COSMIC-2: Next Generation Atmospheric Remote Sensing System Using Radio .

COSMIC-2: Next Generation AtmosphericRemote Sensing System using RadioOccultation TechniqueBill Kuo,Bill Schreiner, Doug Hunt, Sergey SokolovskiyUCAR COSMIC Program Officewww.cosmic.ucar.eduDec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

GPS Radio OccultationαDec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

COSMIC – Constellation Observing Systemfor Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate Joint Taiwan and US project NSF is U.S. lead agency– NOAA, NASA, Air Force, Navy 6 Satellites launched April 14, 2006 GPS Radio Occultation Receiver-Refractivity, Bending anglePressure, Temperature, HumidityAbsolute Total Electron Content (TEC)Electron Density Profiles (EDP)Ionospheric Scintillation (S4 amplitude) Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) – UV RadiancesCERTO Tri-Band Beacon TransmitterComplete global and diurnal samplingDemonstrated forecast value of GPS radio occultationsoundings in near-real time Total cost 100M; Taiwan paid for 80% of costs Mission on time, within budget, and exceedingexpectationsDec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

Characteristics of RO Data Limb sounding geometry complementary to ground and space nadirviewing instrumentsGlobal coverageProfiles ionosphere, stratosphere and troposphereOnly observing system from space that can profile the ABLHigh accuracy (equivalent to 1 K; average accuracy 0.1 K)High precision (0.02-0.05 K)High vertical resolution (0.1 km near surface – 1 km tropopause)Only system from space to observe atmospheric boundary layerAll weather-minimally affected by aerosols, clouds or precipitationIndependent height and pressureRequires no first guess soundingNo calibration requiredClimate benchmark quality-tied to SI standardsAll of theseIndependent of processing centercharacteristicsIndependent of missionNo instrument drifthave beenNo satellite-to-satellite biasdemonstrated inCompact sensor, low power, low costDec 17, 2012peer-reviewedliterature.EarthCube Workshop

Scientific Uses of Radio Occultation Data Weather– Improve global weather analyses, particularly over data voidregions such as the oceans and polar regions– Improve skill of global and regional weather prediction models– Improve understanding of tropical, mid-latitude and polar weathersystems and their interactions Ionosphere and Space Weather– Observe global electronic density distribution– Improve the analysis and prediction of space weather– Improve monitoring/prediction of scintillation (e.q., equatorialplasma bubbles, sporadic E clouds)– Ionospheric and lower atmospheric coupling Climate– Monitor climate change and variability with unprecedentedaccuracy-world’s most accurate, precise, and stablethermometer from space!– Evaluate global climate models and analyses– Calibrate infrared and microwave sensors and retrieval algorithmsDec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

Operational ECMWF system September to December 2008. Averaged over all model layersand entire global atmosphere. % contribution of different observations to reduction inforecast error.AMSU-A: Adv MW Sounder A on Aqua and NOAA POES (T)IASI: IR Atmos Interferometer on METOP (T,H)AIRS: Atmos IR Sounder on Aqua (T,H)AIREP: Aircraft T, H, and windsGPSRO: RO bending angles from COSMIC, METOPTEMP: Radiosonde T, H, and windsQuikSCAT: sfc winds over oceansSYNOP: Sfc P over land and oceans,H, and winds over oceansAMSU-B: Adv MW Sounder B on NOAA POESGOES windsMETEOSAT windsOcean buoys (Sfc P, H and winds)PILOT: Pilot balloons and wind profilers (winds)HIRS: High-Resol IR Sounder on NOAA POES (T,H)MSG: METEOSAT 2nd Generation IR rad (T,H)MHS: MW humidity sounder on NOAA POES and METOP (H)AMSRE: MW imager radiances (clouds and precip)SSMI: Special Sensor MW Imager (H and sfc winds)GMS: Japanese geostationary satellite windsMODIS: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (winds)GOES IR rad (T,H)MTSATIMG: Japanese geostationary sat vis and IR imageryMETEOSAT IR Rad (T,H)O3: Ozone from satellites0246810121416Forecast error contribution (%)GPS RO has significant impact (ranked #5 amongall observing systems) in reducing forecast errors,despite the small number of soundings.Dec 17, 2012EarthCube WorkshopCourtesy: Carla Cardinaliand Sean Healy, ECMWF22 Oct. 200918

