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‘plate’, Tpclne a ‘table’, (pavé* ‘torch’, pid\r) ‘reservoir, bowl’, X-Xapuk‘mantle’ .Many religious terms in Greek entered the Egyptian language throughthe Jcîwisli Diaspora in Egypt. It was precisely for the Jewish communityin Egypt that the Septuagint or Greek Version of th e O ldTestamentwas made in the Illr d century B.C. Such religious terms would certainlyhave been used in theological and philosophicaldiscussions hetweenJews and Egyptiens, and, in this way, they would have entered the spokenlanguage of Egypt. Furthermore, when the Old Testament (Septuagint)came to be considered in Christian Egypt as an intégral part of the HolyScriptures, the borrowing of such religious terins would naturally haveincreased.d(X){vAmong such terms we have, for example : ayysXos ‘angel’ ,‘amen’ , dp%ispsvs ‘chief-priest’ , ypatyrf ‘Scripture’, èvroXif 6com-inaiulment’, S -vala ‘sacrifice’, &vo'ia.a'hipiQv ‘altar’, xaroLnéracrixa ‘veil’,xiëwt6 ‘ark\ itopëav ‘eorban’, 4gift\ Kopëapots ‘llie sacred treasury’, v6{ios*law\ 'srapdSoarts ‘tradition1, nrpsarëvrepos ‘elder’, ‘meniber of the JewishSanhédrin’, P a l Émy master’, P aŒovl ‘our master’, and others.W ith the establishment of Ghristianity in Egypt, Greek loan wordsbecame very mimerons, and this was natural seeing that the HolyScriptures and the Ghureh Services were, to commence with, in Greekonly (1). Furthermore, the doctrines and practices of the Christian Churchwere attacked by the pagan philosophera and thinkers, and, in tlieirInrn, the Christian theoîogians wrote to defend their tenets and to provetlie superiority of Ghristianity ovei* paganism, and their apologetics werewritten in Greek.In order to explain Christian doctrines concerningthe Blessed Trinity, the Divinity of Christ, the résurrection of thebody and other problems which were raised later on respecting theDivinity of the Holy Spirit, the Non-beginning of the Son, the Natureol Christ., such terms as : rpids, oucr/a, viriarl cutis, b[ioov Tios, Xiyos,Çl) ÎM-oin 1.1ms V1h eenlury onwnrds, hovvcver, 4( 11»risl ian il y lielped, in Ityypt aselsewliere, lo reavvaken tlie simnil ri innational eonsriousness, to revive tlie nnl ionaltnnjfue, and ho t(» wralv ‘i» llellenism1, II. I. Iliat,, ‘ llelllenie Oiiltnre in Ifyjypt1 inJ.iï.A ., vol. vtu (1 92!2), j). 1f II. Àlso J.Grafton Muni:, ‘ Kjjyptian INationalismumler Grock and Roman rôle’ invol. xiv (1928), pp. 22G-234.

