Energy Conservation Opportunity With Variable Frequency Drive . - IJSRD
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 3, Issue 04, 2015 ISSN (online): 2321-0613 Energy Conservation Opportunity with Variable Frequency Drive in Forced Draft Fan in Boiler House Rajendra Patel1 Dharmesh Patel2 Smt. Kinnari Damania3 1,2,3 Lecturer 1,2,3 Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2,3 Government Polytechnic Waghai, Ahawa-Dang, Gujarat, India Abstract— Energy saving is necessary for saving fuel and energy cost in industry. The energy saving has become one of the main objective of the international and national policies. A considerable level of energy losses are accepted reality in a large number of industries and there is evident potential for energy efficiency improvements. Electric motors use two-third of all electricity in industry, so any chance to reduce this load, even by single figures is highly significant. Most pumps and fans are 20 % oversized for the duties they perform. Also electrical motors are available in specific speed range. Pumps and fans are coupled with electric motor to perform their duties. The boiler house equipment the forced draft fan rotates at full load constant speed and there are energy losses. By using the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to reducing operating speed of the FD fan motor from 100% to 80% can save as 50% of energy. To reducing fan speed not only reduces energy consumption but also reduces noise and vibration. Key words: VFD, FD FAN, IGV, MCR I. INTRODUCTION Energy cost is a significant factor in economic activity. The imperatives of energy shortage call for energy conservation measures, which essentially mean using less energy for the same level of activity. The problem of energy waste is made worse by the fact that many motors are oversized using more energy than the application actually needs. This is because motors are only available with a certain number of fixed speeds. Users tend to fit the next bigger size relative to the requirement and then throttle the output. Normally, electric motors only have one speed; if you want a different speed you must buy a different motor. Fig. 1: Air and hot flue gas circuit C. Balanced Draught Balanced draught is obtained through use of both induced and forced draught. When the static pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure, the system is referred to as balanced draft. Forced draft fan Induced draft fan 1) Forced Draft Fan In this type of system, fan is placed near the base of the boiler grate, or outside the furnace. With the help of this fan, outside atmospheric air is forced in the furnace. Hot gases in the furnace are forced out through chimney. The forced draft fan is shown in fig.2. II. BOILER HOUSE A. Boiler Boiler is closed vessel in which the heat is produced by the combustion of fuel is transfer to water for its conversion into steam at desired temperature and pressure. Boiler house consist the following two circuits:Air and hot flue gas circuit Feed water and steam circuit B. Air and Hot Flue Gas Circuit The air and hot flue gas circuit consists of forced draft fan, induced draft fan, boiler furnace, economizer, air pre-heater, electrostatic precipitator and chimney. The air and hot flue gas circuit shown in fig.1 Fig. 2: Forced Draft fan In this type of system, fan is placed near the base of the boiler grate, or outside the furnace. With the help of this fan, outside atmospheric air is forced in the furnace. Hot gases in the furnace are forced out through chimney. Normally it is done with the help of a forced draft fan. All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 3134
Energy Conservation Opportunity with Variable Frequency Drive in Forced Draft Fan in Boiler House (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 04/2015/516) III. FAN/BLOWER CHARACTERISTIC CURVE Fig. 3: Fan /Blower system curve A fan operates along a performance given by the manufacturer for a particular fan speed. At fan speed N1, the fan will operate along the N1 performance curve as shown in Figure. The fan's actual operating point on this curve will depend on the system resistance; Fan’s operating point at "A" is flow (Q1) against pressure (P1). Two methods can be used to reduce air flow from Q1 to Q2: First method is to restrict the air flow by partially closing a damper in the system. This action causes a new system performance curve (SC2) where the required pressure is greater for any given air flow. The fan will now operate at "B" to provide the reduced air flow Q2 against higher pressure P2. Second method to reduce air flow is by reducing the speed from N1 to N2, keeping the damper fully open. The fan would operate at "C" to provide the same Q2 air flow, but at a lower pressure P3. Thus, reducing the fan speed is a much more efficient method to decrease airflow since less power is required and less energy is consumed. V. VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD) VFD is best option for reduced the motor load.VFD reduce the output of an application component, such as a pump or a fan, by controlling the speed of the motor, ensuring that it runs