Environmental Working Group
US GIVESSEAFOOD EATERSFLAWED ADVICEON MERCURYCONTAMINATION,HEALTHY OMEGA-3FATTY ACIDSENVIRONMENTALWORKING GROUPJANUARY 2014By Sonya Lunder, Senior Analyst,and Renée C. Sharp, ResearchDirectorwww.ewg.org1436 U Street N.W., Suite 100Washington, D.C. 20009
www.ewg.orgEditorsElaine ShannonNils BruzeliusDesignersAman AndersonTaylan YalnizAbout EWGThe Environmental Working Groupis the nation’s most effectiveenvironmental health research andadvocacy organization. Our missionis to conduct original, game-changingresearch that inspires people,businesses and governments to takeaction to protect human health andthe environment. With your help –and with the help of hundreds oforganizations with whom we partner –we are creating a healthier and cleanerenvironment for the next generationand beyond.Reprint PermissionTo request reprint permission, pleaseemail a completed request form topermissionrequests@ewg.orgHEADQUARTERS1436 U Street N.W., Suite 100Washington, D.C. 20009(202) 667-6982CALIFORNIA OFFICE2201 Broadway, Suite 308Oakland, CA 94612MIDWEST OFFICE103 E. 6th Street, Suite 201Ames, IA 50010SACRAMENTO OFFICE1107 9th Street, Suite 625Sacramento, CA 958142EWG.orgUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
US Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on MercuryContamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty AcidsBY SONYA LUNDER, SENIOR ANALYST, AND RENÉE C. SHARP, RESEARCH DIRECTORPEOPLE WHO FOLLOW THE FEDERALGOVERNMENT’S GUIDELINES ONSEAFOOD CONSUMPTION ARELIKELY TO CONSUME TOO MUCH MERCURY,A DANGEROUS NEUROTOXIN, OR TOOFEW BENEFICIAL OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS,ACCORDING TO A NEW EWG ANALYSIS OFFISH CONTAMINANT AND NUTRIENT DATA.With the January 2011 release of the 7th editionof the federal Dietary Guidelines for Americans, amassive Congressionally-mandated white paper thatsets the scientific and policy basis for all governmentnutrition programs, officials at the departmentsof Health and Human Services and Agricultureencouraged Americans to more than double theirconsumption of seafood from 3.5 ounces to eightto 12 ounces weekly. They urged pregnant womenand people at risk of heart disease to consume1,750 milligrams a week of healthy fats known asomega-3 fatty acids that are abundant in some fishand shellfish. Relatively recent studies indicate thatthese fats improve the health of the eyes, heartand nervous system, lower blood cholesterol andtriglyceride levels, reduce blood pressure and aid fetaland infant brain development (USDA 2010).At the same time, federal officials warnedpregnant women to limit or avoid five high-mercuryspecies, heed bulletins that locally caught fish couldbe contaminated and vary the types of fish andshellfish they eat. These cautions echoed a 2004warning, issued jointly by the federal Food andDrug Administration and Environmental ProtectionAgency, that aimed to reduce mercury exposureamong American women who were or might becomepregnant, nursing mothers and young children.3EWG.orgDecades of industrial mercury emissions around theworld have contaminated some fish and seafood,particularly larger, long-lived deep-water species.Yet neither official document fully addressedmercury risks during pregnancy. To the contrary, ifpregnant women doubled their seafood consumptionto comply with the Obama administration’s DietaryGuidelines, they could run the risk of consumingharmful amounts of mercury.EWG’s analysis of the mercury and omega-3concentrations in seafood found that eatingfish indiscriminately can be ineffective and evendangerous. Most of the commonly eaten speciessuch as shrimp and catfish are very low in beneficialomega-3 fats. Eating more of them won’t providehigh-risk groups with enough omega-3s.As well, EWG has compiled a list of “moderatemercury” species that would pose a mercury riskfor pregnant woman and children who eat fishregularly. This list is more comprehensive than the2004 EPA/FDA advisory, which warned that womenof childbearing age and young children, who aremost susceptible to the damage done by mercury,should eat only six ounces a week of albacore tunaand should avoid four other high-mercury species –swordfish, tilefish, king mackerel and shark.The Dietary Guidelines issued in 2011 (backdatedto 2010) downplayed the risks of mercury and othercontaminants, asserting that that the benefits ofeating fish outweighed the risks of mercury toxicity,even during pregnancy (USDA 2010). This adviceconflicts with several recent studies of Americanfamilies that found that children born to women withslightly elevated mercury levels suffered measurablebrain and nervous system deficits (Oken 2005,Oken 2008, Lederman 2008) or were more likelythan average to be diagnosed with attention deficithyperactivity disorder (Sagiv 2012).This month, HHS and USDA officials and a panelUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