atveüfia, (pvcris,used.Avatrlaeris, ctioiv etc. were repeatedly and universaHyThey, consequently, acquired particular theological meanings.Such terins could not easily be replaced by other native words whichdid not have the same theological and historical values.Closely related to this, certain other Greek words were adopted inCoptic, because they comveyed conceptions which the Gopts owed toChristinnity.The Egyplian or Goptic équivalent was ('illier abandonedor, if rctained, was conlined to a particular meaning. For exarnple, tlieGopts almndoned words such as h\ or/c' meaning ‘spirit’ or ‘soûl’ , andborrowed i'vx'f 0,‘ ‘soul’ and ixvevfxa for ‘spirit’, in order to get awayfroin their previous pagan idea of the composition of man wliich dilferedfrom the Christian conception.Very rarcly the vvord ni ig was usedin Goptic to indicate ‘spirit’. They also kept their a m u t 6 to signify‘lle ir or ‘Abyss’, but adopted apolSetcros for tlie blessed abode of tliegood, ‘païadise’ . They used a i mostly with tlie meaning of edihle llesh W,but o-olpt; for human llesh.They restricled s u t to ‘heart’ or generally‘the inside of the body’, l)ut used aâfm to indicate ‘tlie whole body’ .They adopted the Greek word âyyeXos with a particular meaning, i.c.‘a spiritual being sent by God’, but continued to use their native wordsHAici)iMG, MH2tn K when it was a question of a ‘messenger’ in a généralsense.So also, tin; Greek Word 'nrpscr&vTepos lias usually in Goptic themeaning of prient, whilst ils Goptic équivalent axxo is used lo expressthe meaning ‘elder’.An important point to note is that in early Goptic texts Greek loanwords are very lewand this is noticeable also in later limes, wlien af1) i .frt riim(î m tc iin o y [tc ;] ‘Spirit of God’, (Mémoires de la Mission archéolof[i(jufl française au Caire, h , p. 7/( , 12. S.).( l) In addition to i m m ri\ (yét'vva) of llchrovv origiu.G. Stkindoiu'k, 4Bemerkmnjjen iil er cli(» Anfiing «lt*r koplisclien ttpradio undLiteralur1in « Coptic Studios in houor of W. H. Crum» in Ilnllelin f ihe IhjzanlimInstituts, p. 202.A. Itom.ic, Min Lexicon der jrr. Worler int hoplisrlnm, p. 12.W «.//. in PMic.higan 13( (1 VÜi cent.), Kropp A and II (Vlli V Illi cent.), llic*gloss of Isaiah in tlie Clicster Beal.ty Biblieal Papyri (middle of t lie lllr d cent.),Un; Greek-Coptie glossary on llosca and Anios, the somi-Akhmîmic fragment, 1lie

tendency towards purism made its appearance (1).This tendency isparticularly remarlced in the Psalms, where, as La Croze and Woidehâve pointed outwe find some psalms written in pure Coptic withoutthe addition of any Greek loan words.Indeed, the psalms often preferthe native word, even if the Greek équivalent is used in other parts ofthe GId Testament, This purism is also to be remarked in the BohairicOld and New Testaments which clearly show a preference for Coptipwords rather than Greek loan words (3 .Instances of this process ofpurism are so numerous that a comparison of the Bohairic and §aeidicVersions would fill many pages. It will suffice to give a few examples ofGro(‘k words which, although used in the Sa'îdic New Testament, arealways rcndcred in the Bohairic Version by their Coptic équivalents{oLTT)apveîcrBcLi ‘to deny’ : (a h ) ApNA (S ),bogin’ApxGi,x tu x (B) ; apyeaOcti ‘toApxGCOAi (S), c p z irr c , Gpujopn(B ) ; (icmlllsiv4to baptize’ ra m ti/ .g (S), cdm c(B) ; fichrliatM ‘baptism’ : b a h t ic ma (S), (d m c (B) ; eôcppalvetv ‘to inake glad’ gy P ng (S), c y N O M ,pAtr)l (B ) ; B-dlacrcrot ‘sea’ o a a a c c a (S ), iom K A p iio c(S), o y t a î(B) ; xctpirés ‘fruit’(B) ; Koar(Xsb ‘to adorn’ : k o c m g i (S ),c o a c g a (B) ; XvTretv ‘to gricve’ r A y n c i (S), m kaz i m r r (andvars.)B ;ôXoxaüTw a‘whole burnt oiïering’, ‘h( locau8t’: 20AOKAYTci)MA (S),6'aia (B) ; fsravoTr'kla ‘a complété suit of arrnour’ iia n z o iia ia(S),J)ü)K (B) ; '&riyïf ‘source’ m irn (S ), h o y m i (B) ; crlavpovv ‘ to crucify’Paris IVlagical Papyrus (300 A.l).), cf. P. E. Kaiii.p,, in Thvolotfischo Literatnrzeilunfi,jjxxix (195/ï), Nr. 7/8, col. /t85; F. L. Gwiffith, ‘The date of Ihc Old Coptic.Tcxts1 in A.Z.j 1901, pp. 80-81.(,) S. (Usf.iæk, op. cit., in B.Z., xxx, p. 224 lï.Ij\ Citozi;, Thesaurm epistolicm La Crazianm, t. in, p. 73 ; Woiiuï, De antiquilalevvrmmim Arfri/ptiacarum Vdevis el Dlovi ïeslamenli; cf. also (1. Wiîsski,y, ‘Die {jr.Lehinvorler in der salndisclien und boliairisehen Psalmenversion’ in Denkschriftendev ô\s(.erreic.hischm Alcade.mic der Wmemchaften, 5/Î/3, Wien, 1910, p. G.(,) C. St?:î[sik)iiki% 4lllrmerlvuiijjen liber «lin Anlanfj der kopliselien Sprar.be undLilerahir’ in « Coptic Studios in honor of W. E. Crum», Bulletin of the ByzantineIm tilute , p. 2 03.(4 À. Bonne, Die fjr. Lehnwôvîer im sahidischen und bohairischen Ncuen Testament,Mtinchen, 195a s.v*Bull, t. XVII.7

