Social Justice Ideology In Idaho Higher Education
BOISE STATESocial justiceideology in Idahohigher educationBy Dr. Scott Yenor & Anna K. MillerDecember 2020
“ The line dividing goodand evil cuts through theheart of every humanbeing.”Alexander Solzhenitsyn
TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary1Recommendations for Reform2Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher Education4SECTION 1Administration Promotes Social Justice Education7How it Happened8Deans and Leadership10Social Justice Policies at Boise State12Inclusive Excellence Student Council14SECTION 2Curriculum and Student Experience17General Education Map18Department Map20Writing Center22Social Justice Departments Highlighted24Residence Halls27Conclusion29About the Authors30Works Cited31
“ There is the moraldualism that sees goodand evil as instinctswithin us between whichwe must choose. Butthere is also what I willcall pathological dualismthat sees humanity itselfas radically divided intothe unimpeachably goodand the irredeemably bad.You are either one or theother.”– Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationEXECUTIVE SUMMAR YSocial justice education poses a threat to education in America and to the American way of life.Social justice education divides the world into aggrieved minorities and oppressive majorities. Wherever it ispracticed, it compromises the achievement of truth, the free exchange of ideas, and the aspiration for assimilatingpeople into the great American melting pot. It cultivates anger and resentment among the supposedly aggrieved,while undermining the stability and mutual toleration that contributes to individual happiness and goodcitizenship.Universities are slowly building up an apparatus where social justice ideology is displacing education towardprofessions and general education. Some universities like Ohio State University have over 100 administratorsdedicated to social justice. But all universities including Boise State University (BSU) have adopted an ideologythat demands a built out apparatus.Social Justice education at BSU is no longer in its infancy. It is heading toward maturity, spreading into hiring,policies, curriculum, and student life. BSU is adding to its social justice mission every year. We show this in severalways: Administrators at BSU have repeatedly stated their commitment to developing a mature apparatuspushing social justice activism. BSU has hired several administrators to push such initiatives since beginning its intentions to transformthe university in Summer 2017. Administrators have adopted policies in hiring and student experience to further the social justice causeand have announced a new emphasis on “inclusion and equity” throughout its colleges. Social justice education has a significant presence in the General Education requirements at BSU. Social justice ideology plays a sigificant part in at least 14 departments at BSU. The Residence Hall experience is infused with social justice ideology, as is the Writing Center.BSU is on the same path as universities like Ohio State University and it will continue on the path unlessthe political institutions of Idaho force change. We suggest budgetary and administrative ways of putting ouruniversities back on the right track.1
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REFORMDe-emphasizing and eliminating social justice initiatives at Idaho’s universities is necessaryfor meaningful reform, as well as disrupting their ability to provide stable careers for socialjustice advocates. We recommend the Idaho Legislature implement nine reforms:CREATE MORE TRANSPARENCY The Legislature should approve each university’s budgetseparately. Separate budgets allow the Legislature to reward universities that stick to theircore mission with more funding, while penalizing universities that continue to emphasizesocial justice educationRESTRICT FUNDING TO PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES INFUSED WITH SOCIAL JUSTICEIDEOLOGY. Restore funding to universities that pursue their core mission of advancing truthand supporting the common good; have reduced administrative bloat; and have proven thesechanges to the Legislature.ADOPT ADDITIONAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. According to the Idaho State Board ofEducation’s policies and rules, the core mission for institutions of higher education includesprotecting academic freedom in research, teaching and learning for the purpose of the“advancement of truth” and serving the “common good.”1We recommend the following model language be added to education appropriation billsevery year:REPORTING REQUIREMENTS. It is the intent of the Legislature that each institutioncontinue with budget reduction considerations and cost containment efforts and,where possible, priority should be placed on reducing administrative overhead and theelimination of expenditures that support social justice ideology and are not integral to eachinstitution’s core instructional mission as determined by the State Board policies and rules.The State Board of Education shall provide a written report each year detailing complianceto the Joint Finance-Appropriations Committee and the House and Senate Educationcommittees detailing these budget reductions and cost containment efforts no later thanJanuary 15, 2022.