72hrRainForecast(August8-9 00Z)Assimilation ofCOSMIC ROdata led toimprovedprecipitationforecast forTyphoonMorakot (2009)Dec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

COSMIC and COSMIC-2FORMOSAT-3 Occultations – 3 Hrs CoverageFORMOSAT-3FORMOSAT-7 Occultations – 3 Hrs CoverageFORMOSAT-7Dec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

COSMIC-2 and BeyondCOSMIC Occultations–3 Hrs Coverage Higher antenna gain will improveinversions in lower troposphere and PBLTracking GPS, GALILEO, and GLONASSGNSS signalsMany more soundings, 10,000/dayImproved data assimilation methodsMonitor rapidly changing pre-tornadoenvironment (poor man’s GOES sounder)Greater impact on NWP forecastsWill significantly improve hurricane trackforecasts and improve genesis and intensityforecastsImprove impact of infrared and microwavesoundersContinue climate benchmark observationswithout gapSignificant improvement in space weatherobserving and predictionDec 17, 2012EarthCube WorkshopCOSMIC-2 Occultations – 3 Hrs CoverageCOSMIC-2 (24 deg) TEC Tracks – 24 Hrs Coverage

Dec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

GettingCOSMICResults Processingto Weather Antarctica/McMurdoInput Data- COSMIC data- GPS ground data- GPS NDM Bits- GFS Forecast- IGS/IGU ORB/CLK- Bernese Config filesCDAACUCAR/Unidata’sLDMResearchWGET Community1000-2000 WMOBUFR Filesper day withLatency 75-90minSFTPScience & ArchiveDec 17, ding data to 1900registeredusers from 61 countriesEarthCubeWorkshopCanada Met.

CDAAC COSMIC Data Archive and Analysis Center. The data processing, distribution andarchive center for COSMIC and other radio occultation satellitesCurrently houses Radio Occultation data from these satellite missions:– COSMIC/Formosat-3 (US/Taiwan)– SAC-C (Argentina)– CHAMP (Germany)– TerraSAR-X (Germany)– GRACE (Germany)– METOP-A (EUMETSAT)– GPS/MET (US)200-1500 Gigabytes/day in web and FTP downloads20 TB of data available to users in over 100 million files48 TB of data archivedData distributed via:– GTS (Global Telecommunications System, used to connect weather centers)– Unidata LDM– FTP– HTTP for bulk download– Interactive database-driven web interfaceAround 100 different file types offeredMost data in netCDF format or other standard formats (RINEX, BUFR, etc)Dec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

CDAAC Challenges For users who need data from just a small time period for a singlemission, the current web/FTP service work well For users who need all data from multiple missions, the data volumeand number of files is just too large for downloading in a reasonabletime One user said it would take him ‘over a year’ to download all of hisneeded data via FTP. We are planning on mailing him 4 hard disksworth of data; the local copy is taking weeks. Newer missions, especially COSMIC-II will result in an increase in databy a factor of 10-100 These datasets are difficult to aggregate with other geosciences data– Earthcube challengesDec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

Possible solutions Faster hardware and networksParallel data serversData reduction techniques (thinning oversampled data)Data batching techniques:– Creating day files– Allowing users to make custom subsets of data– Generation of gridded data products Use of existing supercomputer data grids. In NCAR’s case, makingdata available via the NCAR mass storage system. Increase use of metadata standards in netCDF files– NetCDF Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata conventions Use UNIDATA data aggregation and metadata tools such asRAMADDA and THREDDS How can EarthCube help?– Work to promote community tools and standards that data suppliers like CDAACneed to meet in order to get their data into the hands of researchersDec 17, 2012EarthCube Workshop

Acknowledgments Dec 17, 2012U.S. National Science FoundationTaiwan’s NSPONASA/JPL, NOAA, USAF, ONR, NRLBroad Reach EngineeringEUMETSATEarthCube Workshop

COSMIC Data Archive and Analysis Center. The data processing, distribution and archive center for COSMIC and other radio occultation satellites Currently houses Radio Occultation data from these satellite missions: - COSMIC/Formosat-3 (US/Taiwan) - SAC-C (Argentina) - CHAMP (Germany) - TerraSAR-X (Germany) - GRACE (Germany)