Ansichtsseiten ATLAS Clin Fungi - DMykG
S G.S. de Hoog, J. Guarro, J. Gené, S. Ahmed, A.M.S. Al-Hatmi, M.J. Figueras and R.G. Vitale 1 Introduction Introduction Introduction m a a p ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI Introduction e l p s e g Introduction The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Introduction of CLI N I C A L F U N GI Introduction ATLAS Introduction Introduction The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics.
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Overview of approximate effective application of comparative techniques in mycology Use Cell wall Pore Karyology Co-Q Carbohydrate pattern Classical physiology API 32C API-Zym mole% G C SSU seq SSU-RFLP LSU ITS seq/RFLP IGS Tubulin Actin Chitin synthase Elongation factor NASBA nDNA homology RCA LAMP MLPA Isoenzymes (MLEE) Maldi-tof Fish RLB PCR-ELISA Secondary metabolites SSR rep-PCR rt-PCR RAPD / UP-PCR M-13 T3B Microsatellites mtDNA RFLP AFLP Karyotyping MLST Strain Variety Species Genus Family Order Tax Tax Tax Tax Tax Tax Diag Diag Tax Tax Tax Diag Diag Epid Tax Tax Tax Diag Tax Epid Epid Tax Diag Epid Diag Diag Diag Diag Tax/Diag Epid Epid Diag Tax Epid/Tax Epid Epid/Tax Epid Epid Epid Epid Class Keyref Kreger & Veenhuis (1971) Moore (1987) Takeo & de Hoog (1991) Yamada et al. (1987) Weijman & Golubev (1987) Yarrow (1998) Guého et al. (1994b) Fromentin et al. (1981) Guého et al. (1992b) Gargas et al. (1995) Machouart et al. (2006) Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) Lieckfeldt & Seifert (2000) Diaz & Fell (2000) Keeling et al. (2000) Donnelly et al. (1999) Karuppayil et al. (1996) Helgason et al. (2003) Compton (1991) Voigt et al. (1997) Barr et al. (1997) Guého et al. (1997) Sun et al. (2010) Pujol et al. (1997) Schrödl et al. (2012) Rigby et al. (2002) Bergmans et al. (2008) Beifuss et al. (2011) Frisvad & Samson (2004) Karaoglu et al. (2005) MacDonald et al. (2000) Bergmans et al. (2010) Doherty et al. (2003) Weising et al. (1995) Gäser et al. (2000) Cai et al. (2013) Ishizaki et al. (1996) Savelkoul et al. (1999) Franzot et al. (1998) Meyer et al. (2009) Taxonomy. Recipes of recommended media (all recipes based on 1 litre medium) BCPCG: Bromocresol purple casein glucose agar skimmed milk 80 g bromocresol purple 1% in ethanol 2 mL glucose 40 g agar 30 g pH 6.8 BHI: Brain-heart infusion agar commercial BHI agar 52 g casamino acids (Bacto) 3g MgSO4 0.1 g KH2PO4 1.8 g meso-erythritol 10 g albumin 10 mL agar 15 g CEA: Casamino acids erythritol agar CDBT: Creatine dextrose bromothymol blue thymine agar Solution A: 2 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
fused with secondary skin infections caused by systemic fungi treated below. Dermatophyte infections of the dermis Dermatophytes are normally confined to cutis, hair and nails, but occasionally the dermis is involved. Majocchi’s granuloma. Perifollicular granulomatous inflammation. The dermatophyte may be present in the cutis, but also deeper skin layers are involved. Kerion (pseudomycetoma). Subcutaneous, elevated, spongy lesion by dermatophytes with local necrosis and with presence of hyphae or grain-like structures. Non-ulcerative infections by diverse fungi These concern local, non-ulcerative infections caused by a variety of fungi. The fungus is present in the form of septate hyphae or hyphal elements. In the case of hyphomycotic cysts the affected area is surrounded by a fibrous, collagenous secretion of the host, and hence no inflammation occurs. According to the appearance of the causative agent as seen in native preparations, the following subdivision is made: Hyalohyphomycosis. The fungal elements are colourless. Phaeohyphomycosis. The fungal elements are melanised (special staining often necessary). Chromoblastomycosis The disease occurs mostly on the extremities and is characterized by localized, slowly expanding lesions. Superficial, warty to cauliflower-like tumours and deformations develop, due to hyperkeratosis and acanthosis. The lesions are greyish, crusted and dry in appearance. The fungus occurs as dark, muriform cells in the tissue. Causative agents: Fonsecaea monophora, F. nubica, F. pedrosoi, Cladophialophora