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationADOPT A RESOLUTION THAT SOCIAL JUSTICE EDUCATION DOES NOT SERVE THECOMMON GOOD so that State Board policies can differentiate universities following theirmission from universities which do not.ASSERT CONTROL OVER UNIVERSITY TUITION AND FEES. Freeze tuition until universitiesreturns to their core educational mission.CREATE A STUDENT CHOICE INITIATIVE ALLOWING STUDENTS TO OPT OUT OF STUDENTSERVICE FEES. The law would allow all students to choose which student fees they want topay and how that money would be allocated.DIRECT THE UNIVERSITY TO ELIMINATE COURSES that are infused with social justiceideology.PROTECT FREE SPEECH ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES. According to the Idaho State Board ofEducation, “Membership in the academic community imposes on administrators, facultymembers, other institutional employees, and students an obligation to respect the dignity ofothers, to acknowledge the right of others to express differing opinions, and to foster anddefend intellectual honesty, freedom of inquiry and instruction, and free expression on andoff the campus of an institution.”2We recommend passing the following model legislation from the Foundation for IndividualRights in Education:Campus Free Expression Act: This policy designates outdoor areas of public postsecondary educational institutions as traditional public forums open to free speech.3College Student Free Speech and Association Act: This policy requires post-seccondaryeducational institutions to disclose how their policies protect free speech on campus.4College Free Press Act: This policy protects the independence of campus media at publicpost-secondary educational institutions.5Student and Administration Equality Act: This policy establishes procedural protectionsapplicable to student conduct disciplinary proceedings at institutions of higher education.6ELIMINATE SOCIAL JUSTICE INDOCTRINATION DEPARTMENTS, as defined on page 20 ofthis report.3
4Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationSOCIAL JUSTICE IDEOLOGY INIDAHO HIGHER EDUCATIONAmerica’s colleges and universities havebecome increasingly liberal and radical overthe past 50 years.7 Academics and administratorsare no longer merely pushing progressive politics.They aim to transform higher education intoinstitutions dedicated to political activism andideological indoctrination. This new ideological bentis known as social justice education.8Social justice education reflects a diagnosis and aremedy.9 It offers a diagnosis of American society asmade up of various structures of oppression built bythe privileged to keep disadvantaged groups weak,unequal, and scattered. Under this ideology, America,for example, is seen as having a patriarchal, racist,Christian, European, homophobic, cisgendered, andableist culture. But universities promise a remedy.They teach students to identify, shame, and destroyoppressors by retraining their minds. They teach“oppressors” to identify with the plight of victimsand encourage remedial activism on their behalf,while feeling shame for what makes them superiorsuch as their “whiteness” or “toxic masculinity.” Theresult, its proponents seem to think, will be a new,healthy respect for diversity and inclusion. Freed ofoppressive structures, all people will be recognizedin their basic human dignity regardless of their race,ethnicity, language group, social class, gender identityor expression, sex, sexual orientation, disability status,etc. Or so the official promise reads.Totalitarian temptations are rooted in social justiceeducation. Its advocates demand conformity–victims are only members of oppressedclasses. The use of such words as “diversity,”“inclusion,” or “equity” require people tobelieve that America is on the treadmill ofoppression and victimhood. Social justiceactivists have committed countless acts of violenceon and off campus during the past few years—andstaged others.10 Their claims of “white privilege”have gone somewhat mainstream in the Black LivesMatter movement. Cities like Portland, Seattle,and Minneapolis have burned, and campus lifehas been disrupted all over the country.Social justice education undermines freedom underthe law and social harmony.11 It denies the realitythat inequality and privilege are complex socialphenomenon that come about in many differentways, not just from oppression. It is false andpernicious.What is more, there is no way to get from socialjustice ideology to a peaceful, unified, and happynation.This report is based on the idea that social justiceundermines the common good. It asks: How farhas social justice ideology advanced at BoiseState University?Addressing this question requires that we understandBSU’s social justice plans and how far it hasadvanced toward execution of those plans.Section I discusses the ambitions of administrators,
