Energy Payback Time Of Photovoltaic Systems - Solaik.ch
Energierücklaufzeiten für PV-Module und Systeme Energy payback times of PV modules and systems Mariska de Wild-Scholten 6. Workshop Photovoltaik-Modultechnik, 26-27 November 2009, Köln www.ecn.nl
Outline 2 Sustainability Life Cycle Assessment Energy payback time Energy yield ratio Conclusions 26-11-2009
Sustainability: the 3 pillars health safety People: SLCA Social Life Cycle Assessment environment: photochemical oxidation ozone layer depletion global warming Planet: toxicity LCA acidification Life Cycle Assessment eutrophication Profit: LCC depletion of resources external costs Life Cycle Costing Levelized Cost of Electricity EPIA Sustainability Working Group & IEA PVPS task 12 3 26-11-2009
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ISO14040 series Determination of the environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave Life Cycle Assessment framework Goal and scope definition Inventory analysis Simapro software Ecoinvent database 4 26-11-2009 Impact assessment Interpretation
Photovoltaics cannot pay back it’s energy investment? 5 26-11-2009
Energy payback time (EPBT) definition: time in which the energy input during the PV system life-cycle is compensated by electricity generated by the PV system EPBT Einput / (Eoutput/year) Lifetime of PV system not included! 6 26-11-2009
Energy payback time: calculation example CdTe PV module E input Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) from LCA 12236 MJprim/kWp Irradiation 1700 kWh/m2.year Performance ratio (IEC 61724) Generated electricity Efficiency electricity supply Avoided energy Energy payback time 7 26-11-2009 0.75 1275 kWh/kWp.year 11.4 MJprim/kWh 1275 x 11.4 14535 MJprim/kWp.year 12236 / 14535 0.84 years
Data & assumptions UCTE (European) electricity mix Slanted roof-top installation for flat plate, 2-axis tracker for CPV; performance ratio 0.75 x-Si: CrystalClear project - Si feedstock REC Siemens, multi wafers REC, ribbon “wafers” Evergreen Solar, frameless modules Si TF: Performance project - a-Si: German producer, µm-Si: best data equipment manufacturers, - excluding SF6/NF3 consumption/emissions - fiX mounting of frameless module - a-Si on steel: United Solar - a-Si on PEN: Flexcell (Flexcellence project) CdTe: Performance project - First Solar data 2004 ecoinvent 2.0 updated energy/glass consumption/Cd emission - mounting of frameless modules: Schletter roof-top, assumed same as xSi - module recycling: no data for filtercake treatment CIGS: Performance project - German producer ecoinvent 2.0 data for water & some metals - mounting of frameless modules: Schletter roof-top, assumed same as xSi - module recycling: assumed the same as CdTe CPV: Apollon project - ENE, NaREC, CPower, SolarTech International AG 8 26-11-2009
Cumulative Energy Demand MJprim / m2 of module 3000 CED of modules (MJ/m2) xSi CdTe CIGS 2000 1000 0 MJ/m2 9 Si TF mono multi ribbon a-Si µm-Si a-Si on steel a-Si on PEN CdTe CIGS (1) CIGS (2) 2008 2007 2009 2008 2008 2006 2008 2009 2009 2007 14.0% 13.2% 13.2% 6.6% 8.5% 5.7% 3.8% 10.9% 10.5% 11.0% 2860 2699 1548 989 1173 866 252 811 1684 1936 26-11-2009
Cumulative Energy Demand MJprim / Wp of modules xSi CED of modules (MJ/Wp) 25 CdTe CIGS 20 15 10 5 0 MJ/Wp 10 Si TF 26-11-2009 mono multi ribbon a-Si µm-Si a-Si on steel a-Si on PEN CdTe CIGS (1) CIGS (2) 2008 2007 2009 2008 2008 2006 2008 2009 2009 2007 14.0% 13.2% 13.2% 6.6% 8.5% 5.7% 3.8% 10.9% 10.5% 11.0% 20 20 12 15 14 15 7 7 16 18
Energy payback time 2.5 on-roof installation in Southern Europe 2 1700 kWh/m .yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules EPBT in years 2.0 take back & recycling ? 1.5 inverter ? mounting cabling laminate 1.0 cell ingot/crystal wafer 0.5 Si feedstock 0.0 11 mono multi ribbon CIGS CdTe a-Si µm-Si glass-EVAbacksheet glass-EVAbacksheet glass-EVAbacksheet glass-PVBglass glass-EVAglass glass-EVAbacksheet glass-EVAglass 2008 2007 2009 2009 2009 2008 2008 14.0% 13.2% 13.2% 10.5% 10.9% 6.6% 8.5% 26-11-2009 no framing ecoinvent 2.0 background m.dewild@ecn.nl 24 November 2009
Carbon footprint (!) breakdown largest contribution from electricity & glass similar picture for EPBT Carbon footprint 2 kg CO2eq/m laminate 70 60 50 other encapsulation glass electricity 40 30 20 10 0 12 26-11-2009 Si TF CdTe CIGS glass-EVA-glass glass-EVA-glass glass-EVA-glass 2008 2008 2007 m.dewild@ecn.nl May 2009
Energy payback time of Concentrator PV systems largest contribution from tracking system 100% Energy payback time 90% 80% 70% 60% inverter tracking modules cells 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% A 13 26-11-2009 B Apollon project ecoinvent 2.0 background m.dewild@ecn.nl 28 June 2009
What is THE energy payback time of PV? 14 26-11-2009
“The” energy payback time: CdTe PV system 2.4 years 1.8 years 1.4 years 1.2 years 1.0 years 0.9 years 0.8 years 0.7 years 15 26-11-2009
“The” energy payback time for CPV system Direct Normal Irradiation (DNI): kWh/m2.year & EPBT 4.9 y 3.6 y 2.9 y 2.4 y 2.1 y 1.8 y 1.6 y 1.5 y 1.3 y 1.2 y Source of DNI map: suri@geomodel.eu 16 26-11-2009 preliminary results Apollon project
Energy yield ratio (EYR) definition: how many times the energy invested is returned or paid back by the system in its entire life EYR Eoutput in lifetime / Einput EYR 1 EYR 1 17 26-11-2009 : :
Energy Yield Ratio of PV systems to be calculated when reliable data about system lifetime and module degradation become available [Performance project] 18 26-11-2009
Conclusions Energy payback time 19 1 year for PV systems in S-Europe lifetime of PV system Major contributions - for flat plate PV from module production (electricity glass), - for CPV from tracking system Energy Yield Ratio is a better metric for comparisons because based on lifetime energy output 26-11-2009
Acknowledgements & further info EU projects: Flexcellence, CrystalClear, Performance, Apollon B.S. Richards, M.E. Watt (2007) Permanently dispelling a myth of photovoltaics via the adoption of a new net energy indicator m.dewild@ecn.nl papers: http://www.ecn.nl/publicaties/default.aspx?au 44649 20 26-11-2009
Thank you! 21 26-11-2009
Life Cycle Assessment Energy payback time Energy yield ratio Conclusions. 3 26-11-2009 Sustainability: the 3 pillars People: SLCA. Social Life Cycle Assessment. . Apollon project ecoinvent 2.0 background m.dewild@ecn.nl 28 June 2009 Energy payback time inverter tracking modules cells. 14 26-11-2009 What is THE energy payback time .
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