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C Programming Tutorial
C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i
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Table of Contents C Language Overview . 1 Facts about C . 1 Why to use C ? . 2 C Programs . 2 C Environment Setup . 3 Text Editor . 3 The C Compiler . 3 Installation on Unix/Linux . 4 Installation on Mac OS . 4 Installation on Windows . 4 C Program Structure . 5 C Hello World Example . 5 Compile & Execute C Program . 6 C Basic Syntax . 7 Tokens in C . 7 Semicolons ; . 7 Comments . 8 Identifiers . 8 Keywords . 8 Whitespace in C . 9 C Data Types . 10 Integer Types . 10 Floating-Point Types . 11 The void Type . 12 C Variables . 13 Variable Declaration in C .Error! Bookmark not defined. Variable Initialization in C .Error! Bookmark not defined. Lvalues and Rvalues in C . 15 C Constants and Literals . 17 Integer literals. 17 Floating-point literals. 18 Character constants. 18 iii
String literals. 19 Defining Constants . 19 The #define Preprocessor . 19 The const Keyword . 20 C Storage Classes . 22 The auto Storage Class . 22 The register Storage Class . 22 The static Storage Class. 23 The extern Storage Class . 24 C Operators . 25 Arithmetic Operators . 25 Relational Operators. 26 Logical Operators . 28 Bitwise Operators. 29 Assignment Operators . 31 Misc Operators sizeof & ternary . 33 Operators Precedence in C . 33 Decision Making in C. 35 if statement . 36 Syntax . 36 Flow Diagram . 36 Example . 36 if.else statement . 37 Syntax . 37 Flow Diagram . 38 Example . 38 The if.else if.else Statement . 39 Syntax . 39 Example . 39 Nested if statements . 40 Syntax . 40 Example . 40 switch statement . 41 Syntax . 41 Flow Diagram . 42 Example . 42 Nested switch statements . 43 Syntax . 43 Example . 43 iii
The ? : Operator . 44 C Loops. 45 while loop in C . 46 Syntax . 46 Flow Diagram . 46 Example . 47 for loop in C . 47 Syntax . 47 Flow Diagram . 48 Example . 48 do.while loop in C . 49 Syntax . 49 Flow Diagram . 50 Example . 50 nested loops in C . 51 Syntax . 51 Example . 52 break statement in C . 53 Syntax . 53 Flow Diagram . 53 Example . 54 continue statement in C . 54 Syntax . 54 Flow Diagram . 55 Example . 55 goto statement in C . 56 Syntax . 56 Flow Diagram . 56 Example . 57 The Infinite Loop . 57 C Functions . 59 Defining a Function . 59 Example . 60 Function Declarations . 60 Calling a Function . 60 Function Arguments . 61 Function call by value . 62 Function call by reference . 63 C Scope Rules . 65 iii
Local Variables . 65 Global Variables . 66 Formal Parameters . 67 Initializing Local and Global Variables . 67 C Arrays . 69 Declaring Arrays . 69 Initializing Arrays . 70 Accessing Array Elements . 70 Multi-dimensional Arrays . 71 Two-Dimensional Arrays . 71 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays. 72 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements . 72 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments. 73 Way-1 . 73 Way-2 . 74 Way-3. 74 Example . 74 Return array from function. 75 Pointer to an Array . 77 C Pointers . 79 What Are Pointers? . 80 How to use Pointers? . 80 NULL Pointers in C . 81 Pointer arithmetic . 81 Incrementing a Pointer . 82 Decrementing a Pointer . 83 Pointer Comparisons . 83 Array of pointers . 84 Pointer to Pointer. 86 Passing pointers to functions . 87 Return pointer from functions . 88 C Strings . 91 C Structures . 94 Defining a Structure. 94 Accessing Structure Members . 95 Structures as Function Arguments . 96 Pointers to Structures . 97 C Unions . 100 Defining a Union . 100 iii
Accessing Union Members . 101 Bit Fields . 103 Bit Field Declaration . 104 Typedef . 106 typedef vs #define . 107 Input & Output . 108 The Standard Files . 108 The getchar() & putchar() functions . 108 The gets() & puts() functions . 109 The scanf() and printf() functions . 110 File I/O . 111 Opening Files . 111 Closing a File . 112 Writing a File . 112 Reading a File. 113 Binary I/O Functions . 114 Preprocessors . 115 Preprocessors Examples. 115 Predefined Macros . 116 Preprocessor Operators . 117 Macro Continuation (\) . 117 Stringize (#) . 117 Token Pasting (##). 118 The defined() Operator . 118 Parameterized Macros . 119 Header Files . 120 Include Syntax. 120 Include Operation . 121 Once-Only Headers . 121 Computed Includes. 122 Type Casting . 123 Integer Promotion . 124 Usual Arithmetic Conversion . 124 Error Handling . 126 The errno, perror() and strerror() . 126 Divide by zero errors . 127 Program Exit Status . 128 Recursion . 129 Number Factorial . 129 iii
Fibonacci Series . 130 Variable Arguments . 131 Memory Management . 133 Allocating Memory Dynamically . 133 Resizing and Releasing Memory . 134 Command Line Arguments . 136 iii
1 CHAPTER C Language Overview This chapter describes the basic details about C programming language, how it emerged, what are strengths of C and why we should use C. T he C programming language is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX applications programs have been written in C. The C has now become a widely used professional language for various reasons. Easy to learn Structured language It produces efficient programs. It can handle low-level activities. It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms. Facts about C C was invented to write an operating system called UNIX. C is a successor of B language, which was introduced around 1970. The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard Institute. (ANSI). The UNIX OS was totally written in C by 1973. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 1
Today, C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language. Most of the state-of-the-art softwares have been implemented using C. Today's most ][popular Linux OS and RBDMS MySQL have been written in C. Why to use C? C was initially used for system development work, in particular the programs that make up the operating system. C was adopted as a system development language because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as code written in assembly language. Some examples of the use of C might be: Operating Systems Language Compilers Assemblers Text Editors Print Spoolers Network Drivers Modern Programs Databases Language Interpreters Utilities C Programs A C program can vary from 3 lines to millions of lines and it should be written into one or more text files with extension ".c"; for example, hello.c. You can use "vi", "vim" or any other text editor to write your C program into a file. This tutorial assumes that you know how to edit a text file and how to write source code using any programming language. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 2