no faster than it needs to. The relationship between a fan’s speed and its energy requirement is known as the cube law, because the need for power increases with the cube of the speed. This means that a small decreases in fan speed, more power saving, but also a modest speed reduction can result in significant energy saving. The problem of energy waste is made worse by the fact that many motors are oversized using more energy than the application actually needs. This is because motors are only available with a certain number of fixed speeds. Users tend to fit the next bigger size relative to the requirement and then throttle the output. Normally, electric motors only have one speed; if you want a different speed you must buy a different motor. “A pump or a fan running at half speed consumes only one-eighth of the power compared to one running at full speed.” In additional to the energy savings, a VFD delivers accurate control and produces less mechanical wear and tear, which reduces maintenance and extends the life expectancy of the system. Payback period is often less than six months on energy alone. A. Definition and Working of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Variable frequency drive also called frequency inverter, AC drive etc. It is an electric device to change utility power source to variable frequency to control AC motor in variable speed operation. IV. INLET GUIDE VANE (IGV) OR DAMPER SYSTEM IGVs are driven by actuator, electrically or pneumatically to vary the volume of air that a fan discharge. IGV analysis says that the use of IGVs is not extremely energy efficient because of they are closed the PRE-SWIRL air entering the fan housing system. This changes the angle at which the air is presented to the fan blades, which in turn to changes the characteristics of the fan curve. IGVs are energy efficient for modest flow reductions from 100 percentage to 80 percentage. Below the 80 percentage flow, the energy efficiency drops sharply. Fig. 4: IGV /Damper characteristic Fig. 5: VFD system The variable frequency drive (VFD) converts the supply frequency and voltage to the required frequency and voltage to drive a motor. Hence, VFD converts the supply frequency and voltage to the frequency and voltage required to drive a motor at a desired speed other than its rated speed. The synchronous speed of an induction motor is given by the equation as: NS Where, NS synchronous speed of motor, frequency of current, in HZ No. of poles in motor winding. Motor speed (RPM) is dependent upon frequency. Varying the frequency output of the VFD controls motor speed:Example:Speed, Ns Frequency (hertz) 120/no. of poles 2-poles motor at different frequencies All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 3135
Energy Conservation Opportunity with Variable Frequency Drive in Forced Draft Fan in Boiler House (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 04/2015/516) 3600 rpm 60 hertz 120/2 3600 3000 rpm 50 hertz 120/2 3000 2400 rpm 40 hertz 120/2 2400 The actual running speed is always lesser by 2 to 6 % of its synchronous speed. C. Energy Saving With VFD in Fan B. Affinity Laws for Fans The affinity laws for pumps/fans are used in hydraulics and HVAC to express the relationship between variables involved in pump or fan performance (such as head, volumetric flow rate, shaft speed) and power. They apply to pumps, fans, and hydraulic turbines. In these rotary implements, the affinity laws apply both to centrifugal and axial flows. I Law . With impeller diameter (D) held constant: Fig. 7: Ideal energy consumption with VFD Fig. 6: Fan affinity laws charts Law 1.a. Flow is proportional to shaft speed: Q1 Q2 N1 N2 Law 1.b. Pressure or Head is proportional to the square of shaft speed: H1 H2 N1 N 2 2 Law 1.c. Power is proportional to the cube of shaft speed: P1 P2 N1 3 N2 Where, - Q is the volumetric flow rate ( TPH), D is the impeller diameter (mm), N is the shaft rotational speed ( RPM), H is the pressure or head developed by the fan/pump (mm WC), and P is the shaft power (kW). Fig. 8: VFD fan control The fixed speed motor load application such as the forced draft fan are supplied direct AC power. The energy saving is obtained by variable speed drive by using fan affinity laws. By using a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to slow down a fan or pump motor speed from 100% to 50% can save as 80% of energy. Reducing fan speed not only reduces energy consumption but also reduce noise and vibration. D. Performance assessment of Fan/Blower The fan/blower performance can be calculated by measurement of air flow, total pressure head and temperature on the fan side and input power on the motor side. 1) Measurement of airflow (Q) Static pressure: It is the potential energy put into the system by the fan. It is the friction produced by the ducts and at the ducts inlet as it is converted to velocity pressure. Velocity pressure: The rise in the static pressure which occurs when air moving with some velocity. This velocity pressure is used to calculate air velocity. Total pressure: The sum of static pressure and velocity pressure at a point is known as total pressure at that point. Air density calculation Air density ( ) 273 1.293 273 T Where, All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 3136