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher Educationas expressed in reports, policy changes, and missionstatements. Higher-level administrators likeuniversity presidents, provosts, and deans explainwhere the university is headed. Policies surroundingfree speech or bias incidents reveal how far thingsthat contradict the social justice ideology aretolerated on campus. Offices and requirementsdedicated specifically to social justice education aretelltale signs of its advances.Section II discusses the execution of these plans.Department mission statements, program learningoutcomes, and required courses tell us how farindividual departments provide social justice.General education requirements shape the educationexperience of students as well. Residence halldirectors provide direction to student life outside ofthe classroom.“ He who knows only hisown side of the case knowslittle of that.”– John Stuart Mill5
SECTION 1
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationADMINISTRATION PROMOTESSOCIAL JUSTICE EDUCATIONUniversities are complex organizations. A layer of administrators sits at the top. These administrators setthe strategic mission and tone for the university. They hire personnel and adopt policies to carry out thatmission.Administrators are relatively free to make changes in offices under their direct control, such as Title IXcompliance, admissions, and human resources. They can set long-term plans and direct academic deansto craft new mission statements. They can make policies surrounding hiring and free speech. They hirethose in charge of student experiences, such as residence halls directors and vendors providing services.Underneath administrators are permanent faculty. Administrators must often collaborate with theexisting faculty in order to effect the changes they would like to see, especially on broad curricularchanges.Students can also leverage change or resist it. Politically radical students can “force” changes onadministrators, as happened in the late 1960s, when administrators caved to demands from students andsome faculty.12 Many worry about “tenured radicals” transforming university education.13 But the pictureis more complex.Faculty members can slow some administrative initiatives surrounding diversity and inclusion if they arecommitted to professional norms like scientific objectivity (i.e., physics) or the provision of service (i.e.,nursing). Faculty can also abet those changes if their professional norms, as they see them, demand thefurtherance of social justice ideology (i.e., social work).An honest evaluation of an administration’s commitment to social justice education requires aninvestigation of the areas where administrators have some freedom in carrying out their vision.For BSU, we investigate administrative plans to prioritize social justice education; the missionstatements of colleges and schools; and policies relating to hiring, the creation of offices, and free speech,and to empower student activists.Conclusion: BSU administration is committed to building a social justiceinstitution. Social justice culture has grown beyond its infancy and is headedtoward adolescence.7
8Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationHOW IT HAPPENED:JULY 2017President Bob Kustra’s Commission on Diversity and Inclusion issued a report recommending “that Boise Statebegin the process of building a comprehensive institution-wide strategic plan for diversity and inclusion.”14Kustra’s commission thought the university must spearhead transformative change in Idaho. Defeating oppressionand victimhood would become central to BSU’s mission. “Our institution and those that lead it have reinforcedcultural, structural, and personal norms of what success looks like in Idaho and rural America.”The “true success” of a new university and a new Idaho would center on “inclusive excellence–achieved through a‘self-reflective and uncompromised commitment to the practice of inclusivity, which seeks to break from implicitand limiting biases that reify exclusionary practices.” The university would “replace dominant cultural norms” witha more “welcoming culture” by devising concrete steps to promote social justice.AUGUST 2017Francisco Salinas is hired as director of Student Diversity and Inclusion with a budget funded through studentfees.JUNE 2019Interim President Martin Schimpf released an email to faculty and staff lauding accomplishments in promotingsocial justice and announcing new initiatives to begin under the new president, Marlene Tromp.Accomplishments included: establishing scholarships for illegal immigrants; establishing implicit bias trainingfor faculty on search committees; having job searches undergo “statistical analysis for assessing number ofunderrepresented candidates in the pool”; and setting aside scholarships specifically for “underrepresentedminority students.”Future plans include hiring an associate Vice President for Diversity and Inclusion and mandatory preferredpronoun system with faculty training. Schimpf expressed “every confidence that Dr. Marlene Tromp has thebackground, experience and drive to take Boise State to new levels of diversity and inclusive excellence.”
