STUD WELDING-THE PROCESS - Hanlon Equipment

ENGINEER ING DATA STUD WELDING-THE PROCESS WHAT IS STUD WELDING? TYPICAL STUD WELDING SYSTEM Stud Welding is a semi-automatic welding process in which a weld stud, pin, anchor or similar metal part can be end-joined to a parent metal surface instantaneously. This stud welding process involves the same basic principles and metallurgical aspects as any other arc welding procedure. The process is as follows: The weld stud is places against the base metal. An arc is drawn which melts the base of the stud and a proportionate area of the base metal, the fastener is then forced into the molten pool and held in place until the metals re-solidify, completed in less than a second. There are two distinct welding techniques used to accomplish this stud welding process. The two different methods are called Capacitor Discharge (usually “CD” for short) and ARC. The difference between these two methods involves the Power Source used to provide the welding current and design of CD and ARC weld fasteners. The equipment required for stud welding is comprised of a direct current Power Supply, a Controller, A Weld Gun, and Cables to tie the system components and parent metal together. Today, in almost all systems, the power supply and controller are combined as one component called the “Stud Welder.” HOW CAN STUD WELDING REDUCE COST? Stud Welding can reduce costs by saving labor and material where end joined components are required by speeding up design and layout time and installation rates, and by preventing many common secondary operations. Bosses and spot facing, conterboring, undercutting and manual fillet welding, soldering, drilling and tapping, riveting inserts and special retainers are often totally eliminated. Yet in most cases the welded joint is stronger than many alternate joining methods. A single inexperienced operator, working with a portable, single system, from just one side of the work surface can weld a minimum of 6n studs per minute. Other advantages with CD stud welding include attachments to very thin metals, no reverse side marking such as in pre-laminated painted, or plated parts, and no excessive part heating or warpage. With simple tooling, accuracy can be held within .005” with portable equipment. Arc Stud Welding provides high fastener strength requiring less materials for component system integrity, and is usually not affected by minor weld zone contamination situations generally present under normal construction applications HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA STUD WELDING-THE PROCESS CAPACITOR DISCHARGE (CD) 1 When the gun is activated, a special precision weld tip initiates a controlled electric arc from the welder capacitor bank which melts the end of the stud and a portion of the base metal. The stud is held in place as the molten metal solidifies instantly accomplishing a high quality fusion weld. 2 Stud against work 3 Stored energy discharged through special welt tip and starts stud upward. 4 Stud forced down into molten metal. Metal solidifies and weld is completed in milliseconds. CD Stud Welding is generally used to weld smaller diameter studs to thin base metals, especially where reverse side markings is not permissible. Since the entire weld cycle is completed in milliseconds, welds can be made to thin material without pronounced distortion, burn-through or reverse side discoloration. As long as one end of the stud is designed for CD welding, CD studs can be manufactured in almost any shape. CD Stud Welding is compatible with just about any weldable material, and permits the welding of dissimilar metals. CD-Gap and CD-Drawn Arc methods vary slightly from these illustrations TYPICAL CAPACITOR DISCHARGE STUD WELDINGSYSTEM HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA ARC STUD WELDING (ARC) 1 2 Stud and ceramic ferrule against the work plate. 3 Stud lifts and arc is drawn. 4 Control times out and stud plunges into molten steel. The weld gun lifts the stud a short distance from the base metal and initiates a controlled electric are from the power source which melts the end of the stud and of portion of the base metal. The ceramic ferrule contains the molten metal into which the stud is thrust automatically and a high quality fusion weld is accomplished. ARC Stud Welding is generally used to weld larger diameter studs to thick base metals. ARC studs may be almost any shape and there are literally hundreds, however, they must have one end of the stud designed for ARC welding and must be made of weldable materials. Mild Steel. Stainless steel, and aluminum are applicable materials for ARC Stud Welding. Metal solidifies and weld is completed in milliseconds. TYPICAL ARC STUD WELDING SYSTEM HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS CAPACITOR DISCHARGE ARC MATERIAL: Standard in low carbon steel, 302/304/305 stainless, and 1100, 6061, and 5000 series aluminum. Brass and other alloys available. Standard in low carbon steel, high strength steel, and 302/304/305 stainless. Aluminum, monel, inconel and other grades of stainless available. PLATING: Copper plating is standard. Cadmium, nickel, zinc, and others available Cadmium to ASTM-A 165 type TS, zinc to ASTM-B 633 (formerly A 164) and other plating are available. NonWeldable plating is removed from the weld end to avoid contamination of the weld. ANNEALING: All low carbon steel and stainless steel studs are annealed where required. Low carbon steel can be annealed to a maximum of 75 Rockwell B and stainless steel to a maximum of 90 Rockwell B. THREADS: UNC-2A is standard for external threads prior to plating and UNC-2B for internal threads. For metric and other thread sizes contact Hanlon Equipment. WELD BASE: Flanged, mini-flanged, and non-flanged are available. 