Energy Conservation Opportunity with Variable Frequency Drive in Forced Draft Fan in Boiler House (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 04/2015/516) T actual temperature of air or gas. Velocity calculation Velocity (ѵ) CP 38 % Actual mechanical efficiency of FD fan unit #2 2 g p % η mech 23 % Where, CP Pitot tube const. g Gravitation acceleration m2/s p Total pressure head mm WC Air density at site kg/m3 2) Volume Calculation Air volume, Q velocity area m3/s 3) Mechanical Efficiency for Fan/Blower Power input to fan shaft (kW) Power input to motor terminal Motor efficiency at corresponding loading (ηm) Transmission efficiency (ηt) 4) Static Efficiency Q ( P) static % η static 102 (kW ) shaft 5) Mechanical Efficiency % η mech Q ( P)total 102 (kW ) shaft VI. ESTIMATION OF PAYBACK PERIOD To assess the performance of Forced Draft (FD) Fan, the following parameter were observed in the control room at Thermal Power Plant Sikka, Jamnagar and the power measurement were measured using portable online power analyzer. The performance parameters are tabulated below: As run conditions: Number of fan operated #2 Types of excess air flow control:- Inlet guide vane (IGV) Actual Measured Parameters Units Design FAN #1 FAN #2 Units load MW 120 85(MCR) Frequency Hz 50 50 Speed RPM 1451 1451 1451 Flow TPH 240 125 134 Total pressure mm WC 452 138 145 head Power consumption kW 444 122 231 Motor input Motor output kW 400 110 208 Table 6.1: FD fan design and actual measured data 134 1000 145 102 231 3600 Sr. no Operat ing speed % 1 100 2 90 3 80 4 70 5 60 6 50 Flo w rat e, Q TP H 24 0 21 6 19 2 16 8 14 4 12 0 Total press ure head in mm WC Power consump tion with VFD in kW Energy conserva tion with VFD kWh/yr Actu al Ener gy savin g in kW/ yr 452 122 878400 0 366 89 640800 289 62 446400 221 42 302400 163 26 187200 113 15 108000 2376 00 4320 00 5760 00 6912 00 7704 00 Table 6.2: Mathematical formulation for FD fan unit #1 Energy can be save by Installing VFD in FD unit #1 Assume that total working hours per year 7200 Hrs (24 hr shift/day * 300 day) Power consumption without VFD is 122 kW Energy consumption without VFD is 878400kWh To operate the power plant at 85MW (MCR), the minimum requirement of secondary air flow is 125 TPH and total pressure head is measured 138 mm WC. The actual operating efficiency of forced draft fan #1 is lower than design efficiency at operating point. By installing VFD and decreases the speed of the FD fan, the secondary flow 125 TPH and total pressure head 138mmWC are produced by 60% of full speed of the FD fan #1. B. Graphical Presentation of Result FD Fan # A. Calculation Design mechanical efficiency for unit #1 & 2 % η mech Q ( P )total 102 (kW ) shaft 240 1000 452 % η mech 102 444 3600 66 % Actual mechanical efficiency of FD fan unit #1 % η mech 125 1000 138 102 122 3600 Fig. 6.1: Total pressure head mm WC v/s Fan operating speed in % All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 3137
Energy Conservation Opportunity with Variable Frequency Drive in Forced Draft Fan in Boiler House (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 04/2015/516) - The installation of VFD is not only resulted in energy and cost savings but also avoids operational problems of the plant. VIII. FUTURE SCOPE OF VFD Fig. 6.2: Flow rate in TPH v/s Fan operating speed in % - In a refrigeration compressor, cyclic on/off can be replaced by VSD which have better temperature control with large energy savings (25%). Compressors load is a constant torque application, which may save up to 30%, at partial loads demand of 50%. In elevator and lifts, VSD with regenerative capability, energy can be feedback to supply grid. Machines with high inertia, involving frequent start/stop with braking operations. The significant energy saving are realize after installation of VFD. REFERENCES Fig. 6.3: Power in kW v/s Fan operating speed in % From figure 6.1 to 6.3, we can say that There is decrease operating speed in FD fan # 1 by VFD causes minor total pressure head drop occurs and negligible effect on air flow rate. But the decrease operating speed causes more reduction in energy consumption and saved the energy. C. Calculation of payback period for installation of VFD in FD fan # 1 & 2. The energy can be saved by using VFD in unit #1 and unit #2 is 756000 1368000 2124000 KWh/yr Take per kWh electricity charge of Rs. 4.26 (VC 3.68 FC 0.58) The energy saving per year of Rs.9048240 (2124000 * 4.26) can be achieved Installation cost of VFD is Rs 68,00,000 (approximately) Payback period Total installation cost of VFD/ Cost of energy saving per year Payback Period 0.75 years (9 month) VII. CONCLUSION - By installing variable frequency drive the motor will be allow to operate at variable speeds that are based on load requirements. The installation of a Variable Frequency Drive to slow down a balanced draft fan motor speed from 100% to 60% can save as 80% of energy. [1] K. Kaviarasu1, S. Saipadhma2, P. Arulmani3 “Combination of PLC and VFD based automatic detection and rectification of under voltage problem in 3 phase induction motor” department of electrical and electronics engineering Thangavelu Engineering College, Chennai, India. [2] G. Ramachandran “Boiler Feed Pumps in Power Plants Drives Selection and Energy Efficiency Aspects” 2014 [3] Mr. Bhavesh Jinjala1, Prof. Rashmikant. N. Shukla2 M.E.