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationFALL 2019The job search began for Vice Provost for Equity and Inclusion.SPRING 2020The job search was suspended when the COVID-19 pandemic began, though at least one candidate had been tocampus.FALL 2020The BUILD program was established as “an independent entity in service to [the] campus” and to “addressimportant needs that extend beyond the classroom.” The BUILD program is tasked with contributing to “aninclusive climate campus wide,” supporting “inclusive faculty hiring” and creating “inclusive departmentalenvironments.” Two new hires—Tasha Souza, director of BUILD, and Jeremy Harper, instructional consultant forInclusive Teaching—support this mission. The BUILD program will be under the new Vice Provost for Equityand Inclusion when that job search is complete.Conclusion: There is no limiting principle to BSU’s ambitions to build a social justiceinfrastructure. It will build what it can afford and get away with. BSU has adoptedthe core propositions of social justice ideology and believes its mission involvesdestroying oppressive structures and elevating alleged victims. If this is its coremission, the logic demands even more commitment to realizing that vision.9
10Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationDEANS & LEADERSHIPOnce a university announces its commitment to social justice education, it must permeate intoits colleges and schools. This usually happens in a familiar pattern. First, the university adopts social justiceideology. Second, social justice ideology makes its way into statements of shared values. After those statements ofshared values are accepted, mission statements must be changed to integrate social justice aspirations into collegeand school objectives. Once those objectives are set, schools and colleges usually hire associate deans dedicated todiversity and inclusion. This is how Ohio State University came to have 100 or more administrators committed todiversity and inclusion. BSU has adopted shared values of social justice across its colleges.Mission statements set the overall strategic direction for academic units. They are also crucial for the accreditationprocess. Accreditors judge academic units on whether they are fulfilling their own mission statements. Ifuniversities’ colleges or schools have social justice aspirations in their mission statements but are not fulfillingthem, they will produce reports insisting that universities allocate more funds and resources to fulfill thosemissions. Mission statements are thus leveraged through the accreditation process. Colleges and schools acrossBSU have integrated social justice statements into their shared values.The College of Business and Economics (COBE) Mission Statement has not changed since 2016, but its“shared values” have changed. It valued “relevance, respect, and responsibility” in 2016. In January 2018, COBEfaculty and staff posted an “intentional culture document” on its website. Its new core values include “inclusiveexcellence” as a “strategy for both communicating and demonstrating that we value, seek, engage, promote andinclude a rich diversity of stakeholders.”The College of Engineering has also adopted an emphasis in social justice education. According to its 2020Mission Statement and Core Values.“We excel through: Inclusion and Diversity; Innovation; Integrity.” On its website, engineering claims also toembody BSU’s “active commitment to diversity and inclusion.”The Graduate College aspires to help “the university maintain a culture of inclusiveness, collegiality and ethicalbehavior through its dedication to diversity, fairness and integrity.”Conclusion: College and school mission statements understate how much socialjustice ideology is infused into BSU experience. Leadership is taking steps toelevate the profile of “diversity and inclusion” and “inclusive excellence” in thecolleges and schools.
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher Education“ It’s an universal law—intolerance is the first signof an inadequate education.An ill-educated personbehaves with arrogantimpatience, whereas trulyprofound education breedshumility.”– Alexander Solzhenitsyn11
12Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationSOCIAL JUSTICE POLICIESAT BOISE STATESocial justice policies arise especially in recruitmentand hiring, as well as oversight of student conductand student support. BSU is not sufficiently eliteto practice affirmative action overmuch in studentadmissions or in hiring.Campus Security: BSU announced it wouldnot renew its contract with Boise Police Department(Boise PD), after consulting with student activists.In the meantime, it requires all Boise PD officersto take implicit bias training if they are assigned tocampus.15Hiring: BSU boasts that it offers its faculty“implicit bias training” as part of its recruitmentefforts for new faculty. Best practices are to findcandidates who satisfy the minimum qualificationsand then allow diversity considerations to guidehiring. Human Resources also certifies all jobpools against statistical measures to ensure thatrecruitment, application pools, interview pools,and final candidate pools are guided by adequateaffirmative action.FACULTY TRAINING: In a letter in August of2019, Interim President Schimpf explained hisplan to use a grant to grow the Center for Teachingand Learning’s BUILD Forum. BUILD providesworkshops and trainings “designed to recognizeand reflect upon our perceptions around implicitbias in the classroom and workplace.” Accordingto Schimpf, “dozens of faculty and staff have gonethrough the program and many more are in process— as many as there is capacity to accommodate.”16BUILD is now its own entity. Training is voluntary(for now), but this is the camel’s nose in thetent. What starts as mandatory likely becomescompulsory under the social justice education model.Enhanced Harassment and AntiDiscrimination Policies: (Adopted March2020). The Foundation for Individual Rights inEducation (FIRE) judges Boise State’s policies to bein its Yellow category.17 Yellow policies compromisefree speech since they make the alleged victim thejudge over whether a violation of university conducthas happened, or the policies tilt the scales againstfree speech and toward proscribing categories ofspeech, but do not target specific categories ofspeech.For example: Policy 1060 defines Harassmentas follows: “Unfair treatment, abusive words orexpressions, or intimidating or threatening behavioraimed at any member of the campus communitybased on a protected class (e.g., religion, race,national origin) should be reported to the Officeof Institutional Compliance.” BSU policy definesa “hostile environment” as “conduct is so severe,pervasive, or persistent that it creates an environmentthat would cause a reasonable person substantialemotional distress.”Policy 2065 prohibits bullying and makes theallegedly bullied the judge of such bullying.“Bullying someone on the basis of sex or gender. . may include repeated use of degrading words,gestures, or sounds to describe a person.”