of scientific and medical experts from industry andacademe are meeting to plan for the 2015 edition ofthe Dietary Guidelines. Meanwhile, on a separatepolicy track, officials at the EPA and FDA are updatingtheir 2004 fish-mercury advisory, aiming to release anew draft sometime this year.As both sets of deliberations progress, they shouldstrive to offer Americans advice that will enablethem to enjoy the benefits of seafood consumptionwhile keeping their mercury intake to safe levels.At present, neither the 2004 EPA/FDA advisorynor the 2010 Dietary Guidelines give people whatthey desperately need – precise, science-basedinformation on how to consume sufficient omega-3swhile keeping mercury levels as low as possible.Not all seafood is equally rich in omega-3sEWG investigated mercury contamination andbeneficial omega-3 levels in seafood in order toidentify species that offer the greatest health benefitand lowest mercury.According to EWG’s calculations, eight of the 10species that make up 90 percent of the U.S. seafoodmarket are nearly devoid of the two omega-3 fattyacids found in other seafood – docosahexaenoic acidand eicosapentaenoic acid, often denoted as DHAand EPA. A person would have to eat between 20and 100 ounces of those eight varieties to consume1,750 milligrams of omega-3s weekly, the amountscientists have deemed necessary for a healthypregnancy and for reducing the risk of heart disease.The complication and expense of eating so much fishcould be prohibitive for many Americans. And if largesegments of the population adopted such a fishheavy diet, the pressure on already stressed fisherieswould quickly mount to extreme and unsustainablelevels.4EWG.orgOmega-3 fatty acid levels are low in8 of 10 most popular seafoodsSeafood typeOunces of seafood neededweekly to supply 1,750 mgs ofomega-3s for adults to ensureoptimal pregnancy/cardiac healthSalmonCanned Albacore TunaCrabCanned Light TunaPollockCodClamsTilapiaCatfishShrimp4 to 88**20202040606080100** Albacore tuna contains too much mercury for children or lightand average-weight pregnant women to eat regularly.EWG calculates that 10 of 35 popular seafoodsin the U.S. market would pose a mercury risk toan average-weight pregnant woman who eatseight ounces weekly, as the federal governmentrecommended. Since safe mercury levels are basedon a woman’s body weight, lighter women are moreat risk from mercury in seafood. Because they arelight and their bodies are still developing, childrenwho eat 19 of the 35 popular species twice weeklyface a mercury risk.Moreover, not all fish are equally nutritious:21 of the 35 species EWG investigated would notprovide the 1,750 milligrams of omega-3 fatty acidsrecommended if eight or even 12 ounces of thatspecies are consumed weekly.Among popular seafood species, salmon standsout as an excellent choice. Four to eight ouncesof salmon weekly, depending on the species, canprovide 100 percent of the recommended amountof omega-3s. Some types of farmed salmon presentsignificant environmental health concerns. EWGrecommends that people choose wild salmon instead.US Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
EWG’s analysis highlights several other affordableand sustainably produced species, includinganchovies, sardines, farmed trout, and mussels.Just four to eight ounces of these species weeklywould meet recommended omega-3 requirementsfor pregnant women and people with heart disease.EWG’s review of mercury and omega-3 fatty acidlevels found dramatic differences among species thatpresent an opportunity for solid, practical guidancefor consumers. The chart below presents a generalanalysis of available data of mercury and omega-3concentrations for 35 common species. To makethe very best dietary choices, consumers shouldalso take into account portion size and frequencyrecommendations. These depend on an individual’sage, weight, pregnancy status and risk of heartdisease. EWG’s table is a starting point and does notreflect differences among regions or sub-species inmercury contamination or omega-3 concentrations.When the federal Dietary Guidelines and EPA/FDAfish advisory are updated, they should encouragepeople to eat species with low mercury and highomega-3 levels. These documents should not onlywarn consumers about species with the highestmercury contamination but also identify thosespecies that contain moderate amounts of mercurythat can pose a risk for frequent seafood consumers.Pregnant women and young children facegreatest mercury risksThe 2010 Dietary Guidelines claimed that“moderate, consistent evidence shows that the healthbenefits from consuming a variety of seafood in theamounts recommended outweigh the health risksassociated with methylmercury” (USDA 2010).However, this assertionMany commercial seafood species provide too fewis dangerously out ofomega-3 fats or too much mercury for children andstep with the scientificpregnant women to eat twice weeklyevidence from dozensof observational