carrionii, Phialophora verrucosa, Rhinocladiella aquaspersa. The following types can be distinguished, of which several may occur in the same patient (adapted from Queiroz Telles et al., 2009): Nodular. Moderately elevated, fairly soft, dull to pink violaceous growth. Surface smooth, verrucous or scaly. With time lesions may gradually become tumorous. Main types of histopathological response to subcutaneous and deep infection Subcutaneous Special features Purulence Granuloma Fibrosis Necrosis - - -,w -,w - - - - Hyphae without melanin Yeast cells with wide base Spherules Pilot wheel/Mickey Mouse Intracellular yeast Adiaspores Intracellular arthroconidia - - Wide hyphal elements, oedema Splendore-Hoeppli Hyphae - - - Yeast cells, pseudohyphae Capsular yeast cells Hyphae with melanin Hyphae without melanin Grains Muriform cells Asteroid bodies, rabbit ears Wide hyphal elements, oedema Pulmonary Rhinoorbital Systemic yeast infection Overview of histopathological features in subcutaneous, deep and disseminated infections in immunologically competent individuals: host responses and fungal tissue forms. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 3 Introductions Clinical pathology
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Phylum Basidiomycota The life cycle of a prototypical basidiomycete is depicted. The thallus consists of a septate, dikaryotic mycelium, often provided with clamp connections; these are bridges between adjacent cells to provide each of them with a nucleus derived from one of the parent strains. The septa are perforated by a single, central pore. The wall of the pore canal is often characteristically swollen; such a structure is called a dolipore. Spores each produce a short-lived, haploid mycelium. Cells of suitable mating type show plasmogamy, but karyogamy is postponed. Consequently a heterokaryon with clamp connections is formed. This condition is maintained during the major part of the life cycle, including fruitbody production. Karyogamy, immediately followed by meiosis, takes place in the basidium, which produces meiospores (basidiospores) exogenously, the spores often being forcibly discharged. Prototypical life cycle Basidiomycota 4 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Basidio Basidio filamentous Bjerkandera adusta, CBS 230.93. A. Fruitbody in natural habitat on rotten wood, left carpophores, right backside with pores; B. colony (MEA, 1 wk, 24 C, blue light), obverse; C. colony (OA, 4 wk, 24 C, blue light), obverse, with fruiting structures formed near colony edge; D-F. details of fruiting structures; G. section of fruiting structure; H-K. basidia with basidiospores; L. arthroconidia; M. clamp connection. Scale bars 10 µm. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 5
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics A. longipes CBS 540.94 A. gossypina CBS 104.32 A. gaisen CBS 632.93 A. arborescens CBS 102605 A. alstroemeriae CBS 118809 A. burnsii CBS 107.38 A. tomato CBS 114.35 A. jacinthicola CBS 133751 A. doliconidium KUMCC 17-0263 A. alternata CBS 916.96 100 A. betae-kenyensis CBS 118810 A. eichhorniae CBS 489.92 A. iridiaustralis CBS 118486 A. hordeicola CBS 121458 A. montsantina FMR 17060 A. graminicola CBS 119400 A. conjuncta CBS 196.86 A. caespitosa CBS 177.80 A. intercepta CBS 119406 A. cesenica MFLUCC 13-0450 A. novae-zelandiae CBS 119405 A. broccoli-italicae CBS 118485 A. dactylidicola MFLUCC 15-0466 A. fimeti FMR 17110 A. ventricosa CBS 121546 A. quercicola CBS 141466 A. triticina CBS 763.84 A. triticimaculans CBS 578.94 A. merytae CBS 119403 A. pseudoventricosa FMR 16900 A. lawrencei FMR 17004 A. alternarina CBS 119396 A. curvata FMR 16901 A. daucicaulis CBS 119398 A. ethzedia CBS 197.86 A. hordeiaustralica CBS 119402 A. infectoria CBS 210.86 A. slovaca CBS 567.66 A. aconidiophora FMR 17111 x3 99 A. metachromatica CBS 553.94 A. arbusti CBS 596.93 A. incomplexa CBS 121330 84 A. oregonensis CBS 542.94 A. pobletensis FMR 16448 97 A. cetera CBS 121340 A. obclavata CBS 124120 A. malorum CBS 135.31 99 A. breviramosa CBS 121331 A. abundans CBS 534.83 94 A. armoraciae CBS 118702 80 A. chlamydospora CBS 491.72 A. phragmospora CBS 274.70 A. limaciformis