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationTitle IX. Boise State has adhered to TitleIX regulations of the Obama and Trumpadministrations. When the Obama Administration’sDear Colleague letter went out demanding lesserprocedural protections for rape accusations,18BSU adhered. When the Trump Administrationrescinded that letter, BSU changed its policyas per the regulation but has taken actions tocreate the conditions for readopting the Obamaadministration’s policies.According to liberal and feminist professors,19many campuses seek to create the impression of a“rape crisis” on campus by educating students intoidentifying ever more acts as rape; encouragingstudents to report such acts and telling victims thatthey will be believed; and issuing increasing numbersof “timely warnings” to the student body in order toleave the impression that young men are preying onyoung women, which in turn justifies a weakening ofdue process on campus.BSUs Title IX office uses its student orientation andits timely warning process to create the impressionthat the university has a general rape problem. Ithas sent out duplicate timely warnings during theFall 2020 Semester. On Oct. 30, 2020, UniversityCounsel Alicia Etsey even issued a timely warningfor an anonymous claim, with the effect of creatingthe impression that BSU has some sort of a crisis onits campus. Contrary to these efforts, official statisticsreported through the university in its Clery reportingprocess show that the number of rape allegationsdeclined from 2015-2017 to a low of 9.20Lack of Transparency. BSU has tried tohide its administrative efforts and plans centeredaround social justice in several ways: BSU removed Kustra’s 2017 Commissionon Diversity and Inclusion report from itswebsite. A representative partially denied a lawfulpublic records request issued by IFFregarding implicit bias training. A representative has not produceddocuments regarding the Big City Coffeescandal pursuant to a lawful public recordsrequest issued by IFF. Sources within the Dean’s council have toldus that the university is scrubbing the word“diversity” from its website because theLegislature does not like it. It is replacing“diversity” with words like “equity, fairness,inclusion” and so on.Conclusion: Boise State has created racial and gender-based tiers for hiringfaculty and is putting resources behind “implicit bias” and other social justiceinitiatives in its teacher training. It accepts the architecture of policies thatprohibit free speech and provide special protection for supposedly aggrievedminorities on campus.13
14Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationTHE INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCESTUDENT COUNCILA key element in the social justice ideologyat BSU is its Inclusive Excellence StudentCouncil (IESC). The IESC seems to be a successororganization of the Council for Inclusive Excellencefounded after Kustra’s Commission on Diversity andInclusion. IESC is fully integrated into the studentgovernment and university administration.Members are appointed to the IESC by the IESCin conjunction with Salinas and Vice President ofStudent Affairs and Enrollment Management LeslieWebb. It seems to be a self-perpetuating system.BSU pays students to occupy positions on IESC andto provide muscle for hard-core student activism.IESC Seeks Control Over Campus ContractsIESC’s mission is to have “student activists .advocate[] for the validity of their existences withinBoise State’s institution, and in a system that keptmarginalized communities from being able to accessa culturally relevant education that de-centers: whitesupremacy, transphobia, homophobia, xenophobia,racism, classism, sexism, ageism, ableism, and anyother discrimination or bigotry.”Duties of the IESC include advising faculty, staffand administration on policies and the broaderenvironment on campus. Examples of such dutiesinclude: Advise and address administrative leadershipon diversity and inclusion efforts. Hold the greater Boise State Universityaccountable to its Statement of SharedValues, Commitment to Diversity andInclusion, and the Student Code ofConduct. Serve as an advisory board to organizationsand departments associated with studentsand the campus community.This year Boise State signed a contract with a localsmall business, Big City Coffee, to replace Starbuckson campus. Big City’s owner, Sarah Fendley, isengaged to Kevin Holtry, a Boise police officer.Holtry was shot five times in the line of duty whilepursuing an armed and dangerous fugitive.21 He isnow in a wheelchair. To honor her fiancé, Fendleydisplayed a Blue Lives Matter flag in her originalshop, located in downtown Boise.The Vice President of IESC soon complained thatthe university used “limited white feedback” when itselected Big City Coffee and that “political affiliationand race weren’t considered.”22 The vendor process,she held, was an example of “white supremacy.”Administrators and advisors for the IESC agreedwith the characterization and encouraged IESCstudents to take an active role in university hiring,contracting, and other policy matters in the future.Webb assured IESC that the school would “createa better process moving forward,” one presumablyincluding feedback from the IESC when it considersuniversity vendors and hires. Webb said she hadalready informed the university’s vendor for dining
