Hydrograph Development - USDA
Module 207Hydrograph DevelopmentModule 207-Hydrograph Development
Module DescriptionObjectivesUpon completion of this module, the participant will be able to:. Describe the use of hydrographs in NRCS programs. Explain the Unit Hydrograph Theory. Derive the peak rate equation. Explain how to develop composite flood hydrographs. Perform at ASK Level 3, (perform with Supervision).PrerequisitesModule 107, Hydrograph Development, or its equivalent is recommended, but not required.Who May Take This ModuleThis module is intended for all engineers, area-level technicians and others who need to understandhydrograph development.ContentThis module describes the use of hydrographs, explains the unit hydrograph theory, derives the peak rateequation, and discusses how the unit hydrograph is used to develop composite flood hydrographs.
IntroductionA hydrograph is the representation of the water surface in a stream with time. The hydrographcan be time versus flow rate (cfs) or stage (ft). The NRCS uses hydrographs in almost all of itsprograms. Standard techniques are used for developing these hydrographs.Uses of HydrographsThe Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) uses hydrographs in the following ways:Watershed EvaluationHydrographs are used to determine the effects of proposed structures, land treatment or landuse changes on peak discharges and volume of runoff. Economic justification for projectsdepends upon analysis of hydrograph data (figures 1 and 2).Floodplain DelineationStandard NRCS flood hydrographs are used to outline the area flooded by rainfalls of a certainmagnitude, i.e. 100 percent chance event.DesignDesign hydrographs are generated for sizing reservoirs, selecting type and capacity of spillwaysystems, and establishing critical structure elevations. The one-day, ten-day hydrograph forprincipal spillway design (fig. 3) is generated by a design rainfall having runoff intensitycharacteristics of a one-day rainfall, combined with the volume of a 10-day rainfall of the samereturn period frequency. The six-hour hydrograph is frequently used for emergency spillwaydesign (fig. 4).Farm ponds and storm water management structures are proportioned using 24-hourhydrographs. The peak flow information in TR-55 and Chapter 2, EFM was developed using24-hour hydrographs.Dam BreachA dam breach hydrograph is formed when impounded water is released by the sudden failure ofa dam. Routing a breach hydrograph downstream indicates hazards of existing and planneddams if they should breach. The breach hydrograph can also be used to determine structureclassification of earth dams.
Unit HydrographsThe principle of the unit hydrograph was introduced by Leroy K. Sherman in 1932. Althoughnumerous refinements have been added by others, the basic ideas presented by Shermanremain. He reasoned that, for a given watershed, all hydrographs resulting from rains of thesame period of excess (unit duration) have equal time bases. Further, ordinates of eachhydrograph are proportional to the volume of runoff if the time and areal distribution of the rainfallare similar (fig. 5). A unit hydrograph is a hydrograph for a specific time period of rainfall excess(runoff) and uniform distribution and whose volume of runoff is equal to one inch of water overthe entire watershed.Unit rainfall duration refers to the time period of rainfall producing runoff (rainfall excess). Theunit hydrograph resulting from a six-hour excess rainfall duration is referred to as a six-hour unithydrograph. The precipitation is assumed to occur uniformly over the entire watershed and has auniform time distribution.Unit hydrographs are used to estimate flood hydrographs by multiplying each ordinate of unithydrograph by the volume of runoff.
