of these forages . During the dry season,45Underutilised natural resourcesIbid 3ILRI, 2000
234J. Geogr. Reg. Plann.Table 4. Correlation between mode of disposal and accessibility/remoteness of locality*.Mode of goat disposal used by sampled farmersEat (%) Sell (%) Gifts (%) Traditional sacrifices get 5.00.09.115.825.015.427.310.5DumbuAkoNwatable 3 forofdistances.different*Seekindsintermediaries, direct consumers, council and veterinaryofficials. The last two in the chain control the quality of goats sold in the local markets.FarmersLocal assemblersLocal marketingUrban assemblers(External itinerant buyers)Inter-regional marketingConsumersRetailersConsumersFigure 3: Goat Marketing Agents and Channels in Donga MantungFigure 4. Goat marketing agents and channels in Donga Mantung.Goat marketing like goat production is unplanned as such the farmers do not derivepasture is generally unavailable, thus goats are freeranged and allowed to scavenge on the streets, markets,garbage heaps and on peelings of crops. The mostcommon feed during this time of the year are twigs,maize and ‘ngajiri’ (a by-product of processed maize).Dynamics of goat marketingGoat marketing in Donga Mantung can be described asmicro-marketing since it is an activity by small-scale goatfarmers operating at individual levels. Overhead costs aresmall and products are sold in the simplest form—livegoats—. Marketing is done at various levels and by ahost of marketing agents viz. producers; manydifferent kinds of intermediaries, direct consumers,council and veterinary officials. The last two in the chaincontrol the quality of goats sold in the local markets(Figure 4).Goat marketing like goat production is unplanned assuch the farmers do not derive maximum profits from thesale of their goats. Farmers do not forecast the needs ofpotential consumers hence production is not marketoriented. Marketing behaviours and practices are dictatedby the prevailing culture in the region. Marketing is donethroughout the year but peaks in September andDecember, which coincide with the start of a new schoolyear and end of year festivities. Farmers are their ownmerchants, selling their produce in the local marketsdirectly to consumers or to local middlemen who buy fromtheir homes. The intermediaries derive more profits fromgoat marketing than the farmers due to the inefficient,complicated and unorganised channels.Live goats constitute the main product sold. The only
Fubeother products that are sold by farmers at a very limitedscale are goat skins (4.8%) and droppings (10.7%),notably in Nkambe, Binka, Njirong, Jirt, Kakar, Dumbuand Nwa. The rearing methods and low level of croplivestock integration does not permit the collection ofgoat droppings. The skins are used for the making ofdrums used for traditional dances. The marketing or useof goat milk, hooves, horns, blood and bones is nonexistent. Goat meat is not sold in the open market;however, cooked goat meat and ‘sawyer’ are sold inrestaurants in Ndu and Nkambe towns. The productionand marketing of goat products is not yet a vital aspectof goat culture in Donga Mantung.Possibilities of raising productivity and farmers’incomes235The WAD is reported to kid normally at about 144–150days (5 months) after conception with a mean litter sizeof 1.6 kids giving an annual average reproduction rate of2.4 kids per doe. Considering its potentials for multiplebirths, this posits that the WAD doe can yield 6 to 9 kidswithin a two-year period. This means that a herd with onlyfive healthy does will yield 30 to 45 kids in two yearsunder improved management systems. In DongaMantung, farmers’ responses revealed that kid survivalrate is low especially for does that kid before 12 monthsof age (32.1%) resulting from still births and lack ofveterinary assistance during delivery. Survival rate of kidswill, therefore, be higher with improved nutrition andveterinary care, thus improving productivity and farmers’economic power.DISCUSSION AND SUGGESTIONSDonga Mantung has enormous potentials that can beharnessed to boost livestock productivity, improvefarmers’ incomes and guarantee food security despite thegrowing population numbers and changing climaticconditions. The natural pasture constitutes one of itsmost valuable resources. Pasture is abundantly availablein the rainy season but scarce in the dry season. Thisimposes nutritional problems for stable goat development.Overcoming this problem will necessitate adopting newmethods of pasture management such as haying andsilage. In addition, improved pastures like Guatemalagrass, braccharia, Hyparrhenia and Leucaena which groweasily in the region can also be adopted by most goatfarmers. This will help to curb the dry season shortagesand increase productivity to meet up with the increasingdemands for live goats in the major cities in southernCameroon.The goat species that is reared constitute anothervaluable resource. The West African Dwarf (WAD) goat isrenowned for its high proliferation rate, with a tendency oftwin and triple births, especially under intensivehusbandry methods and improved nutrition (Ademosun,1992). Upgrading and improving management systemsgreatly improves on the performances of this goatspecies. Studies have revealed that live weight per doeper year increases from 10.9kg under the traditionalsystem to 24.2kg under the intensive system as improvedmanagement (better nutrition, veterinary care, housing,etc) results in higher litter size at birth and increasessurvival and growth rate of kids (Ademosun, 1992). Thisdepicts that improving the management systems for WADwill not only improve goat performances but will equallyincrease saleable quantities, farmers’ incomes andsustenance.Figure 5 depicts the high prolificacy of this goat specieswith the possibility of three kiddings within a two-yearperiod, and a greater probability of healthier does andkids. This implies that three kiddings are possible within aperiod of 26 months, if the management system allows adry period for the does (Devendra and McLeroy 1982).The pattern of goat ownership in Donga Mantung differsfrom that of cattle. Only a comparatively small
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