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher Educationservices of the school’s new process. “I do believewe missed it and got caught in the urgency of[getting Big City under contract],” Webb said in themeeting. “The timeline got condensed in order to getsomething in and it is not a thorough or inclusiveprocess.”23 Webb committed “to action orientedmovement for the future.”that BSU officials did meet with his fiancé, and theyproposed her company provide scholarships and jobsfor “people of color” as a concession for remaining oncampus.Salinas joined the crusade. He proposed a shakedown to hold “Big City accountable by providingscholarships to marginalized students.”The university could have easily reiterated theirsupport for Officer Holtry and Big City Coffee.It didn’t. In this case, Big City Coffee’s supportfor law enforcement was enough for the campusadministration and IESC to create a hostileenvironment so untenable that exiting was its onlyviable option.“In contracts you can ask for human rights to be apart of it. That is a step moving in the right directionand will begin to influence others,” Salinas told thestudents.24 Pushback against Big City Coffee andgetting them to leave could be, Salinas continued,“the beginning of a revolution where we say that wehave a standard for corporate partnerships that wehave.”Officer Holtry told KBOI-AM’s Nate ShelmanPreviously, the university honored Officer Holtry athalf times during football games.Impeachment of Student Body PresidentThe student government, led by the IESC,impeached its student body president on theallegation that he supported extending BSU’scontract with the Boise Police Department.CONCLUSION: IESC is a university-funded, self-perpetuating council that aimsto intimidate the student body into compliance on a narrow agenda and serve asa prod to take the administration into more extreme social justice measures oncampus, including a role in approving university contracts. Where will the demandsof the IESC end? Will BSU ever be able to say “no” to IESC, given their plans forSocial Justice education?“ This could bethe beginning ofa revolution.”— Francisco SalinasAssistant to the vice presidentfor equity initiatives15
SECTION 2
Social Justice Ideology in Idaho Higher EducationCURRICULUM & STUDENTEXPERIENCESocial justice e
But all universities including Boise State University (BSU) have adopted an ideology that demands a built out apparatus. Social Justice education at BSU is no longer in its infancy. It is heading toward maturity, spreading into hiring, policies, curriculum, and student life. BSU is adding to its social justice mission every year.
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446 Chapter 13:Reflecting on Worldview, Ideology, and Citizenship Influences of Worldview and Ideology on Citizenship As you saw in Part 1 of this book, your worldview may lead you toward an ideology that influences the ways you think and act.As you will explore in this chapter, worldview and ideology shape your evolving role as a citizen.
French Ideology of English as a World Language and American Second Language Speakers compares French ideology of American English and French ideology of the American accent in French to investigate if the two correlate. The study seeks to answer the question: Is ideology linked to the speech community represented or is it
Mr.Justice Sh.Riaz Ahmed, HCJ Mr.Justice Munir A.Sheikh Mr.Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry Mr.Justice Qazi Muhammad Farooq Mr.Justice Mian Muhammad Ajmal Mr.Justice Syed Deedar Hussain Shah Mr.Justice Hamid Ali Mirza Mr.Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar Mr.Justice Muhammad Nawaz Abbasi CONSTITUTION PETITION NO.15 OF 2002
municipal corporation, district, public health district, political . 1 Idaho Code § 74-102. 2 Idaho Code §§ 74-104 to 74-111. 3. Idaho Code § 74-101(11). Idaho Public Records Law Manual . 2 subdivision, or any agency thereof, any committee of a local or . Idaho Public Records Law Manual “Public . . . . . .
co-author of Evictions and Landlord/Tenant Law in Idaho(2002) Adam is currently a member of the Idaho and California Bar associations. In Idaho, Adam is a member of the Idaho Bar’s Government Law Section and the International Law Section. He is also a member and former officer of the Idaho Municipal Attorney’s Association. Since 2001 Adam .
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