CBS 481.81 A. molesta CBS 548.81 A. mouchaccae CBS 119671 A. papavericola CBS 116606 A. penicillata CBS 116608 Section Alternaria Section Infectoriae Section Chalastospora Section Phragmosporae 0.01 Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of four sections of the genus Alternaria based on confidently aligned rDNA ITS sequences using ClustalW. The substitution model is Kimura 2-parameter and gamma distributed (K2 G). The tree was bootstrapped 1000 times and values above 80% are indicated near of the nodes and with thick branches. The tree is rooted with Alternaria papavericola and A. penicillata. Note that the general barcoding marker ITS does not allow species distinction within species complexes. 6 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Asco filamentous Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Sordariales, Chaetomiaceae. Genus: ASCOTRICHA Recommended barcoding gene: rDNA ITS. Saprobic genus with several dozens of species. Ascomata are often produced, and the conidial are sympodial and have conidiophores with often very characteristic setae. Ascotricha chartarum Berk. Colony characteristics Colonies (OA) growing moderately rapidly, dull blackish-brown, with dark grey patches of conidiation. Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-1. Cellulolytic saprophyte. A maxillary sinusitis was reported by Singh et al. (1996). References Ames (1963), Hawksworth (1971). Nomenclature Ascotricha chartarum Berkeley - Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 257, 1838. Dicyma ampullifera Boulanger - Revue Gén. Bot. 9: 25, 1897. Ascotrichum chartarum Berkeley var. orientalis Castellani & Jacono - J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 37: 362, 1934. Asco Microscopy Conidiophores straight, stiff, profusely branched, up to 1 mm tall, 3.5-5.5 m wide, with pale, thin-walled vesicles at the bends. Conidiogenous cells terminal and lateral, cylindrical, bearing clusters of conidia on denticles. Conidia verrucose, yellowish-olivaceous, (sub)spherical, 5-7 3-6 m. Perithecia black, pear-shaped with apical opening, 130-230 m wide, discharching a black sporecirrhus, bearing olivaceous-brown, erect, stiff setae, geniculate with pale, thin-walled vesicles at the bends. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 65 10 m. Ascospores one-celled, olivaceous-brown to black, smooth-walled, lenticular, 8 m diam in face view, 5 m wide in lateral view, with a distinct equatorial germ slit. Ascotricha chartarum, CBS 657.95. a. Ascoma; b. ascus; c. oblate ascospore; d, e. anamorph with conidia. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 7
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Antifungal susceptibility Antifungal GM Strains Reference AMB 2 3 Pujol et al. (2000) 5FC 256 3 Pujol et al. (2000) FCZ 40.3 3 Pujol et al. (2000) ITZ 0.99 3 Pujol et al. (2000) KTZ 2 3 Pujol et al. (2000) MCZ 4 3 Pujol et al. (2000) Alternaria botrytis, CBS 197.67. Conidiophores and conidia. Alternaria botrytis, CBS 197.67. A-C. Colonies (1 wk, 25 C, on MEA, OA, PDA, respectively), obverse; D-K conidiophores with single or sympodial, non-catenate conidia; L. liberated conidia. Scale bars 10 µm. 8 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Asco filamentous Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Onygenales, Onygenaceae. Genus: APHANOASCUS Colonies cottony, dry, white to pale pigmented. Cleistothecia pseudoparenchymatous, with subspherical asci; ascospores 1- celled, ornamented. Recommended barcoding gene: rDNA ITS. A small genus of which species, in the absence of sexual fruitbodies, often were referred to under the name conidial name Chrysosporium. References Guého et al. (1985), Cano & Guarro (1990). Key to the treated species of Aphanoascus A. keratinophilus A. fulvescens Aphanoascus fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis Colony characteristics Colonies (OA) growing moderately rapidly, white to tan, flat. Asco Microscopy Fertile hyphae hyaline, not differentiated. Terminal and lateral conidia chrysosporium-like, sessile or on short, unswollen protusions, solitary, hyaline, smooth- and moderately thick-walled, clavate, 15.0-17.5 3.7-6.0 µm, with conspicuous basal scars. Intercalary conidia frequent, cylindrical, 11-15 4.0-5.5 µm. Ascomata spherical, non-ostiolate, to light brown, 290-500 µm diam. Peridium pseudoparenchymatous. Asci subspherical to ellipsoidal, 8-spored, 9.5-11.0 7-9 µm. Ascospores light brown, yellowish to pale brown in mass, irregularly reticulate, lensshaped, 3.5-4.7 2.5-3.5 µm. Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-2. Keratinolytic species. Several cases of skin infection in man (Guého et al., 1985; Marín & Campos, 1984) and in animals (Vanbreuseghem & de Vroey, 1979; Pal, 1995b) have been reported. References Guého et al. (1985), Cano & Guarro (1990). Nomenclature Badhamia fulvescens Cooke - Grevillea 4: 69, 1875 Aphanoascus fulvescens (Cooke) Apinis - Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 35: 99, 1968 Anixiopsis fulvescens (Cooke) de Vries - Mykosen 12: 120, 1969. Eurotium stercorarium Hansen - Videnskab. Medd. Naturh. For. Kjöbenhavn 1876: 310, 1876 Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen) Hansen - Bot. Ztg. 55: 127, 1897 Anixiopsis fulvescens (Cooke) de Vries var. stercoraria (Hansen) de Vries - Mykosen 12: 121, 1969. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI Aphanoascus fulvescens, FMR 3946. a. Ascoma; b. part of peridium; c. asci; d. ascospores; e. fertile hyphae and conidia. 9
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Arthroderma eboreum (Brasch & Gräser) Gräser & de Hoog Colony characteristics Colonies (SGA) expanding, powdery, with feathered margin, purely white; reverse white, without exuding pigments. Microscopy Hyphae thin- and smooth-walled, hyaline. Macroconidia abundant in fresh cultures, smooth- and thin-walled, 3-8septate, clavate to cylindrical, up to 6-30(-50) 2-6 µm. Microconidia sessile alongside hyphae, hyaline, smoothwalled, short- clavate, 2.8-5.0 1.3-2.5 µm, with flat basal scars. Spirally twisted hyphae present. Hyphae anastomosing and producing dense complexes of rather thickwalled, curved, intertwined hyphal elements, leading to the formation of hard, white sclerotia, 100-200 µm diam. Chlamydospores absent. Heterothallic. Ascomata spherical, white to pale yellow, 300-800 µm diam. Peridium 50-100 µm thick. Peridial hyphae septate, curved, occasionally branched, 5-7 µm wide, composed of constricted, rough-walled, dumbbell-shaped cells 7-10 µm long. Some peridial hyphae terminate in smooth-walled, coiled appendages. Asci subspherical, thin-walled, evanescent, 6.3-7.3 µm diam, 8-spored. Ascospores hyaline, yellow in mass, smooth-walled, oblate, 2.8-3.8 µm 1.8-2.3 µm. Differential diagnostics Differs from Trichophyton terrestre by the presence of hard, white sclerotia. Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-1. Zoophilic or geophilic species found in association with with European badgers and rabbits (Campbell et al., 2006). Occasionally isolated from human skin (Brasch & Gräser, 2005), causing very mild infection (Keller et al., 2013). References Campbell et al. (2006), Brasch & Gräser (2005). Nomenclature Trichophyton eboreum Brasch & Gräser - J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5235, 2005 Arthroderma eboreum (Brasch & Gräser) Gräser & de Hoog, in de Hoog, Dukik, Monod, Packeu, Stubbe, Hendrickx, Kupsch, Stielow, Freeke, Göker, Rezaei-Matehkolaei, Mirhendi & Gräser - Mycopathologia 182: 26, 2017. Arthroderma olidum Campbell, Borman, Linton, Bridge & Johnson - Med. Mycol. 44: 457, 2006. Growth characteristics Cycloheximide 0,1% - Hair perforation NaCl 2% NaCl 5% Trichophyton agar-1 Trichophyton agar-2 Trichophyton agar-3 Trichophyton agar-4 Trichophyton agar-5 Trichophyton agar-6 Urease w Arthroderma eboreum, CBS 117155. A. Colony (SGA, 3 wk, 27 C), obverse and reverse; B-D. complexes of intertwined hyphal elements with sclerotium formation; E-G. details of early intertwined hyphal elements; H, I. microconidia; J. chlamydospore-like cell. Scale bars 10 µm. 10 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Asco filamentous Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Eurotiales, Eremomycetaceae. Genus: ARTHROGRAPHIS Recommended barcoding gene: rDNA ITS. Small genus of species that are mostly associated with keratin-rich