Unit Hydrograph TheoryThe unit hydrograph theory is based on the principle of proportionality, such that dischargevaries directly with runoff depth. Four hydrographs with the same time base, but different runoff(Q) are plotted in figure 5, using the principle of proportionality. A typical hydrograph was drawnfor Q 1 inch. Then, hydrographs for Q 0.5, 2, and 3 inches were drawn using the principle ofproportionality. The principle would work for any value of Q (e.g. 1.23 in, 2.68 in, etc.). The ratiosfor the other three hydrographs are calculated as follows:At time 2 hour and for a measured runoff (Q) of 1 inch, the discharge is 218 cfs. Usingproportioning, the discharge for 0.5 inch of runoff is calculated as follows::.(1.0 in)(x) (0.5 in) (218 cfs)x 109 cfsThis rule is true for all coordinates on the Q 0.5 inch hydrograph.For a runoff of 2.0 in at time 2 hr, the ratio is::.(1.0 in)(x) (2.0 in) (218 cfs)x 436 cfsAverage Unit HydrographsAverage unit hydrographs are prepared for a gaged watershed using rain gage and stream gagerecords for several flood events. If flood-flow includes base flow, the base flow portion must besubtracted. Larger flood events are desirable with runoff greater than 1.0 inch.An observed unit hydrograph expresses the characteristics of both the watershed and the rainstorm. To minimize effects of individual rainstorms, records of several events with about thesame excess rainfall duration should be used. Adjusting each direct runoff hydrograph to oneinch of runoff and averaging these unit hydrographs will reduce the influence of stormcharacteristics.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Dimensionless Unit HydrographsMany design problems require hydrographs at locations for which data are not available fornatural unit hydrographs. The standard NRCS dimensionless curvilinear unit hydrograph isshown (fig. 9). Labels indicating important parameters and their interrelationship are graphicallyshown (fig. 10).The NRCS method stems from a procedure first expounded by Frederick F. Snyder in 1938. Herelied heavily upon lag time for computing incremental rainfall duration, a concept similar to theNRCS using time of concentration for finding incremental duration. Victor Mockus worked out theNRCS unit hydrograph methodology based upon many natural unit hydrographs from smallwatersheds in widely varying locations. NRCS has taken an average unit hydrograph from manysmall agricultural watersheds in the Midwest and has made it dimensionless, i.e. t/and q/qThese graphs are called dimensionless unit hydrographs since values are expressed in terms ofand t/. The mass curve has the ordinate label in volume ratios Q/Q (fig. 10).q/
Terminology used in unit hydrograph analyses is listed below. Units usually employed are shownin parentheses.L - Lag (hours)D - Unit Duration (hours)- Time of Concentration (hours)- Time to Peak (hours)- Time of Recession (hours)- Time of Base (hours)- Peak Discharge (cubic feet per second)Q - Total Direct Runoff (inches)- Direct Runoff at any time (inches)- Unit Peak Discharge (cfs/watershed inches of runoff)The curvilinear shape can be approximated by a triangular shaped unit hydrograph forconvenience in manual computations and plotting (fig. 10). For most watershed conditions, theNRCS dimensionless curvilinear unit hydrographs have the following proportional volumecharacteristics. Rising limb 37.5 percent of volume. Receding limb, 62.5 percent of volume.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Peak Rate EquationThe peak rate equation for the NRCS unit hydrograph depends upon shape and the percent ofvolume occurring before the peak compared with the percent of volume after the peak, and thecurvature of the rising and receding limbs. It has been shown that a triangular approximationmay be used with nearly the same final result as when using a curvilinear unit hydrograph.Therefore, a triangular approximation will be used for deriving the peak rate equation.A Drainage Area in square milesQ Total Direct Runoff in inches Time to Peak in hours Time of Recession in hours Unit Peak Discharge in cubic feet per second/watershed inches of runoff Unit Peak Discharge in watershed inches of runoff/hourSee derivation following:Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Peak Rate Equation-Incremental Unit HydrographArea inside triangular hydrograph represents AQ (volume of runoff).The ratio of the two areas is .1.67Therefore, T 1.67 TpAQ sq mi-in of runoffsq mi-in of runoff per hour.inches of runoff/hr.Convert equation to cfs using proper unit conversion.645.Using figure 10, L and L 0.6were developed from analysis of small watersheddata.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Flood HydrographsConstructing flood hydrographs by summing successive unit hydrographs would beunnecessary if rainfall were of constant intensity and always of the same duration. Figure 11shows the impact of rainfall intensity on hydrograph shape.However, a' means for constructing hydrographs of runoff from storms of varying intensities andfor any duration is available. Following is an explanation for computing unit hydrographs forsuccessive time increments during a rainstorm and a summation of the unit graphs.In applying the unit hydrograph principle to a watershed, one must be reasonably sure that: The watershed has a uniformly shaped drainage pattern. The watershed has homogeneous runoff producing characteristics: land use, soils, etc.Figure 12 shows two uniformly shaped watersheds with different length-width ratios and theirrespective unit hydrographs.Figure 13 shows a non-uniformly shaped basin. Such a basin should be subdivided intouniformly shaped drainage areas with a unit hydrograph prepared for each. A combined unithydrograph then represents the basin.The upper limit of drainage area for a single unit hydrograph is 20 to 25 square miles. For largerdrainage areas divide the watershed into two or more hydrologically similar areas.The peak rate equation assumes rainfall has a short duration and uniform distribution.Remember, storm duration is the actual duration of excess rainfall and it varies with actualstorms. It should not be confused with the time increment used to develop the unit hydrograph.
