Thermal Energy Storage Webinar Series -- Ice Thermal Energy Storage (2020)

Thermal Energy Storage Webinar SeriesIce Thermal Energy StorageBuilding Technologies ng-technologies-officeDavid Nemtzow, Karma Sawyer, Sven Mumme, Nelson JamesJanuary 16, 2020U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY1

This Webinar is being recorded.If you do not wish to participate, please exit now.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY2

Key National Economic and Building Sector Trends: 1980 – 2018U.S. GrossDomestic Product(GDP)300%280%U.S. BuildingSector ElectricityUse260%240%U.S. BuildingSector Floor Area220%200%U.S. BuildingSector EnergyConsumption180%160%140%U.S. Population120%U.S. BuildingSector CO2Emissions100%80%U.S. BuildingEnergy UseIntensity (EUI)60%U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY3

Energy use in the U.S. building sectorBuilding Electricity UseEnergy Use13%4%Residential21 QuadsTransportation27 QuadsCooling5%Heating72%ElectricWater ooking11%Industrial31 Quads31%ElectricLightingCommercial18 Quads2%3%10%ElectronicsOther ResidentialAppliancesOtherBuildings Energy Use: 40% of U.S. totalBuildings Electricity Consumption: 75% of U.S. totalBuildings Peak Electricity Demand: as much as 80% of regional totalBuildings CO2 Emissions: 36% of U.S. totalU.S. Building Energy Bill: 415 billion per yearU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY4

BTO’s ApproachR&D (Emerging Technologies Program)Pre-competitive, early-stage investmentin next-gen technologyIntegration (Commercial andResidential Programs)Technology validation, field & labtesting, decision tools, marketintegrationCodes & Standards ProgramsCodes & standards development andtechnical analysis, standardspromulgationWe lead R&D on technologies thatmake our homes and buildings moreaffordable and comfortable, and makeAmerica more sustainable, secure, andprosperous.Our investments strengthen America’s 68 billion building energy efficiencymarketplace.Without a catalyst like BTO, thehousing industry would take 10 to 25years to adopt new technologies andtechniques.FY20 Budget: 285MSource: AEE Advanced Energy Now 2017 Market Report, Wolfe, Raymond M. (2016). Business Research and Development and Innovation: 2013 Detailed Statistical Tables.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY5

Moving toward the grid of the futureU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY6

Characteristics of Grid-interactive Efficient Bldgs.www.energy.gov/eere/buildings/GEBU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY7

Energy Storage Grand ChallengeVision: By 2030, the U.S. will be the world leader in energystorage utilization and exports, with a secure domesticmanufacturing supply chain independent of foreign sources ofcritical materials.Area 1: Near-Term Acceleration Enhance the diversity of storage and enablingtechnologies to meet aggressive cost reductions andperformance improvements.Area 2: Long-Term Leadership Strengthen the R&D ecosystem to maintain and grow USstorage leadership through constant innovation.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY8

Energy Storage Grand ChallengeESGC sets the following goals for the U.S. to reach by 2030: Technology Development: Establish ambitious, achievable performance goals, anda comprehensive R&D portfolio to achieve them Technology Transfer: Accelerate the technology pipeline from research to systemdesign to private sector adoption through rigorous system evaluation, performancevalidation, siting tools, and targeted collaborations; Policy and Valuation: Develop best-in-class models, data, and analysis to informthe most effective value proposition and use cases for storage technologies; Manufacturing and Supply Chain: Design new technologies to strengthen U.S.manufacturing and recyclability, and to reduce dependence on foreign sources ofcritical minerals; and Workforce: Train the next generation of American workers to meet the needs of the21st century electric grid and energy storage value e/energy-storage-grand-challengeU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGY9

Today’s WebinarMarcus BianchiSenior Research EngineerNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryRichie SteverDirector of Operations and MaintenanceUniversity of Maryland Medical Center’sDowntown and Midtown CampusesU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYOFFICE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLE ENERGYMark MacCrackenVP, CALMAC PortfolioTRANE Inc.Heather JacksonInnovation ConsultantArizona Public Service10