: C T A y p o y (S), ia)i (B ) ; t po(pr{ ‘food’ Tpoc H (S ), rf)pe (B) ;t pv pr( ‘luxury’ Tpy )ii (S ), oyn om (B ), and many others.On the other liand, there are certain Greek loan words in Bohairicwhich practically always appear in a Goptic dress in Sa'îdic, for examplc :dyios ‘holy’ A n o c (B ), g t o y a a r (S ), èirayys\(a ‘annunciation’,‘promise’ G iix r rG M A ( B ) , g p n t (S) ; evXoyict ‘blessing’ G y A o n a(15), c M o y(S ); B-rfxti ‘sheath’ : o i i k i i‘board’, ‘ plank1 :: c a m ic (B) ; n a t c g(B ) ; k o g iz(S );cxavls(S).Ilowever, there arc cases in both the Sa'îdic and the Bohairic dialects,where a Greek loan word may be used somctimcs in its Greek form andsometimes in a Goptic dress, e.g. àmiXeïv Éto threaten’ a n g ia g n )SB, n o y6 'C (S), x c d n t , n o y o j u (B) ; (3yj(m ‘tribunal’ : rnmia (S B ),t a c ïc g (S), d jo iiT A T C i (B) ; ê\d%i r1os ‘ the sniallesl’ g a a x î c t o c(S B ), K o y x i(B ), k o y *( S ) ; 8vo%os ‘liable to’ g m o x o ch ik i)A , ( 1111 (S ), h no) a, p a o y h o y t (B) ; % &ov ‘animal’ (S B ),/xoom(S B ), t r n i i (S B ); usctpdirloôyLa ‘transgression’ : nApAriTa MA (S B ),n o kg (S ), NORi (B) oXItyisUx citizen’ i i o a i t i i g (SB),pm * *m g (S ),pM N'I'M G, pGMRAKI, PGMMRAK1 (B) ; (T)cd(pïj ‘boat’, ‘skiff’(S B ), x o i (S), i) g x m g ?.i (B) ; yoXri ‘gall’ ü ) aci) ix o a iiGKA II(S B ), ciojiG (S ),(B ), and many others.Thon we have instances, where a Greek loan word is used in bothSafîdic and Bohairic, in spite of the fact that its exact équivalent existsin Goptic, e.g. a t g a n(àyiXri) ‘herd ’ : o s g , 0 2 1 ; a i t g i( m )‘ to ask’ : tc d r?. ; rp A M M A T o y c(g )im n t (g )i(a/Ten;)(ypappatTsus) ‘scribe’ : ca?., c a J) ;(elfxtjTi) ‘excepf : g r n a , i i c a ; g s g c t ( g ) i(inscrit) ‘itis lawful’ : o )a )G , c:o)g ; k g a g y g i( n ) (xeXeveiv) ‘ to order’ , ‘command’ :o y c ? . ca?.ik-, -i ; x a o c (Xa 5î) ‘ people’ : m iiiici)g, ci)a o a ; n i c t i c(izicrlts) ‘ failli’ : n a ? t g , - iio n u p o c (ufovïjpis) ‘bad V e v i l ’ : g t?.o o y G T?.o o y; ciic *mx [airépua) seed : ( po(o)( , x p o x ; X A p ic (x ptç)‘grâce’ : ?.m o t , Hence il is seen that, if Greek loan words were usedi 11 Goplic, this dors not necessarily mean that a Goptic équivalentrould not be found for tlirm, but that it was rallier hecause snchGreekloanwords liad,inIli ‘ course of lime,hecome completelynaturalized, and thus come to be considered as part of the Copticlanguage.