studies.GoodToo muchEven small exposuresToo much mercuryToo few*choicesmercuryfor kids and averageomega-3sto mercury in the wombfor kids**weight pregnanthave been shownwomen***to inflict subtle butmeasurable deficits onchildren’s intelligenceCatfishAmerican LobsterCanned Albacore TunaAnchoviesand nervous system.ClamsCanned Light Tuna HalibutHerringDozens ofCodCarpKing MackerelMusselsobservational studiesCrabFlatfishOrange RoughySalmonOystersFreshwater BassSeabasshave shown that whenSardinesPollockFreshwater PerchSharkShadpregnant womenSpanish and Atlantic MackerelScallopsHaddockTroutingested food taintedSwordfishShrimpHakewith the particularlyTilefishTilapiaSnapperdangerous compoundTuna Steakscalled methyl mercury,their children’s brain* Species that fail to provide an adult consuming 8 ounces weekly withdevelopment was1,750 mg of omega-3 fatty acidsimpaired, as measured** Children’s mercury exposure is based on a seafood portion size of 1ounce per 20 pounds weightby lower IQ scores*** Women’s mercury exposure calculated for an average body weightand poorer outcomes(166 pounds), and 8 ounces of seafood per week.on laboratory tests of5EWG.orgUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
memory, language skills and visual-motor function(Murata 2004, Debes 2006, Strain 2008, Karagas2012). Mercury exposure during childhood is believedto cause similar deficits (Karagas 2012).One of the most meticulous recent studies ofAmerican women, called Project Viva, examined341 Boston-area women to determine the benefitsand risks of seafood during pregnancy (Oken2008). It found positive effects for children bornto women who ate three or more seafood mealsweekly but negative effects for the 10 percent ofstudy participants with the highest mercury levelsin their bloodstream. Frequent fish eating boostedchildren’s IQ measurements by about two to sixpoints, but high mercury exposure during pregnancydropped IQ scores by two to six points. An individual’sslight IQ deficit might seem subtle, but the socialand economic toll on millions of children can bemassive. Philippe Grandjean of Harvard Universityhas estimated that American children lose 264,000 IQpoints annually to mercury toxicity (Grandjean 2012).The findings from Project Viva mirrored severalother recent studies examining the effects of tracemercury consumption on fetal brain development(Sagiv 2012, Lederman 2008). Collectively, thesefindings contradict claims that the benefits of fisheating outweigh all risks.These and other studies suggest that the EPA’s“safe level” for mercury exposure, technically the“reference dose,” set in 2001, is far too lax. Itassumed that a pregnant woman could safelyconsume one tenth of a microgram of methylmercury a day for every kilogram of bodyweightwithout risk to the fetus. Since pregnancy is a criticalwindow of development and the fetal brain is themost sensitive to mercury toxicity, the EPA believedthat this intake level also would be safe for childrenand adults (EPA 2001, Rice 2003). But later studiesof American pregnancies found signs of mercurydamage in children whose mothers’ mercuryexposures were considerably lower than the 2001EPA safe level (Grandjean 2012, Zero Mercury 2012).EPA is planning to reevaluate its safe mercury level,but that process is likely to take at least four years.6EWG.orgUntil then EWG is using the existing “safe” level as animperfect benchmark for mercury toxicity, but werecognize that these calculations likely underestimatethe number of seafood species that pose mercuryrisks.Women who eat fish frequently have highblood-mercury levelsA 2012 EPA review of nationally representativebiomonitoring data for 10,000 American womenreported what appeared to be a victory for publichealth advocates: The blood mercury measurementsin American women of reproductive age droppeddramatically after the year 2000, even though selfreported seafood consumption remained stable(EPA 2013). This finding suggested that informedconsumers may be taking to heart the warnings bystate and federal agencies to eat fish but avoid highmercury species.However, on closer inspection, the study was notall good news. Its data suggest that women whoeat seafood frequently still face a mercury problem.In the most recent survey period (2009-2010), themost frequent fish consumers reported eatingsix or more seafood meals per monthly, close tothe Dietary Guidelines’ recommendation of eightmeals a month. This group had the highest bloodmercury concentrations of all; more than 10 percentof the women had mercury levels above the targetconcentration of 3.5 micrograms per liter that wasdetermined to protect a developing fetus fromexceeding EPA’s safety level for methyl mercury(Mahaffey 2009).Tuna is a risky choiceAmericans eat more than 400 million poundsof canned imported tuna because it is affordableand can be stored for a long time. Canned tuna isthe second most popular seafood in the U.S., aftershrimp. An average American eats an average of 2.5pounds of tuna every year (NOAA 2012). AlbacoreUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