Energy Storage: Batteriesand Thermal EnergyMarcus V.A. Bianchi, Ph.D., P.E.Building and Thermal Sciences Center, NRELJanuary 16, 2020

Thermal Energy Storage for BuildingsElectrical Consumption for HomesThermal End-Uses Dominate BuildingEnergy Consumption HVAC and refrigeration– Major drivers of peak demand– Easiest electrical load to shift Thermal storage has benefits– Higher roundtrip efficiencythan batteries for HVAC– Batteries are charged withhigher value energy– Capital cost could be far lower– Lifetime could be far greaterNREL 12

Thermal Energy Storage Examples Sensible– Adobe– Hot or chilled water– Underground systems (borehole, aquifer, cavern) Latent– Phase change materials (ice, paraffin) Chemical– Sorption of waterNREL 13

Example of Ice Storage SystemNREL 14

Peak Shifting during CoolingNREL 15

Peak Shifting during CoolingNREL 16

Thank Youwww.nrel.govMarcus.Bianchi@nrel.gov

Thermal Energy Storage:The Need, the Successes theChallenges and the Opportunities Mark MacCracken, PE, Pte, LEED FellowPresident of CALMAC, a portfolio of Tranemm@calmac.comCALMAC is a portfolio of Trane

Stored EnergyEnergyWhere is the storage?

Net Zero Grid Building:Wind TurbineSolar PanelzeroBatteriesFossil FuelsThermal StorageDesigners tend to remove buildingsited renewable back up equipment

Buildings becoming part of thestorage and distribution systemBNEF projectionsof storagedeployment overthe next decade

Building Side (of meter) Energy Storage TechnologiesBatteryThermal Energy Storage(TES) Hot, Cold or Ice, Active or Passive

Basic Thermal Storage

Thermal StorageHow many lbs. of ice do you need for eachperson for a party? 1 lbs.How many lbs. of ice do you need each day to cool each personin a typical office building?ArchitectEngineer100 ft2/per person300 ft2/ton200 ft2/per person400 ft2/ton500 ft2/ton100 ft2/pp / 400 x 8hr 2 ton-hrs 160 lbs of Ice/Person/Day200 ft2/pp / 400 x 10hr. 5 ton-hrs 400 lbs of Ice/Person/Day

Utility Load Factors* in the USA706560%5550451955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015Year*Load Factor Avg. LoadPeak Load

40% of AC

CALMAC US Projects Histogram 3DCALMAC has installed 530 MW / 3,422 MWH of TESstorage systems in the US. At the end of 2017, the batteryindustry had 25% more peak demand thanTrane/CALMAC but only 1/4 of the capacity *Installed base concentratedwhere Grid ISO’s are active!*Energy Information /electricity/batterystorage/32

Why not more TES? Fossil Fuels come with Free Storage Lack of awareness of Electrical costs, 50% less at night Perceived more “risk” in the design phase (moreeffort) because “Modeling” is difficult. Only for cooling season:“Electrification” of Buildings willenable Thermal Energy Storage toadd value 12 months of the year33

Electricity is 50% Less Expensive at NightConsumers Energy (Mich.) General Primary rateEnergy (usage):Day: 0.085/kWhNight: 0.085/kWh 0.170/kWh 0.085/kWhDemand: 14.00/kW/Month

Jefferson Community College- Watertown, NY

Thermal Energy Storage Myths Article1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.UncommonToo Much SpaceToo ComplicatedDoesn’t Save EnergyToo ExpensiveLack of Redundancy (Risky)Rates Will ChangeModeling doesn’t Show ResultsReality:TES is a Proven Technology that saves Money and Energy

Electrification Big Heat Pumps Chillers are Big Heat Pumps, but only pump theenergy in one direction (not reversible) Water Cooled Chillers Water to Water Heat Pumps

Thermal Batteries You know these as “Ice Storage Tanks” They are actually Thermal Batterieso When you take energy out, the water turns to iceo When you put energy in, the ice melts

Water’s Phase Change (Btus)1 match takes 1lb. of waterfrom32F to 33F144 matches takes1 lb. of water from32F Ice to 32F waterChanging Water’s Phase(solid to liquid) storestremendous amounts ofthermal energy1 Match144 Matches