That many Greek words had thus become naturalized and assimilated tothe body of ihe Coptic language is evident from the following examples :1 ln tcxts translated from Greek, some Greek words are replacedby other naturalized Greek words W, e.g. âyevea\6ytiros rGNGX(Ileb. V II, 3. S.) ; «îefffios XNOMOC ( I I Pet. I l, 7 ; I I I , 17. S) ; tôâos A.1K X 10 C(Mt. X X V II, fi. s . ) ; àTfAh KXIIMOC (lion X I I I , 3 A)(B. x » g m tc ); imrrfSevfjLoi :G m o y M ix(Ps. LXXX,12. S ) ; xoltoi-Sicixttv : - a ,ig )k g (Pu. L X V lll, 26. S ), oxikg (Ps. XXXIV, 3. S ) ;xYipvxJBsis K iip y* (Col. I, 33. S ) ; (i6hs : M o r ic (Ac. X IV , 18;X X V II, 7.8.1 6. SB ; Rom. V ,7 SB ; I Pet. IV , 18. S) ; vtirUp x x kx n h(JÀ .X U 1,5. SB Aa) ;mpiou nacrii6s KXiiporiG M ix (Ps. CXXXIV, 4 .B ) 5vshiixuéXeia m g ta m g x g c (Ps. LXVI1, 22. B ) ; vnap is : ayuxpx o m t x (Ac. II , 45. S B ) w.2 Sometirnes, a Greek word was explained by anolher Greek wordwhich was more familiar,e.g.iiGriTCDMXhcnccD M x M n M o y ï\Ju(I[fds X IV , 8. S] ( tô islêiia t ov Xéovros) ‘the carcase or the body ofthe lion*.3 The number of Greek words in a text translated from a Greekoriginal is usually less than that in a. text written originally in Coptic.The reason for this is that the translater from the Greek knew Greek andCoptic, and lie. had the tendency to purism (3J, while the Coptic writerwho was ignorant of Greek, was unconscious of the foreign origin ofthe Greek words he used.(,) Cf. J. ZiKr.LFU, ‘Weitrafje zur kopt. Dodekapropheten Oberset.zunfj’ in Bihlica25 (19/i/i), pp. 105-1/12; L. Th. Iæfoht, ‘Le Copie source auxiliaire du Grec’in Annuaire de VInstitut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientale, t.XI (1 933-»‘î/ï), p. 571 IT.Lisfs f such words are fourni 111 Cl. W ksskly, ‘ Die (jr. Lehnworter in dersali. u. hoh. Psalmcnvcrsion u .s .w .’ , p. h ; T h. IIopfnku, *liber Form , u.s.w .,j). 11 IT. ; H. Thompson, The Gospel of St. John aecordinn to the earliest Copticinmiuseript (London 192/ ), p. xx h ; W . (1. Tnx, ‘ Die koplisehen Versionen (1erSapientia Saloinonis1, in Bihlica 36 (1 9 5 5 ), pp. 59-61.’ L. Th. L kfoiit, ‘Greco-Coplo’ in « Coptic Studies in lionor of W . E. Crum»,Bulletin of ihe Byzantine Institutc, p. 66.7-