1/4” dia. and over have a solid flux. Diameters under 1/4” are standard pointed, and flux is optional. STUD CD studs have no appreciable length LENGTH reduction after welding. REDUCTION: approx. reduction 3/16” thru 1/2” 1/8” 5/8” thru 7/8” 3/16” 7/8” and over 1/4” 1/8” wide rectangulars 1/8” FERRULES Does not apply to CD All orders include ferrules when they are required. HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA CD STUD BASE METAL COMBINATIONS STUD MATERIAL BASE WELD SURFACE MATERIAL MILD STEEL 1006 through 1030 MILD STEEL STAINLESS ALUMINUM BRASS 1008, 1010 304/305 1100/5000 70-30/65-35 Excellent Excellent — Excellent Good* Good* — Good* GALVANIZED SHEET DUCT OR DECKING Excellent Excellent — Excellent STRUCTURAL STEEL Excellent Excellent — Excellent STAINLESS STEEL 405,410,430, and 330 series, except 303 Excellent Excellent — Excellent LEAD FREE BRASS, ELECTROLYTIC COPPER, LEADFREE ROLLED COPPER Excellent Excellent — Excellent MOST ALUMINUM ALLOYS OF THE 1100,3000,5000, AND 6000** — — Excellent — Good* Good* Excellent Good* MEDIUM CARBON STEEL 1030 through 1050 DIE-CAST ZINC ALLOYS *Good: Generally full strength results, depending upon the combination of stud size and base metals. ** Other materials, such as 7000 series aluminum, titanium alloys, Inconel, etc. can be welded under specified conditions. HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA CD STUD REVERSE SIDE MARKING LIMITATIONS The charts on this page will be of help in determining the best combination of stud weld base size and metal thickness. It should be noted that the Hanlon Equipment charts are based on optimum laboratory conditions. Even under optimum conditions, it is difficult to determine the precise point at which reverse-side marking will appear. Therefore, these charts should be used as a guide. For further assistance contact Hanlon Equipment. The terms of the chart are defined as follows: GREY: WHITE: BLACK: EXCELLENT—No marking, excellent weld. ACCEPTABLE– Visible marking, excellent weld. UNACCEPTABLE — Unacceptable marking, base metal failure. MILD STEEL BASE METAL: Mild Steel STUD: Mild Steel, Flanged or Mini Flange STAINLESS STEEL BASE METAL: Stainless Steel STUD: Stainless Steel, Flanged or Mini-Flanged ALUMINUM BASE METAL: Aluminum STUD: Aluminum, Flanged or Mini-Flange HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA CAPACITOR DISCHARGE LOCATING METHODS HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA CAPACITOR DISCHARGE (CD) WELD INSPECTION VISUAL INSPECTION The Hanlon Equipment CD stud weld can be visually inspected by observing the fillet at the base of the stud. The illustrations and comments above will assist you in visually judging the quality of the weld. MECHANICAL TESTING Mechanical tests should be made before production to insure satisfactory results. They can also be made at the beginning of a shift to insure proper results. CD Studs can be tested by bending the stud or by testing the tensile load with a torque test. Bend test can be preformed, by blunt force with a hammer or by using tubing or pipe. The angle of the bend test will depend on the stud and base materials. Torque testing can simply be preformed with washers, a nut, and a torque wrench. Tensille testing can also be done with tensile testing equipment BEND TEST TENSILE TEST HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com

ENGINEERING DATA CAPACITOR DISCHARGE (CD) LOAD STRENGTHS STUD MATERIAL Low-Carbon, Copper-flashed Steel Stainless Steel Aluminum Alloy 1100 Aluminum Alloy 6061 Brass 70-30 (260) 65-35 (268) STUD SIZE MAXIMUM FASTENING TORQUE (INCH LBS.)* ULTIMATE TENSILE LOAD (LBS.) MAXIMUM SHEAR LOAD (LBS.) 6-32 6 500 375 8-32 12 765 575 10-24 14 960 720 1/4-20 43 1750 1300 5/16-18 72 2900 2200 3/8-16 106 4300 3250 6-32 10 790 590 8-32 20 1260 940 10-24 23 1530 1150 1/4-20 75 2880 2160 5/16-18 126 3750 5350 3/8-16 106 4850 7150 6-32 2.5 200 125 8-32 5 295 185 10-24 6.5 380 235 1/4-20 21.5 670 415 5/16-18 36 1125 695 3/8-16 53 1660 1000 6-32 6.5 350 160 8-32 13 560 229 10-24 19 670 310 1/4-20 40 1240 679 5/16-18 70.5 2025 1210 3/8-16 100 2985 1750 6-32 8 600 390 8-32 16 860 560 10-24 18.5 1040 680 1/4-20 61 1950 1275 5/16-18 102 3280 2140 3/8-16 150 4800 3160 *These values should develop fastener tension to slightly less than yeild point. HANLON EQUIPMENT COMPANY 800 TOUHY AVENUE ELK GROVE VILLAGE, ILLINOIS 60007 PHONE: 847.228.1990 Toll Free:1- 800-HANLONS 426-5667 FAX: 847.228.1995 INTERNET: hanlonequipment.com