2 CHAPTER C Environment Setup This section describes how to set up your system environment before you start doing your programming using C language. Before you start doing programming using C programming language, you need the following two softwares available on your computer, (a) Text Editor and (b) The C Compiler. Text Editor This will be used to type your program. Examples of few editors include Windows Notepad, OS Edit command, Brief, Epsilon, EMACS, and vim or vi. Name and version of text editor can vary on different operating systems. For example, Notepad will be used on Windows, and vim or vi can be used on windows as well as Linux or UNIX. The files you create with your editor are called source files and contain program source code. The source files for C programs are typically named with the extension “.c”. Before starting your programming, make sure you have one text editor in place and you have enough experience to write a computer program, save it in a file, compile it and finally execute it. The C Compiler The source code written in source file is the human readable source for your program. It needs to be "compiled", to turn into machine language so that your CPU can actually execute the program as per instructions given. This C programming language compiler will be used to compile your source code into final executable program. I assume you have basic knowledge about a programming language compiler. Most frequently used and free available compiler is GNU C/C compiler, otherwise you can have compilers either from HP or Solaris if you have respective Operating Systems. Following section guides you on how to install GNU C/C compiler on various OS. I'm mentioning C/C together because GNU gcc compiler works for both C and C programming languages. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 3
Installation on UNIX/Linux If you are using Linux or UNIX, then check whether GCC is installed on your system by entering the following command from the command line: gcc -v If you have GNU compiler installed on your machine, then it should print a message something as follows: Using built-in specs. Target: i386-redhat-linux Configured with: ./configure --prefix /usr . Thread model: posix gcc version 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-46) If GCC is not installed, then you will have to install it yourself using the detailed instructions available athttp://gcc.gnu.org/install/ This tutorial has been written based on Linux and all the given examples have been compiled on Cent OS flavor of Linux system. Installation on Mac OS If you use Mac OS X, the easiest way to obtain GCC is to download the Xcode development environment from Apple's web site and follow the simple installation instructions. Once you have Xcode setup, you will be able to use GNU compiler for C/C . Xcode is currently available at developer.apple.com/technologies/tools/. Installation on Windows To install GCC at Windows you need to install MinGW. To install MinGW, go to the MinGW homepage, www.mingw.org, and follow the link to the MinGW download page. Download the latest version of the MinGW installation program, which should be named MinGW version .exe. While installing MinWG, at a minimum, you must install gcc-core, gcc-g , binutils, and the MinGW runtime, but you may wish to install more. Add the bin subdirectory of your MinGW installation to your PATH environment variable, so that you can specify these tools on the command line by their simple names. When the installation is complete, you will be able to run gcc, g , ar, ranlib, dlltool, and several other GNU tools from the Windows command line. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 4
3 CHAPTER C Program Structure Let’s look into Hello World example using C Programming Language. B efore we study basic building blocks of the C programming language, let us look a bare minimum C program structure so that we can take it as a reference in upcoming chapters. C Hello World Example A C program basically consists of the following parts: Preprocessor Commands Functions Variables Statements & Expressions Comments Let us look at a simple code that would print the words "Hello World": #include stdio.h int main() { /* my first program in C */ printf("Hello, World! \n"); return 0; } Let us look various parts of the above program: TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 5
1. The first line of the program #include stdio.h is a preprocessor command, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to actual compilation. 2. The next line int main() is the main function where program execution begins. 3. The next line /*.*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add additional comments in the program. So such lines are called comments in the program. 4. The next line printf(.) is another function available in C which causes the message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen. 5. The next line return 0; terminates main()function and returns the value 0. Compile & Execute C Program Let’s look at how to save the source code in a file, and how to compile and run it. Following are the simple steps: 1. Open a text editor and add the above-mentioned code. 2. Save the file as hello.c 3. Open a command prompt and go to the directory where you saved the file. 4. Type gcc hello.c and press enter to compile your code. 5. If there are no errors in your code, the command prompt will take you to the next line and would generate a.out executable file. 6. Now, type a.out to execute your program. 7. You will be able to see "Hello World" printed on the screen gcc hello.c ./a.out Hello, World! Make sure that gcc compiler is in your path and that you are running it in the directory containing source file hello.c. TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning Page 6
4 CHAPTER C Basic Syntax This chapter will give details about all the basic syntax about C programming language including tokens, keywords, identifiers, etc. Y ou have seen a basic structure of C program, so it will be easy to understand other basic building blocks of the C programming language. Tokens in C A C program consists of various tokens and a token is either a keyword, an identifier, a constant, a string literal, or a symbol. For example, the following C statement consists of five tokens: printf("Hello, World! \n"); The individual tokens are: printf ( "Hello, World! \n" ) ; Semicolons ; In C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That
C Programming Tutorial. i C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com .
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