A Greek words loaned in Coptic were treated on the same level asCoptic words. Hybrid formations were constructed from a Greek wordtogether with a Goptic element.iu t aand riApx were used in thepronominal form like Goptic prépositions.Some Greek substantivesto o L a Coptic plural ending.5 Such Coptic forma of Greek words as deviate from the standardGreek form and spelling, are an indication that such words had becomethoroughly naturalized, and, consequcnlly,their ortliography wasaccording to the current Goptic pronunciation.Ail this clearly goesto prove that the loaned Greek words in Goptic arc not duc merely tothe whim of the translu Lors of Lhe Goptic Old and New TesLamenls,or an indication that these were too lazy to lind the Coptic équivalentof the Greek word, or who doubLcd the sufïicieney of Lhe Coptic wordto translate accurately the meaning implied in tlie Greek word in LheHoly Scriptures.Christian works, il; should be noLcd, are not the only wrilings whichadopted Greek loan words (1), for other schools and sects such as theManichaeans and lhe Gnostics, used many Greek loan words in their]i te rature. Indecd, tlie borrowing of Greek words had started centuriesbefore tlie Holy Scriptures were Iranslated into Goptic.This was thereason vvhy the Coptic translators used such words as had already becomepart of the Coptic vocabulary. As we have pointed ont already, the Coptictranslators, especially those of the Bohairic Version of the Holy ScripLures,favoured ratlier a Goptic word than a Greek one, but, neveriheless, theydid use the Greek loan word, when il was familiar. It is truc that Greekloan words were very rare, if not ahnosl non-oxistenl, in the Démoliewrilings of the Ptolemaic period (2), but this does not mean that Greekwords were not in use in everyday conversation. It simply indicates that *) L. Th. W o iit, 4La littérature égyptienne aux derniers siècles avant î ’invanion aral o\ in (Ummiqm tl'Ünypln9, Rruxelles 19**51, p. ÎM5-Î52Î5, especiallyp. *1 1 11’. ; h. Th. Lmi-’omt, 4Le (lopin source. (‘le.1, p. 571 IT. ; \V.(î. Tm,, l l)asKoplisehe. lleutifjer Stand der Forschun 1, in Orbis, t. 3, N 2, Louvain 195/i,pp. A87-A89.W P. 13. Kaulb, Theoîogische Literaturzeitung, LXXIX, 1954, Nr. 7/8, col. h 84.

they had not yet been allowed to appear in the written language, accordingto the old Egyptian tradition.Such an attitude has always been thesaine in every language towards foreign words used in the vulgar tonguebeforc they were admitted to liiterature.In conclusion, I should lilce to mention what may be called the psychological factor in the adoption of Greek loan words in Coptic. Thus,a number of Greek words were taken over into Coptic hot because theirnative équivalents failed to convey the right meaning, but simply becausethe writer preferred. a word which may have sounded nicer to his ear,or because he did not wish to use a common-place expression, or simplyin order to avoid repeating a word, whenhe had to use the same expressionin a subséquent passage.The Greek loan word would, in this case, haveservedasa synonym with the Coptic one(1). Tlie foliowing are examplesof this type of Greek loan word : /3otjOeh ‘ to holp’ — -J'- m t o o t - tx g im(F ) ; A7r/ efj Ho hope’ “ NA2TG G , MGGyG, 6'CDC1)T GKOX Z11T * KCU(k a ) m u r ; (xsravoeh Ho repent’, ‘regret’ [» s u t , ï i î i i t xqoycnMmMO"g .x g n ,or *to bow to’ : iic d s tn - ; tiappYiata ‘frankness’,‘openness’ — o ycu N Z g b o x ; 'ufsipdletv Ho try’, Hest’ x c d n t etc.W. E, Cïium5, A Coptic Dictionary, s.v.

BUL LE TI NDELASO CIÉTÉ D’ARCHÉOLOGIE COPTETOME XVIII(1965-1966)LUH A I K 15IMPIUMIÎIUI! DE L'INSTITUT l'HANOAIS D’AliCHKOLOfill! OltlKNTALKMCMLXVI

GHËEK LOAN WOKDS IN COl’ TICBYW . A. (M UGIS(In Religion Abba Pakhomius AL-MuHAnRAi î)[C o n tin u a t io n ]P1IONETICSI am well aware lhal this matter requires a spécial Irealment based on alhorou(;h investigation which alonc would fill a book.Thorefore, andbecause others have dealt with the matler, I have not wished to con centrais my researches on this point.On the other hand, I shouldnot like to leave unmentioned the phone tics which may be learnedIVom the spellinfj of Greek words in Coptic texts.Thus, I jçive someremarks and hints just to present some of (ho prohlems involved andto [five an outline of the subjecl. I am well aware how important theseinvestigations are both for Coptic and Greek phonelics, but they inustbe worked ont on a much broader scale and cannot be restricted tothe spelling of Greek words ocmrring in Coptic texts.COPTIC S P E L L IN G OF G REEK W ORDSCorrect orlhograpfn o( Greek words in Coptic levls does not pressentprohlems or prove anylhing.We can learn only from spellings whichdilfer IVom the correct Greek. orlhography.Of course, ihose misspellingswhirh are ohviously caused through inalienliveness, a mere slip of lhewriler’s peu or a ‘ caprice1 mus!, be discarded, as lliey are entire.lywithout any interest for our investigations.Those Copts who were not very well trained in Greek often wrole aGreek word as they were wont to hcar and lo speak il.The Greekwords which are spelled in this way are very inleresting for they showus the pronunciation of the Greek words which was usual at a particularfinir Vvin.

lime and in a parlicular place among Ihc Copls.They do not provc,by any means, thaï the Greek words were pronouneed in the same wayby the Grceks themsclvcs.It is only natural that the Copts assimilatedthe pronuncialion of the forcign words to their own phonelic syslem.Jîut,neverlheless,we may learn somclhing of Ihe généralGreekpronuncialion which was comrnon in Egypl in Coptic limes.Keviewing this malerial, we inust always bcar in mind some di(lieuIlies.In every instance which we consider, we musl ask some questionswhich can not always be answered easily and with cerlainty.Thesequestions are :1 Does the spelling under considération give ihc phonefic value oris it nierely a slip of the pon, without any value for oui* considérations?Ishould be inclined to say that, if a certain phenomenon is foundfrequently, it is clear that it is of importance for showing lbow theCopls pronouneed this partieufar word.If a parlicular spelling isfound only once or twice I should prefer to leave it oui of considérational ail.For il is eilher a mere mistake or it is simply caused by anuncertainty as how to wrile the loreign word, or thaï the parlicularSound was unlamiliar lo the Coptic ear and longue.2 Much more dilUcult is il lo be sure aboul, the place and the limeal which the document was wrillen from which we lake a parlicular word.Mosl of the edilions of Coplic lexts do not indicale the place wherethe document or documents were found.And even if the finding placeis certain, some documents, especially literary documents, may hâvebnen wrillen in anolher place and hrouglit from there.Kul, neverlheless,in certain cases we may he surn aboul, the place. The question of the limeis a litlle casier, as the modem publications al lensl endeavour lo givean idea of the approximalo date, where il is nol possible to give ;n exactdate.Again, this may be misleading in thaï a literary text may baveI xumi copied from a much older one with ail ils peculiarilies.Butplace and lime do nol play a very important part in our investigations,as the Coptic way of pronouncing loreign words does not seeui tochange very much rs to place and lime.There are, however, someexceptions which will be considored separalely.

TH E UNSTRESSED V O W E L SThe Coptic language had a strong stress accent M which rcduced theunstressed syllablcs around it.Therefore, the vowels of the imstressedsyllablcs are rcduced to 6 or even to that dull vowel written in goodspelling by the horizontal stroke.Adjacent consonants may give aspécial ‘ colour’ to the rcduced vowel so that they may appear as a ,gî («) or o y .In vulgar spelling even o , h , y and cd may appear inan unslressed syllable.In the language of every day life, the Copts assimilated the pronon ciation of foreign words to their own phonetic system and habit.Thisis the reason why we may find in Coptic texts every unstressed vowel(or diphthong) of Greek words replaced by any other vowel.In consi-dcring the following examples, the reader must bear in mind that in(îreek verbs which are not used in the form of the Greek infînitive, thestressod syllable is not that of the Greek infinitive (cf. § 185).§1 . a )Unstresseda nearlyalwayskeeps its valueinCopticuse, as a is quite comrnon in unstresse

wbetber Coptic was ever really a colloquial language and not merely a literary dialect As a mal,1er of fact, it is just tbe contrary, for it is now generally recognized tbat Coptic is tbe direct heir to tbe spoken forrn of tlie Àncient Egyptian Language. Ail living languages bave a fendency to borrow convenient tenns froni otber languages .