tuna, also called “white” tuna, contains significantamounts of omega-3s, but tests indicate that it alsocontains significant amounts of mercury. “Light” tunais usually skipjack tuna but can also contain yellowfintuna. Skipjack and yellowfin have lower mercurylevels than albacore, but fewer omega-3s.The FDA/EPA fish advisory issued in 2004 said thatpregnant women should limit their consumptionof albacore tuna to six ounces weekly. However,EWG calculates that if a pregnant woman of light oraverage weight ate that much, she would exceed theEPA safe level. Children who ate a child-sized servingonce a week would also exceed it.The FDA/EPA advisory described canned lighttuna as a lower mercury species, but it is not withoutThe long, troubled history of governmentefforts against mercuryMercury is a global contaminant emitted primarilyby coal-fired power plants and mining operations.Mercury in vapor form condenses and falls intowaterways and oceans, where it is transformedby bacteria and zooplankton into methyl mercury,an organic compound that is more toxic than theelemental form of mercury or inorganic mercurycompounds. This methyl mercury pollutionconcentrates in the marine food chain. As a result,mercury concentrations are highest in predatory fishthat eat smaller fish. Methyl mercury is highly toxicto the human brain, kidney, liver, heart and nervoussystem.In acute cases, fish contamination has reachedtragic proportions. Most notoriously, in the1950s and 1960s severe mercury pollution nearthe Japanese fishing village of Minamata causedthousands of birth defects, mental retardation anda crippling syndrome that came to be known asMinamata disease.Tomoko in Her Bath, Minamata, JapanPhoto Credit: Smithsonian American Art Museummercury risk. EWG calculates that an average-weightpregnant woman who eats eight ounces of light tunawould consume enough mercury to reach half ofEPA’s safe level for the week – too much, according tomany expert accounts. Children of any weight couldnot eat two child-size servings of light tuna over aweek without exceeding EPA’s safe level. Since EPA’ssafe level may be too high, small women and childrenshould eat light tuna only rarely. Because the currentguidance is misleading, the next version of the FDA/EPA advisory must be updated to reflect the mercuryrisk of light tuna for small women and children.7EWG.orgSince 2009, FDA and EPA scientists have beencollaborating on a joint effort to modernize andimprove their 2004 guidelines on seafood, mercuryand omega-3s. But according to agency insiders, theproject has bogged down in interagency disputes.All the reasons for the gridlock have not been madeknown, but this much is certain: The financial stakesare enormous for seafood vendors, especially themulti-billion-dollar tuna industry.In 2010, as the FDA and EPA grappled behindclosed doors, the USDA and HHS were working witha panel of outside scientific and medical experts todraft the 7th edition of the Dietary Guidelines forAmericans, which attempt to convey a comprehensivefederal government stance on all nutrition policyissues.EWG’s analysis concludes that both the 2010Dietary Guidelines and the 2004 EPA/FDA advisoryare seriously flawed on three counts: The Dietary Guidelines encourage peopleUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
to eat more fish and to limit consumption of a fewhigh-mercury species but do not point out the longerlist of “moderate mercury” species that would posea mercury risk when eaten twice weekly. EWG hasdetermined that 19 of the 35 species it reviewedwould pose a mercury risk to children, and 10 couldbe a concern for pregnant women of average weightwho eat two servings of seafood a week. The Dietary Guidelines must do more to alertconsumers to major differences in the omega-3content of various types of seafood. Only 14 of the35 species contain enough omega-3s to meet thenutritional recommendation of 1,750 milligrams ofomega-3s weekly, assuming an individual eats eightounces of that species each week. If all Americans followed the advice of theDietary Guidelines, seafood consumption coulddouble or triple, exerting even more pressure onfisheries already stressed by over-fishing.All told, the federal government’s stance onseafood, mercury and omega-3s lacks both the clarityand precision needed to guide consumers toward thehealthiest choices. Glossing over critical differencesamong different types of seafood can mislead somepeople into eating too much high-mercury fish andrisking serious illness. Others who consume speciestoo low in omega-3s will fail to get the desiredbenefits.The ultimate solution is for the Americangovernment and other nations to reduce the mercurypollution that accumulates in seafood. A newglobal treaty known as the Minamata Conventionaims to