We need to know the time increment related to our peak rate equation, in order to calculateincremental hydrographs used to build the composite hydrograph.
Time of Concentration, TcThere are two definitions: The time for runoff to travel from the hydraulically most distant point in the watershed tothe point in question. In other words, the longest travel time. This is the hydraulicdefinition. The time from the end of excess rainfall to the point of inflection on the receding limb ofthe hydrograph. This is the hydrograph definition.These two relationships are important. NRCS computesby the first definition and, underthe second definition, NRCS computesthrough first computing D (time increment). Reviewfigure 10.Figure 14 presents the derivation of an equation for determining D, duration of the timeincrement.The preferred incremental rainfall duration (D) is about 1/5 ofA small variation in D ispermissible, but it should be no greater than 0.25 T for good definition of the flood hydrograph.That D 0.133 T is a useful formula for calculating D, since Tc is available or can be computed.It is common practice in manual hydrograph calculations to round D to the nearest 0.1 hour.With this concept of D and the peak rate equation, we can construct composite floodhydrographs for either historical storms or predetermined synthetic time distributions of rainfall.
D EquationFrom Empirical Relations:(This equation was developed from small watershed data)Lag 0.6Point of inflection - 1.7 D/2 LagFrom The Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph:(1) D 1.7(2) D /2 0.6 Solving Equations (1) And (2) D 1. 7 (D /2 0.6) D 0.85 D 1.020.15 D 0.02D 0.133Figure 14. Derivation of equations for D.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Composite Rood HydrographComposite Flood Hydrographs by the Graphical MethodFollowing are systematic steps for composite hydrograph construction by the graphical method:1. Compute D using 0.1332. Tabulate mass curve of rainfall at D increments of time.3. Calculate mass curve of runoff at D increments of time. Find runoff from figure 10.1 in NEH-4,Hydrology; TR-16; or other reference.4. Calculate incremental change in runoff within each D increment of time.5. Compute unit hydrograph time parametersand D/2 0.6 2.676. Computepeak of the unit hydrograph in terms of cfs per inch of runoff.(Q 1inch)7. Compute incremental hydrograph peaks by multiplying the inches of runoff in each Dincrement times the peak of the unit graph,Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
8. Record time for start, peak, and completion of each triangular hydrograph.9. Plot incremental triangular hydrographs. Time for Start of rise is the beginning time for eachincrement of time, D. Termination of each hydrograph is Time of Base, Tb, units of time afterTime for Start of rise. Note how each incremental hydrograph is displaced one D unit of timeto the right for each succeeding time increment.10. At the end of each increment of time (D), sum the ordinates of all the individual triangularhydrographs. The result is a composite flood hydrograph representing runoff rates during theflood.11. A check to insure correct volume under the computed composite hydrograph may be made bymeasuring the area beneath the graph. This area in terms of cfs-hours should equal total floodrunoff. Assuming measured hydrograph volume is cfs-hr, this formula is appropriate:Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Example 1The following is a step by step example using numerical data to graphically construct a floodhydrograph. We will use triangular unit hydrographs because of their ease of use incomputations and plotting.GivenDA 4.6 sq mi 2.3 hoursCN 85Rainfall duration 6 hours (distribution is given in figure 15 and table 4)1. Compute incremental time O.D 0.133 0.133 (2.3) 0.31 hr. Use 0.3 hr.2. Tabulate total accumulated rainfall at 0.3 hour (D) increments of time. Read from mass curve(figure 15) and record in column 2 of table 4.3. Prepare the mass curve of runoff at 0.3 hour (0) increments. See Appendix A. Record incolumn 3 of table 4.