Technical Document On Municipal Solid Waste Organics Processing
Technical Document onMunicipal Solid Waste Organics Processing
Technical Document on Municipal Solid Waste Organics Processing.Cat. No.: En14-83/2013EISBN: 978-1-100-21707-9Information contained in this publication or product may be reproduced, in part or inwhole, and by any means, for personal or public non-commercial purposes, withoutcharge or further permission, unless otherwise specified.You are asked to:Exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced;Indicate both the complete title of the materials reproduced, as well as the authororganization; andIndicate that the reproduction is a copy of an official work that is published by theGovernment of Canada and that the reproduction has not been produced in affiliationwith or with the endorsement of the Government of Canada.Commercial reproduction and distribution is prohibited except with written permissionfrom the Government of Canada’s copyright administrator, Public Works and GovernmentServices of Canada (PWGSC). For more information, please contact PWGSC at613-996-6886 or at droitdauteur.copyright@tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of theEnvironment, 2013Aussi disponible en français sous le titre : Document technique sur la gestion desmatières organiques municipales
PrefaceSolid waste management is unquestionably an essential service that local governments providetheir citizens. They have an important responsibility to make decisions regarding collection services,disposal infrastructure, waste diversion and recycling programs that are cost-effective and respond totheir communities’ needs. Even in communities with long-established programs and infrastructure, themanagement of waste continues to evolve and require informed decisions that take into consideration acomplex set of environmental, social, technological, and financial factors. Communities are consideringoptions for processing organic waste and need more detailed, objective technical guidance and reliableinformation on the available processing technologies.In recent years, there has been increasing attention to managing the organic fraction of the municipalwaste stream. Biodegradable material such as food waste constitutes approximately 40% of the residentialwaste stream, therefore diversion of organic materials is essential to reach high diversion targets. Theenvironmental benefits of diverting organic materials from landfill include reduced methane emissions (apotent greenhouse gas), and decreased leachate quantities from landfills. From a life-cycle perspective,other benefits, such as the production of valuable compost and renewable energy, can also be derived fromthe diversion of organic materials from disposal depending on the processing method selected.While the science of processing leaf and yard waste at open windrow sites is well understood, andfacilities are successfully operating at numerous sites across the country, the knowledge and experience ofprocessing food waste in Canada is less well established.Opinions differ on the effectiveness of various technologies for the processing of organics. Canadianexperience has been a mix of successes and setbacks. It is important that lessons learned be shared.Objective and reliable technical information is needed so that local governments choosing an approachto the processing of organics are doing so in a well-informed way that best meets their local needs.Optimization of resource allocation and the economic value of waste materials are important aspects of thesustainability of integrated waste management.This Technical Document on Municipal Solid Waste Organics Processing was developed to meet this needby providing science-based, objective and user-friendly information on the various aspects of organicwaste management planning and operation for organics processing of different capacities and in differentlocations. The most applicable and relevant proven composting and anaerobic digestion treatmentapproaches for implementation in Canada and the considerations applicable to their implementation arealso discussed. Treatment technologies still at the research level, that are not yet commercially available,or that have not fully demonstrated technical feasibility in the Canadian context are not covered in thisTechnical Document.i
PrefaceAs many municipalities across Canada are considering options for processing organic wastes, thisdocument can be used as a resource by government officials and stakeholders as they engage withconsulting firms and service and technology providers to discuss and assess potential options, preparetender documents, and evaluate proposals. Users are encouraged to carefully read and interpret theinformation based on their specific local conditions and regulatory requirements.This document draws on lessons learned and expert knowledge of professionals, practitioners andacademics in the field of organics management across North America. The extensive and varied experienceof all contributors and reviewers is brought together in 18 comprehensive chapters describing the technicalaspects and key considerations involved in processing organic wastes. The document covers a widerange of topics from the science and principles of composting and anaerobic digestion, to the descriptionof proven processing technologies, biogas utilization, facility design, odor control, and compost quality, aswell as other related issues such as procurement approaches and system selection. It is hoped that readerswill benefit from this compendium of knowledge and lessons learned to support further efforts to reducegreenhouse gas emissions and optimize the value of municipal solid waste organics under an integratedwaste management approach.ii
ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iAcknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAcronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x1 .Introduction to Municipal Solid Waste Organics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.12.1.1.1Food Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11.1.2Leaf and Yard Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21.2Estimating the Quantities of MSW Organics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31.3Common Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4Benefits of Organic Waste Diversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.13 .Composition of MSW Organics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1Environmental Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.1.1Greenhouse Gas Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12.1.2Compost Products Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22.2Social Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32.3Economic Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4Science and Principles of Aerobic Processing (Composting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13.1Steps of the Composting Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13.2Compost Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-53.33.2.1Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63.2.2Fungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-63.2.3Actinomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6Key Process Management Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73.3.1Oxygen Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73.3.2Free Air Space, and Particle Size and Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-103.3.3Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-113.3.4Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-123.3.5Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-133.3.6pH Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15iii
Contents4 .Science and Principles of Anaerobic Processing (Anaerobic digestion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.1Overview of the Anaerobic Digestion Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14.2Typical Mass Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.3Anaerobic Digestion Chemistry and Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-64.4Key Process Management Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84.54.65 .Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84.4.2pH, Alkalinity, and Volatile Fatty Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-94.4.3Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-94.4.4Solids Retention Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-104.4.5C:N Ratio and Ammonia Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-104.4.6Sulphide Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10Digestate Characteristics, Quantities, and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-114.5.1Digestate Characteristics and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-114.5.2Digestate Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11Biogas Characteristics and Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-124.6.1Biogas Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-124.6.2Biogas Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-134.6.3Energy Potential of Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14Aerobic Processing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15.15.25.3iv4.4.1General Feedstock Preparation Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.1.1Particle Size Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.1.2Mixing and Blending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.1.3Ferrous Metal Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.1.4Water or Leachate Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-45.1.5Feedstock Preparation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5Passively Aerated and Turned Composting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55.2.1Static Pile Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-65.2.2Bunker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-75.2.3Windrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-85.2.4Turned Mass Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-105.2.5Passively Aerated Windrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11Actively Aerated Composting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-125.3.1Aerated Static Pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-145.3.2Enclosed Aerated Static Pile (Tunnel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-165.3.3Static Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-175.3.4Agitated