Winter Simultaneous Heating & CoolingCooling TowerDuring the winter months, most large NewYork City buildings simultaneously heatand cool.Interior andPerimeter ZonesPerimeter zones in thebuilding’s shell They cool with waterside economizers At the same time, they heat the buildingwith natural gas boilers or steamSome call waterside economizers “free cooling”which is a misnomer.This process wastes energy that the HVAC plantcould efficiently use to warm the perimeterzones.Boiler Chiller

45

LET’S GO BEYOND Mark M. MacCrackenmm@calmac.comTrane, the Circle Logo, and Let’s Go Beyond, Thermal Battery, CALMAC, are trademarks of Trane in the United States and other countries. 2019 Trane. All Rights Reserved.

Uses and Lessons of Ice Storage onthe Medical CampusBuilding Technologies Office WebinarRichie SteverDirector of Operations and MaintenanceJanuary 16, 2020

ABOUT THE MEDICAL CENTER757 bed academic teaching hospital31 ORs8600 employees2.5 million square feetHospital: 2,100,000sqftMedical Office Buildings:121,000sqftParking Garage: 309,000sqft 14 million on energy bills a year500,000 gallons of water a day48

HVAC/REFRIGERATION2 – Ice Storage Tanks13 – Cooling Towers14 – Chillers56 – Air Handling Units64 – Exhaust Fans95 – Ice Machines148 – Fan Coil Units156 – Isolation/Protective Environment Rooms521 - Refrigerators49

Electrical Usage 2019Average: 700,956/month40,000,000 1,000,000 900,00035,000,000 800,00030,000,00025,000,000 600,00020,000,000 500,000( )ELECTRICITY UNIT 700,000 400,00015,000,000 300,00010,000,000 200,0005,000,000 100,0000 0123456789101112MONTHkBtuCost50

Steam Usage 2018Average: 227,288/month35,000,000 600,00030,000,000 500,00025,000,00020,000,000 300,000( )STEAM UNIT 400,00015,000,000 200,00010,000,000 100,0005,000,0000 0123456789101112MONTHkBtuCost51

BAS MONITORINGUtility Dashboard52

COMPOUND HEAT RECOVERY CHILLERManufacturer: YorkCapacity: 500 tonsCompressor: Two Stage CentrifugalEvaporator Water is used to Chill GlycolTemperature: 26 - 32FCondenser Water is use for Heating WaterTemperature:140F53

ICE PLANT54

ICE STORAGE TANKManufacturer: BaltimoreAircoil CompanyCapacity: 4200 tonsInterior View of Ice Tank Glycol CoilConsists of 4 doublewalled tanks with coppercoils inside. Chilled glycol( 32F) produced by theheat recovery chiller is runthrough the coils to coolthe water around them,bubblers are used toprevent freezing anddiscourages temperaturevariations.55

PROCESS COOLING LOOPAn independent chilledwater loop for coolingheavy metal equipment,such as MRIs and otherhigh power medicalscanner devices. Icewater is used tosupplement cooling whennecessary.56

AIR HANDLER UPGRADES57

Peak ShavingReduces capacity charges ( 100k/MW)Status,UMMS9/11/2009Portfolio Electric HedgeUMMSStatus,Portfolio9/11/2009Electric Hedge Status,UMMS9/11/2009Portfolio Electric Hedge Status, geTotal Purchased Max Hedge Min Hedge PurchasedTotalPeak CallMaxMinHedgeHedgePurchasedPJM PeakMin Hedge58

Pros and Cons of Ice StorageProsProvides redundancy via thermal storageStable water temperaturesAbility to peak shavePotential energy savings (off-peak usage)Low maintenanceConsHigh first costsFlood potentialRequires Space59

Questions?60

Ice Storage in ArizonaHeather Jackson1/16/2020

Affordable.Grid Benefits?Sustainable?62

For utilities and building owners: Find each other!– District cooling,schools, hospitals,hotels, cold storagewarehousesCreate a triple win– System owner– Utility– environmentDistrictLarge facility63