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
4. Calculate the incremental increase in runoff during each 0.3 hour increment and record incolumn 4 of table 4.5. Compute time parameters. D/2 0.6 T 0.3/2 0.6(2.3) 1.53 hr (Use 1.5 hr), also, 2.67Tp 2.67(1.5) 4.0 hr.6. Computein ds per inch of runoff.1,484 cfs/in (Use 1,480 cfs/inch).See the plot of the Triangular Unit Hydrograph in figure 16.7. Compute incremental triangular hydrograph peaks and record in column 5 of table 4. The firstfor that period is:time increment during which runoff occurs ends at 0.6 hour. TheIncremental Hydrograph Peaks and Times12Tune(hr).0345IncrementalMassMassRainfall cfs)7T Start(hr)8T Peak(hr)0.0178.3T .0.0.0Table 4. Example 1.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
(0.12 inch) (1,480 cfs/in) 178 cfs8. Record times for the start, peak, and completion of each triangle in columns 6, 7, and 8 oftable 4. Starting time is the beginning time of the rainfall increment. The first triangle begins at0.3 hours. Peak times are 1.5 hours later than starting times, and end times are 4.0 hours laterthan starting times.9. Plot the incremental triangular hydrographs using time and peak information from table 4. Asketch of the first hydrograph is shown below.Plot remaining hydrographs at their respective times and peaks.10. At each increment of time (0), sum ordinates of all individual triangular hydrographs. Theresult is a composite hydrograph of the flood from the example watershed with the specifiedrainfall (fig. 16).11. Check the volume under the constructed composite hydrograph to find an indication ofaccuracy. The discharge column in table 5 contains the summed ordinates determined in Step10 and shown in figure 16. The calculations I shown in table 5 follow the volume checkformula shown in step 11 of the preceding instructions. The answer, 3.37 inches of runoff, equalsthe total shown in column 3, table 4.(33,373 cfs) (0.3 hr) 10,012 cfs-hr{10,012 cfs-hr) (0.00155 in/cfs-hr/mi2)4.6 m² 3.37 in runoffNote: This composite flood hydrograph is the mathematical summation of triangular incrementalhydrographs from table 4 as plotted in figure 16.
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Composite Flood HydrographRunoff Volume CheckDischarge (ds:Time (hr)(from fig. .3339.659.9033,373Table 5. Example 1.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
SummaryYou have covered a lot of territory in a short time in hydrograph development. As a review, youshould be able to use your study guide to: Describe the use of hydrographs in NRCS programs, Explain what the Unit Hydrograph Theory is and how to use it, Derive the peak rate equation, and Use unit hydrographs to develop composite hydrographs.Once you feel you have satisfactorily completed this module, remove the last page from theStudy Guide, Certification of Training. Fill it out and give it to your supervisor for approval andsubmission to your Training Officer.Keep the Study Guide as a reference until you perform enough actual composite hydrographdevelopments to become proficient at it.