Container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-185.3.5Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-195.3.6Agitated Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-205.3.7Rotating Drum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Contents6 .7 .Anaerobic Processing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.1General Pretreatment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16.2Types of AD Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.2.1High-Solids Versus Wet AD Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.2.2One Stage Versus Two Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36.2.3Thermophilic Versus Mesophilic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36.2.4Technology Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-46.3High-Solids-Stackable Digestion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-66.4High-Solids-Slurry Digestion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86.5Wet (Low-Solids) Digestion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-106.6Codigestion in Wastewater Treatment Plant Biosolids Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12BioGas Conversion and Utilization Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17.1Low-Grade Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37.1.17.2Medium-Grade Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-47.2.17.38 .Biogas Treatment Requirements for Medium-Grade Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5High-Grade Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-67.3.17.4Biogas Treatment Requirements for Low-Grade Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3Gas Treatment Requirements for High-Grade Biogas Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7Biogas Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8Facility Siting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18.1Facility Siting Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.2Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38.38.48.2.1Wetlands and Water Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38.2.2Potable Water Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48.2.3Flood Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48.2.4Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48.2.5Groundwater Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48.2.6Soil Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-58.2.7Wind Speed and Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5Proximity and Access Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-58.3.1Transportation Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-58.3.2Feedstock Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-68.3.3Markets and End-Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-68.3.4Utilities and Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-78.3.5Water Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Land-Use Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.4.1Land Usage and Activities on Adjacent Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.4.2Allowable Land Uses and Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8v
Contents9.10 .11 .12 .vi8.4.3Protection of Agricultural Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.4.4Buffer Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-88.4.5Proximity to Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-98.4.6Proximity to Other Waste Management Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9Additional Facility Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19.1Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19.2Fire Prevention, Detection, and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29.3Site Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39.4Operational Flexibility and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39.5Building Ventilation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49.6Compost Product Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59.7Winter Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59.8Seasonal Variations in Waste Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-69.9Self-Hauled Feedstock Deliveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-79.10Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-89.11Corrosion Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-89.12Provincial and Municipal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9Common Supporting Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-110.1Feedstock Receiving Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-210.2Amendment Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-410.3Compost Curing Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-410.4Finished Compost Storage Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-510.5Residuals Storage Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-610.6Leachate and Effluent Management Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-610.7Contaminated Stormwater Management Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-710.8Uncontaminated Stormwater Management Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-810.9Additional Infrastructure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8Common Supporting Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111.1Front-End Loaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111.2Mixing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-211.3Screening Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-411.4Size-Reduction Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-511.5Conveyor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-7Collection Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-112.1Drop-Off Depots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-112.2Community Collection Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Contents12.3Curbside Collection Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-312.4Collection Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-512.4.1 Bag-Based Collection Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-512.4.2 Cart-Based Collection Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-612.4.3 Kitchen Pails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-713 .Organics Processing Facility Procurement Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-113.1Design-Bid-Build. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-113.2Construction Management At-Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-313.3Design-Build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-413.4Design-Build-Operate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-713.4.1 Financing and Transfer of Ownership Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-813.514 .General Procurement Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-8Odour Control and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-114.1Odours Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-114.2Sampling and Measuring Odours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-314.2.1 Sample Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-314.2.2 Odour Concentration Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-414.3Predicting Offsite Odour Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-614.4Treatment Technology Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-714.4.1 Wet Scrubbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-714.4.2 Carbon Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-914.4.3 Biofilter Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1015 .16 .Nuisance Management and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-115.1Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-115.2Litter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-315.3Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-415.4Insects, Birds, and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-5Compost Quality Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-116.1Fertilizer Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-216.1.1 Quality Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-216.1.2 Labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-416.2CCME Guidelines for Compost Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-416.3BNQ Organic Soil Conditioners—Composts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-616.4Provincial Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-816.5Compost Quality Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-8vii
Contents17 .Compost Market Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.1Compost Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.1.1 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-117.1.2 Erosion and Sediment Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-217.1.3 Landscaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-317.1.4 Reclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-317.1.5 Reselling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-417.1.6 Topsoil Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-417.1.7 Turf Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-517.1.8 Wholesale Nurseries . . . . . . . . . . . .
This Technical Document on Municipal Solid Waste Organics Processing was developed to meet this need by providing science-based, objective and user-friendly information on the various aspects of organic waste management planning and operation for organics processing of different capacities and in different locations.
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Municipal solid waste disposal is a common problem in most third world countries. In Nigeria, the problem of municipal solid waste disposal has been a persistent battle over the years, with successive Governments applying different approaches in a bid to eradicate the scourge. However, effective waste to energy has not
An Analysis of the Municipal Solid Waste Permitting and Recycling Programs of the State of Alabama by Jacob Kearley A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 14, 2013 Key Words: Landfill, Municipal Solid Waste, Permitting
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Master’s Thesis in Automotive Engineering JILING LI ZHEN ZHU Department of Applied Mechanics . The battery thermal management system (BTMS) plays a vital role in the control of the battery thermal behaviour. The BTMS technologies are: air cooling system, liquid cooling system, direct refrigerant cooling system, phase change material (PCM) cooling system, and thermo-electric cooling system .