[Computer Aided Process Design] Student, Department Of Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India1 Principal & Professor In Department Of Chemical Engineering, Government Engineering college, Bharuch, Gujarat, India2 “Energy Conservation in Boiler by Variable Speed Drives (VSD)” [4] Mr.Priyank Dave1, Mr.Kashyap Mokariya2, Mr.Vijay Patel3Student, Master of Engineering, Government Engineering College, Valsad, India1Assistant Professor, Government Engineering College, Valsad, India2 Assistant Professor, N.G.Patel Polytechnic, Isroli, India3 “Energy Conservation in centrifugal pump with variable frequency drive including SCADA, PLC and HMI” may 2013 [5] Neetha John,Mohandas R, Suja C Rajappan (2013) “Analysis of the performance of ID fan at a 600MV unit before and after installation of MV VFD” [6] E. Al-Bassam , R. Alasseri “ Measurable energy savings of installing variable frequency drives for cooling towers, fans, compared to dual speed motors” Energy and Building Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait [7] N. Dizadji, P. Entezar, A. Shabani “Energy Savings in Pumps”2012 [8] Rahman SAIDUR “Energy savings and emission reductions in industrial boiles” by department of mechanical engineering, university of malaya, kuala lumpur, malaysia.2011 [9] R. Saidura, E.A. Abdelaziza, M. Hasanuzzamana and M.A.H. Mamunb “a study of energy efficiency, economic and environmental benefits of a cooling tower” a Department of Mechanical Engineering All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 3138
Energy Conservation Opportunity with Variable Frequency Drive in Forced Draft Fan in Boiler House (IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 04/2015/516) University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Email: hasan@um.edu.my / hasan.buet99@gmail.com,2010 [10] Aníbal T. de Almeida, Fernando J. T. E. Ferreira and Dick Both, “Technical and Economical Considerations in the Application of VariableSpeed Drives With Electric Motor Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 188-199, January/February 2005 [11] Engin Ozdemir “Energy conservation opportunities with a variable speed controller in a boiler house” Technical Education Faculty, Electrical Education Department, Kocaeli University, 41100 Izmit, Turkey Received 28 July 2003; accepted 15 November 2003 [12] Gao Zhenhua; Lu Changhai “Analysis of the Performance of Induced Draft (ID) Fans at a 600MW Thermal Power Unit before and after Installation of MV Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)” Hebei Datang International Wangtan Power Company, China [13] R. Saidura, S. Mekhilefb, M.B. Alia, A. Safarib, H.A. Mohammedc “Application of variable speed drive(VSD) in electrical motors energy saving” a Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia b Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia c Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Km 7, Jalan Kajang-Puchong, 43009 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysi All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 3139
C. Energy Saving With VFD in Fan Fig. 7: Ideal energy consumption with VFD Fig. 8: VFD fan control The fixed speed motor load application such as the forced obtained by variable speed drive by using fan affinity laws. By using a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) to slow down a fan or pump motor speed from 100% to 50% can save as 80% of energy.
The Law of Conservation of Energy The total energy in the universe is unchanged by any physical process: total energy before total energy after From page 187: "In ordinary language, conserving energy means trying not to waste useful energy resources. In the scientific meaning of conservation, energy is always conserved no matter what .
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This principle is called the principle of conservation of energy and is expressed as T 1 V 1 T 2 V 2 Constant T 1 stands for the kinetic energy at state 1 and V 1 is the potential energy function for state 1. T 2 and V 2 represent these energy states at state 2. Recall, the kinetic energy is defined as T ½ mv2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY .
kinetic energy and potential energy as the ball moves. The bars in the figure show that the ball's total energy does not change. The Law of Conservation of Energy The total energy in the universe is the sum of all the different forms of energy everywhere. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can be transformed from one
Unit A: Scientific Method 1. Define the following terms: Variable: a variable is any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the variable that you measure or observe. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the one condition that you change in an
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