Appendix AEngineering Hydrology Training SeriesRunoff for Inches of Rainfall(Curve No. 85)Rainfall (Inches)Rainfall (Tenths)0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8.09O.0.00 0.00 0.000.000.000.000.03 0.06 0.09 0.131.018 0.22 0.280.330.390.450.52 .059 0.65 0.732.0.80 0.87 0.951.021.101.181.26 1.34 1.42 1.513.1.59 1.68 1.761.851.932.022.11 2.20 2.28 2.374.2.46 2.55 2.642.732.822.913.00 3.09 3.19 3.285.3.37 3.47 3.563.653.743.843.93 4.03 4.12 4.216.4.31 4.40 4.504.594.694.784.87 4.97 5.06 5.167.5.26 5.35 5.455.555.645.745.84 5.93 6.03 6.128.6.22 6.32 6.416.56.606.706.80 6.90 6.99 7.099.7.19 7.28 7.387.487.577.677.77 7.87 7.97 8.0610.8.16 8.26 8.358.458.558.658.75 8.84 8.94 9.0411.9.14 9.24 9.339.439.539.639.73 9.82 9.92 10.0212.10.12 10.22 10.32 10.4210.5110.61 10.7110.8110.9111.0113.11.10 11.20 11.30 11. 40 11.5011.60 11.7011.8011.8911.9914.12.09 12.19 12.29 12.3912.4912.58 12.6812.7812.8812.9815.13.08 13.18 13.28 13.3813.4813.57 13.6713.7713.8713.9716.14.07 14.17 14.26 14.3614.4614.56 14.6614.7614.8614.9617.15.05 15.15 15.25 15.3515.4515.55 15.6515.7515.8515.9518.16.05 16.15 16.25 16.3516.4416.54 16.6416.7416.8416.9419.17.04 17.14 17.24 17.3417.4417.54 17.6417.7417.8417.9420.18.03 18.13 18.23 18.3318.4318.54 18.6318.7318.8318.93Note: Runoff value determined by equation Q (P - 0.25)²P 0.85.Reference: Hydrology GuideExample: 4.50 inches rainfall 2.91 inches runoffGenerated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Activity 1At this time, complete- Activity 1. Be sure to write out your answers. After you have completed theActivity, check your answers against the solutions in the back of the module. If you missed any, referback in the Study Guide. When you are satisfied that you know the material, turn to Unit Hydrographs.Uses of Hydrographs1. What kind of hydrograph indicates hazards of existing and planned dams should they collapse?2. What kind of hydrograph is a one-day, ten-day hydrograph for a principal spillway?3. What kind of hydrograph would you need to determine the hydrologic effects of proposed structure orchannel changes?Activity 2At this time, complete Activity 2. After you have completed the activity, check your answers against thesolution located near the back of the module. If you missed any, refer back in the Study Guide.Procedure used in developing a unit hydrograph.GivenFour activity hydrographs shown in figure 6 and the data recorded in table 1.Assume that the four hydrographs shown were recorded at the same stream gage during four differentfloods of varying magnitudes, and that the floods occurred from rainfalls having the same duration ofrainfall excess (runoff).FindConstruct an average unit hydrograph from this information. The method of determining the unithydrograph is shown for Flood Hydrograph A.Complete the calculations and fill in tables 1 and 2. Draw unit hydrographs for -Floods Hydrographs B,C, and D on figure 6.
Unit Hydrograph Development HydrographABCDArea under hyd. (sq units)12.7113.957.4412.03Volume (cfs-hr)1,271Measured Runoff Depth onWatershed (in)2.74Time to Peak (hr)2.80Peak Discharge (cfs)466Unit Peak Discharge (cfs)170averageTable 1. Unit Hydrograph development hydrograph.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Computation of Average Unit Hydrograph1Time(hr)23Hydrograph A45Hydrograph B7Hydrograph 3.00300Unit(cfs)1881.6091011Unit(cfs)Sum ofUnit Hyds.(cfs)AverageUnit Hyds.(cfs)41417104Hydrograph alityConstantUnit(cfs)6Measured(cfs)1052.59Table 2. Computation of average unit hydrograph.