reduce mercury emissions from coal-firedpower plants and small-scale mining, the twosources of mercury that most directly contributeto mercury contamination of global fisheries. Asocean temperatures rise because of global warming,however, mercury accumulation in seafood isprojected to intensify.8EWG.orgEWG’s recommendations:Federal seafood consumption guidelines mustbe updated and improved. American consumersurgently need better advice about seafood choices.To help them avoid excessive mercury and consumeenough omega-3 fatty acids, federal nutritionalguidelines must: Give clear, portion-based guidelines for peoplewho face various levels of risk, such as pregnantwomen, children and adults with cardiac disease. Clearly identify thresholds beyond whichincreased seafood consumption is unlikely to provideadditional health benefits. Highlight fish choices that are low in mercury,high in omega-3s and sustainably produced. Emphasize risky fish choices, such as the 19species of seafood that children should not eat morethan once a week.EPA should lower its “safe level” of mercury. Asubstantial body of evidence suggests that mercurydoes more potent damage to the developingbrain than previously thought. Earlier studies didnot account for beneficial omega-3 fatty acids infish consumed by populations under study. EPAmust reevaluate its 2001 safe level (technically, thereference dose) and account for new informationabout mercury accumulation in the fetus and longlasting intellectual impairment caused by tracemercury consumption. Public health agencies shouldupdate mercury safe limits for adults who are notpregnant, nursing or considering pregnancy.The federal government must improve itsdata collection for mercury and omega-3 fattyacid levels in fish. Clear, science-based guidancedepends on robust data. A complicating factor in thenutritional guidelines for seafood ingestion is the highvariability in seafood of omega-3 fatty acids, mercuryand other contaminants. Mercury and omega-3 levelsUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
fluctuate within a single species depending on the ageof the fish, fat concentrations, food source, seasonand region where caught. Both FDA monitoring formercury levels and USDA evaluation of omega-3 fattyacid concentrations should be expanded to collectmore samples.Mercury – Independent reviews have noted thatFDA’s mercury monitoring program is incompleteand underestimates the true mercury levels for manyspecies of seafood sold in the U.S. FDA must increaseits monitoring to ensure that its recommendationsaccurately reflect real-world mercury exposures.Omega-3s – USDA’s nutrient database estimatesfor fish and shellfish are based on very few samplesand may not reflect real-world exposures. USDAshould increase the number of seafood samples itanalyzes for its National Nutrient Database.The federal government must investigatenon-seafood sources of omega-3 fatty acids andprovide consumers with better advice. The oceansdo not produce enough seafood to accommodatethe planet’s growing population and need for healthyomega-3 fats. The U.S. government should investigatealternative foods and supplements that could providethese vital fatty acids from safe and sustainablesources.9EWG.orgUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Section II. MethodologyEWG analyzed the mercury hazards and omega-3benefits to people who eat two servings of seafoodweekly, as the government recommends.For our calculations, EWG relied on the extensiveresearch on mercury levels in seafood by RoxanneKarimi and Nicolas Fisher of Stony Brook Universityand by Timothy Fitzgerald of the EnvironmentalDefense Fund (Karimi 2011). These researchersassembled a database of approximately 300studies measuring mercury in seafood – the mostcomprehensive database in the world. Notably, theydocumented that mercury concentrations in seafoodare in many cases higher than those found by theFDA’s annual seafood monitoring program. Thesedata were used to identify the five high-mercuryspecies that pregnant women should limit or avoid.It is also the basis of FDA’s and EPA’s ongoingassessment of mercury risks.For omega-3 fatty acid levels, EWG usedthe most recent data reported by the USDANutritional Database in 2013 (SR-26) to evaluate theconcentrations of two omega-3 fatty acids – DHA andEPA – in common species (USDA 2013). To determinethe most commonly eaten species, EWG addedtogether the concentrations of two omega-3 fats, DHAand EPA, for each species. We include both raw andcooked food samples.EWG then calculated the amount of mercuryand omega 3s that adults would get by eating eightounces each of the top 35 most common seafoodspecies and compared these levels to the EPA’s2001 reference dose for methyl mercury and thehealth-based weekly target of 1,750 milligrams ofthe omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA to evaluate therisks and benefits of common seafood. To