12-3 RNA And Protein Synthesis - Msmurraybiology.weebly
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Objectives: Tell how RNA differs from DNA. Name the three main types of RNA Describe transcription and the editing of RNA.
How is the code of DNA used? Parts of DNA called genes are used as instructions to control the making of proteins. Genetic messages can be decoded by copying part of the nucleotide sequence from DNA into RNA. (Transcription) RNA contains coded information for making proteins. (Translation) Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Structure of RNA There are 3 main structural differences between RNA and DNA: 1. 2. 3. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is single-stranded. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
Transcription RNA molecules are made by copying part of a nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA. Transcription needs the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Transcription o Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. o Step 2: RNA polymerase binds to parts of DNA called promoters. o Step 3: RNA polymerase travels along the DNA strand and makes an RNA strand.
For Example: If RNA Polymerase traveled along a DNA strand with the sequence ATCGGATG what would the mRNA sequence look like? ATCGGATG UAGCCUAC
Transcription RNA RNA polymerase DNA
RNA Editing the DNA of eukaryotic genes contains 2 different sequences of nucleotides: 1. Introns: that are not involved in coding for proteins. 2. Exons: code for proteins.
RNA Editing The introns are cut out of RNA molecules. Exon Intron DNA Pre-mRNA The exons are joined (spliced) together to make mRNA. mRNA Cap Tail
DO NOW! 1. Why do you think DNA replication is described as semi-conservative? Replicate this section of DNA: – ATGCATATCGACGGGATAGCCCGAAATT- 2.
Can you name the processes involved? DNA RNA Protein
More 12-3 Objectives: - Identify the genetic code. Summarize translation Explain the relationship between genes and proteins.
Questions: What is a polymer? Which monomer is DNA made out of? Which monomer is protein made out of?
Translation: What is involved? The three types of RNA What is made? A Protein Where does it happen? On a ribosome in the cytoplasm
Types of RNA There are 3 main types of RNA: 1. messenger RNA 2. ribosomal RNA 3. transfer RNA Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries copies of instructions for making amino acids into proteins. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Ribosome Ribosomal RNA Ribosomes are made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Amino acid Transfer RNA While proteins are being made, transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers each amino acid to the ribosome. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Genetic Code A codon has three nucleotides on mRNA that code for an amino acid.
The Genetic Code Each codon codes for a specific amino acid that is placed on the polypeptide chain. Some amino acids can be specified by more than one codon.
Codon Instructions AUG is a codon that can code for the amino acid methionine OR is a “start” codon for protein synthesis. There are 3 “stop” codons that do not code for any amino acid. These “stop” codons signal the end of a polypeptide.
Translation Step 1: Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, and moves to the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome.
Translation Step 2: Codons of the mRNA molecule move through the ribosome, tRNA brings the amino acid into the ribosome.
Translation Step In 3: the ribosome, the amino acid is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain.
Translation The ribosome binds new tRNA molecules and amino acids as it moves along the mRNA. Phenylalanine Methionine Ribosome mRNA Start codon tRNA Lysine
Translation Protein Synthesis Lysine tRNA Translation direction mRNA Ribosome
Translation The process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Polypeptide Ribosome tRNA mRNA
The Roles of RNA and DNA The The Roles of RNA and DNA cell uses the DNA “master plan” to prepare RNA “blueprints.” The DNA stays in the nucleus. The RNA molecules go to the protein building sites in the cytoplasm — the ribosomes.
Genes and Proteins Genes Genes and Proteins contain instructions for assembling proteins. Many proteins are enzymes, which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions. Proteins are each specifically designed to build or operate a component of a living cell.
Genes and Proteins The sequence of bases in DNA is used as a template for mRNA. The codons of mRNA specify the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
The Structure of RNA There are 3 main structural differences between RNA and DNA: 1. The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. 2. RNA is single-stranded. 3. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
DNA AND RNA Table 4.1: Some important types of RNA. Name Abbreviation Function Messenger RNA mRNA Carries the message from the DNA to the protein factory Ribosomal RNA rRNA Comprises part of the protein factory Transfer RNA tRNA Transfers the correct building block to the nascent protein Interference RNA
(Structure of RNA from Life Sciences for all, Grade 12, Figure 4.14, Page 193) Types of RNA RNA is manufactured by DNA. There are three types of RNA. The three types of RNA: 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA). It carries information about the amino acid sequence of a particular protein from the DNA in the nucleus to th
biological significance of protein complexation with RNA has been well recognized, the specific mecha-nism of protein–RNA interaction is not fully understood [10]. Measurement of sequence–specific DNA– protein and RNA–protein interactions is a key experimental procedure in molecular biology of gene regulation.
The process of protein synthesis can be divided into 2 stages: transcription and translation. 5 as a template to make 3 types of RNA: a) messengermessenger--RNA (mRNA)RNA (mRNA) b) ribosomalribosomal--RNA (rRNA)RNA (rRNA) c) transfertransfer--RNA (tRNA)RNA (tRNA) Objective 32 2)2) During During translationtranslation, the
10 - RNA Modifications After the RNA molecule is produced by transcription (Part 9), the structure of the RNA is often modified prior to being translated into a protein. These modifications to the RNA molecule are called RNA modifications or posttranscriptional modifications. Most RNA modifications apply onl
13.1 RNA RNA Synthesis In transcription, RNA polymerase separates the two DNA strands. RNA then uses one strand as a template to make a complementary strand of RNA. RNA contains the nucleotide uracil instead of the nucleotide thymine. Follow the direction
protein-building sites in the cytoplasm—the ribosomes. Functions of RNA You can think of an RNA mol-ecule as a disposable copy of a segment of DNA, a working facsimile of a single gene. RNA has many func-tions, but most RNA molecules are involved in just one job—protein synthesis
When designing a storage tank, it is necessary to meet the requirements of the design code (in this case, API 650), and also with all those requirements of the codes involved in the process of the tank. Some of them are listed below: API-RP 651: Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks