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Activity 3You have completed all of the work for Activity 2. Continue with Activity 3. Please follow theinstructions closely to be sure you fully understand the procedures given. Use the given data and thesolution page to measure your progress. If you miss any portion, refer back to the Study Guide.Rood Hydrograph DevelopmentGivenThe average unit hydrograph shown in figure 7. Assume a storm producing 2.8 inches of runoff had thesame rainfall excess duration as was used in Activity 1.Calculate a hydrograph for 2.8 inches of runoff for the same watershed used in Activity 2.Procedure1. Coordinates from average hydrograph, figure 7.For this activity, use time increments of 0.5 hours. You should start with 0.0 hour and end with 7.0hours.Discharges from the best-fit curve for the average unit hydrograph have been tabulated for you and areshown on table 3. Times of 0.0 hours and 7.0 hours have 0 cfs discharges.To calculate discharges for Q 2.8 inches, multiply the average unit discharge (table 3) by 2.8. Forexample, at 0.5 hours, the Q 2.8 inches discharge is: (10) (2.8) 28 cfs, rounded to the nearest cfs.Continue to multiply all unit discharges by 2.8 to get the discharges of a hydrograph for Q 2.8 inchesof runoff.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
2. Volume check of average unit hydrograph and 2.8-inch volume hydrograph.Total both the average unit discharge and Q 2.8 inches discharge columns on table 3. Do not includedischarges for peak time at 2.87 hours. Record the sums on table 3.If all time increments are equal (0.5 hours), you can compute runoff volume (cfs-hrs) by addingall ordinates (cfs) and multiplying the summation '- cfs) by the time increment (0.5 hours) to geta volume '- cfs-hrs).The test for volume accuracy is to find runoff depth as follows:𝑐𝑓𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑠𝑠𝑞 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑓𝑠 ℎ𝑟𝑠 .00155/( 𝑠𝑞 𝑚𝑖 ) in3. Plot the 2.8-inch hydrograph on figure 8.-Unit Hydrograph Adjustment for Q 2.8 Inches of RunoffUnit Q AverageAverage Unit Q 2.8"Time2.8"TimeDischargeDischarge Discharge(hr)Discharge 33.01827.00*0Table 3. Unit hydrograph adjustment for a 2.8 inches of runoff.Peak values not included in summation.Volume Check of Unit Hydrograph: Use the formula from Item 5.Volume Check of Q 2.8" Hydrograph:Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Activity 4Now, test your skill at developing a composite flood hydrograph using the graphical method. Pleasefollow the activity closely to be sure you fully understand the procedure used. Check occasionally withthe solutions to be sure you are on the right track. If you miss any portion, refer back to the Study Guide.Complete this activity on composite hydrograph development by graphical methods. Be sure to go stepby-step and to be sure you understand a step before moving to the next. Check your accuracy byoccasionally referring to the solution.GivenDrainage area 2.14 sq miles, or 1370 acresTime of Concentration Tp 4.0 hoursCN 77Storm Rainfall 4.67 inchesStorm Duration 8 hoursStorm Distribution (table 6)Storm Runoff 2.35 inchesTo DoEstimate a composite flood hydrograph for the given storm. Use the graphical method and a triangularNRCS Unit Hydrograph.Solution (Show all steps)
Worksheet for Incremental 01Time(hr)5678Peak(cfs)T Start(hr)T Peak(hr)TEnd(hr)Table 6. Activity 4.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
Activity 5Please complete Activity 5 on developing a composite flood hydrograph using the computations method.Follow the activity closely to be sure you fully understand the procedure used. Check occasionally withthe solutions to be sure you are on the right track. If you miss any portion, refer back to the Study Guide.Composite Rood Hydrographs by the Computation MethodA flood hydrograph can also be developed using a calculator as follows:1. The procedure for this calculator method is the same as the graphical one used to determine the unithydrograph coordinates and the incremental runoff depths. These are the first six steps of the graphicalmethod.Thus, using the information in Example 1, obtain the incremental runoff.2. The unit hydrograph coordinates for curvilinear shape are shown on table 7. * These discharges wereobtained by use of the dimensionless unit hydrograph shown in figure 9. A plot of the unit hydrographis displayed in figure 18.* Twoexamples of the procedure for determining curvilinear unit hydrograph coordinates follow:At time 0.9 hr, t/Tp .9/1.5 0.6. From figure 9 att/Tp 0.6, read qp 0.666.q 0.660 qp 0.660(1480) 975.At time 3.6 hr, t/Tp 3.6/1.5 2.4.From figure 9 at t/Tp 2.4,read qp 0.147. q 0.147 qp 0.147(1480) 220.