evaluatechildren’s mercury exposure from twice-weeklyseafood, we assumed that a typical serving size forchildren is one ounce for every 20 pounds of bodyweight.Mercury in fish data – Methyl mercurycontamination levels vary widely among seafoodspecies. Predatory ocean fish generally accumulate10EWG.orgthe highest concentrations of mercury. Levels canvary widely within a species based on the age ofthe fish and the region where they are caught.Freshwater fish from polluted regions can have highmercury levels. Some pose a risk for recreational andsubsistence anglers.The FDA’s monitoring data serve as the basis forgovernment advisories. However, they are out of dateand not fully representative of seafood sold on theU.S. market. EWG used data collected and analyzedby Roxanne Karimi and Nicolas Fisher of Stony BrookUniversity and Timothy Fitzgerald of EnvironmentalDefense Fund as the basis of our assessment. Theseresearchers assembled a database of all scientificpublications on mercury levels in seafood varietiessold in the U.S. and published an analysis in 2011titled “A Quantitative Synthesis of Mercury inCommercial Seafood and Implications for Exposurein the U.S.” (Karimi 2011). The database includesthe results of publications from December 2010 andearlier and is available for download.EWG included results of two recent studies testingtuna, a commonly consumed species with highmercury levels. These include the Mercury PolicyProject’s 2012 report on mercury levels from 59canned tuna samples from major U.S. brands (MPP2012). The tests identified the lowest mercury levelsin U.S.-caught fish and highest in light tuna samplesfrom Ecuador. In 2011, Consumer Reports tested21 samples each of albacore and light tuna. Theconcentrations of mercury in both types of fish wereslightly lower than other recent studies (ConsumerReports 2011).Omega-3 fatty acid assessment - Omega-3fatty acid levels in fish vary widely based on the ageand food source. Fattier fish tending to have higherconcentrations of omega-3 type fats. An exception isfarmed fish which, unlike wild fish, is reared on cornand soy-based feeds. As a result, farmed fish mayhave high concentrations of omega-6 fats, makingthem a less healthy option.EWG obtained data on omega-3 fatty acid contentof seafood from the USDA Nutrition Data Laboratory,US Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
which periodically updates its National NutrientDatabase and includes EPA and DHA measurements.Data were drawn from the most recent USDA datarelease, SR-26. There are few measurements fromeach species and they show a reasonably high levelof variation among individual samples. Nevertheless,the results are generally concordant with a globaldatabase of omega-3 fatty acids developed bythe World Health Organization and the Food andAgricultural Organization in their 2010 review ofseafood safety (WHO-FAO 2010). The USDA dataare more relevant to the species available on theU.S. market and were our preferred data source.However, there is a strong need for more robust dataon omega-3 levels in common species.11EWG.orgUS Gives Seafood Eaters Flawed Advice on Mercury Contamination, Healthy Omega-3 Fatty Acids
REFERENCES1.Consumer Reports. 2011. Mercury in canned tunastill a concern: New tests reinforce a need for somepeople to limit consumption. January 2011. .htm2.Debes F, Budtz-Jorgensen E, Weihe P, et al. 2006Impact of prenatal methyl mercury exposure onneurobehavioral function at age 14 years. NeurotoxicolTeratol. 28:536–547.3.EPA-FDA. 2004. What you need to know about mercuryin fish and shellfish. Environmental Protection Agencyand Food and Drug Administration. ish/outreach/adviceindex.cfm4.EPA. 2001. Reference Dose for methyl mercury (MeHg)(CASRN 22967-92-6) U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0073.htm13.Murata K, Weihe P, Budtz-Jørgensen E, et al. 2004.Delayed brainstem auditory evoked potential latenciesin 14-year old children exposed to methyl mercury. JPediatr. 144:177–183.14.NOAA. 2012. Fisheries of the United States, 2012.National Marine Fisheries Service, us/fus12/index15.Oken E, Wright RO, et al. 2005. Maternal fishconsumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in aU.S. cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1376-1380.16.Oken,E, Radesky JS, et al. 2008. Maternal fish intakeduring pregnancy, blood mercury levels, and childcognition at age 3 years in a US cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol.167, 1171-1181.17.Rice DC, Schoeny R, Mahaffey KR. 2003. Methods andrationale for derivation of a reference dose for methylmercury by the US EPA. Risk. Anal. 23, 107-115.18.Sagiv SK, Thurston SW, et al. 2012. Prenatal exposure tomercury and fish consumption during pregnancy andAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder related behaviorin children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolesc
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