Hydrograph Development WorksheetUnit Hydrograph Discharge(cfs).33.26.18.12.06Time 27.50Table 7. Activity 5.Generated by a Trial Version of NetCentric Technologies’ CommonLook Acrobat Plug-in. www.net-centric.com
3. Now take the incremental runoff values in table 4, and tabulate in reverse order on a separatepiece of paper. This tabulation shall have the same line spacing as used in table 0.060.120.180.260.330.270.120.00
4. Place the strip of paper along side of column 2 of table 7 and slide down until the first incrementof runoff (0.12) on the strip of paper is opposite the first discharge (150) on the unit hydrograph(Column 2). Multiplying 0.12 x 150 18. Tabulate in column 3 opposite the zero on the strip ofpaper. A few discharges for the composite hydrograph have been calculated as a demonstrationfor your use in the table 7 Worksheet.5. Move the strip of paper down one line and compute. (0.12 x 460) (0.27 x 150) 96. Tabulate inColumn 3 opposite the zero on the strip of paper.6. Continue moving the strip of paper containing the runoff down one line at a time andaccumulatively multiply each runoff increment by the unit hydrograph discharge opposite theincrement.If only the peak discharge of the flood hydrograph is desired, it can be found by making only afew computations, placing the larger increments of runoff near the peak discharge of the unithydrograph.7. Complete the hydrograph calculations through time 7.5 hrs, and plot the compositehydrograph on figure 19.
Activity SolutionsActivity 1(Uses of Hydrographs)1. What kind of hydrograph indicates hazards of existing and planned dams should they collapse?Dam Breach2. What kind of a hydrograph is a one-day, ten-day hydrograph for a principal spillway?Design3. What kind of hydrograph would you need to determine the hydrologic effects of proposed structure orchannel changes?Watershed Evaluatio
The principle of the unit hydrograph was introduced by Leroy K. Sherman in 1932. Although numerous refinements have been added by others, the basic ideas presented by Sherman remain. He reasoned that, for a given watershed, all hydrographs resulting from rains of the same period of excess (unit duration) have equal time bases.
Unit Hydrograph: 1) The Unit Hydrograph of the catchment is defined as hydrograph of direct runoff (DRH) results from 1cm depth of effective rainfall occurring uniformly over the catchment at a uniform rate during a specified period of time (D-hr). 2) Thus we can have 6-Hr Unit Hydrograph, 12-Hr Unit Hydrograph, etc.
2009]. A synthetic unit hydrograph is a unit hydrograph derived using an established formula, without a need for analysing the rainfall-runoff data [Ponce 1989]. This includes Snyder’s method, Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method, Gray’s method and Clark’s Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph method.Cited by: 7Page Count: 10File Size: 325KBAuthor: A Wale
166 MODERN SEWER DESIGN The post-development 10-year runoff hydrograph from the watershed is given in Figure 6.3. 1. On the hydrograph, plot a straight line from the zero intercept to a point on the hydrograph at the 0.43 m3/s point. The area between these two curves is the approximate volume of storage required. The planimetered area 9832 mm2
of unit hydrograph and its linear systems theory. Furthermore, Viessman et al [1989], Wanielista [1990] and Arora [2004] presented the history and procedures for several unit hydrograph methods. Ramirez [2000] reported that the synthetic unit hydrograph of Snyder in 1938 was based on the study of 20 watersheds located in the Appalachian .Cited by: 7Publish Year: 2017Author: Wahab Adebayo Salami, Solomon Olakunle Bilewu, Biliyamin Adeoye Ibitoye, Mufutau Ayanniyi Ayanshola
and no average unit hydrograph would be obtained. There fore, HEC-1 was used to compute a unit hydrograph and Snyder's coefficient (CP) for each storm (see Table 2). The mean value of CP was 0.40 with a standard deviation
2 Unit-III 1) Runoff: Runoff, sources and component, classification of streams, factors affecting runoff, Estimation Methods. Measurement of discharge of a stream by Area-slope and Area-velocity methods. 2) Hydrograph: Flood hydrographs and its components, Base flow & Base flow separation, S-Curve technique, unit hydrograph, synthetic hydrograph.
USDA. Project Team Jane Duffield, MPA Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Food and Nutrition Service, USDA Jackie Haven, MS, RDN Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA Sarah A. Chang, MPH, RDN Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA Maya Maroto, MPH, RDN Child Nutrition, USDA. Pilot Schools Thurgood Marshall Academy Public
An Introduction to Effective Field Theory Thinking Effectively About Hierarchies of Scale C.P. BURGESSc. i Preface It is an everyday fact of life that Nature comes to us with a variety of scales: from quarks, nuclei and atoms through planets, stars and galaxies up to the overall Universal large-scale structure. Science progresses because we can understand each of these on its own terms, and .