substrates. Arthroconidia are formed in dense arrangement on clustered, somewhat differentiated conidiophores. Arthrographis kalrae (Tewari & Macpherson) Sigler & Carmichael Colony characteristics Colonies (PDA) with slow to moderate growth, cream-coloured to tan. Microscopy Conidiophores (sub)hyaline, narrow, branched, often in bundles, occasionally forming whitish, 0.5 cm large, linear synnemata. Arthroconidia 1-celled, hyaline, smoothwalled, cylindrical, with truncate ends, 2.5-9.0 1-2 µm, dry. Trichosporiella-like synanamorph forming solitary, (sub)spherical, thin- and smooth-walled, hyaline conidia, 2-4 2-3 µm, formed laterally and sessile on undifferentiated hyphae. Some isolates produce intercalary or terminal chlamydospores with smooth or slightly rugose walls, usually hyaline to subhyaline but occasionally brown giving a dark pigmentation to the colony. Very rarely immature ascomata submerged in the agar are produced. References Tewari & Macpherson (1971), Sigler & Carmichael (1976, 1983), Malloch & Sigler (1988), Gené et al. (1996b), Sugiura & Hironaga (2010), Giraldo et al. (2014). Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-2. Cochet (1939) already reported the fungus Nomenclature Growth characteristics Benomyl - Cycloheximide 0,1% Arthrographis langeronii Cochet - Annls Parasit. Hum. Comp. 17: 97, 1939. Oidiodendron kalrae Tewari & Macpherson - Mycologia 63: 603, 1971 Arthrographis kalrae (Tewari & Macpherson) Sigler & Carmichael Mycotaxon 4: 360, 1976. Hair perforation Keratinase Antifungal susceptibility Antifungal Range GM MIC50 MIC90 Strains Reference AMB 1-4 2.64 2 4 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) AND 0.015- 8 14.54 8 8 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) CAS 0.05- 8 1.29 8 8 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) ITZ 0.03-2 0.55 0.5 1 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) MCF 0.015- 8 8 8 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) PCZ 0.03-5 0.28 0.25 0.5 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) TBF 0.004-0.06 0.04 0.03 0.06 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) VCZ 0.06-1 0.55 0.5 1 22 Sandoval-Denis et al. (2014) ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 11 Asco from onychomycosis, which is a main pathology (Sugiura & Hironaga, 2010). Tewari & Macpherson (1968) observed neurotropism in artificial inoculation. Pichon et al. (2008) reported a cerebral case extending from the sinus in an alcoholic patient, Chin-Hong et al. (2001) a meningitis secondary to sinusitis in an AIDS patient, and Denis et al. (2016) a fungemia in a CF patient. Cases of keratitis were reported by Perlman & Binns (1997), Thomas et al. (2011), Ramli et al. (2013), Chow et al. (2014) and Biser et al. (2004), ophthalmitis by Xi et al. (2004), endocarditis (de Diego Candela et al., 2010), a pulmonary infection (Vos et al., 2012) and a mycetoma by Degrave et al. (1997). A traumatic infection was reported by Boan et al. (2012). Two infections in immunocompromised patients were presented by Delage et al. (1998). The species is soilborne.
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics. Pythium insidiosum, CBS 673.85. A-C. Colonies (8 d, 25 C, on MEA, OA, PDA, respectively; D. on water agar with infected grass, 24 h, 37 C; E-H. developing sporangia liberating sporangiospores; J. liberated zoospore with unique flagella; K. germinating spore. Scale bars 10 µm. 12 ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI
Lower fungi Mortierellomycotina, Mortierellales, Mortierellaceae. Genus: MORTIERELLA Mortierella polycephala, CBS 327.72. A-C. Colonies (5 d, 21 C, on MEA, OA, PDA, respectively), obverse; D. stereo microscopy of sporangiophores; E-L branched sporangiophores Scale bars 10 µm. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 13
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of the genera Cryptococcus and its relatives Cystofilobasidium, Filobasidium, Naganishia, Papiliotrema and Vanrija based on confidently aligned ITS sequences using ClustalW. The substitution model is Tamura 3-parameter Gamma distributed (T92 G). The tree was bootstrapped 1000 times and values above 80% are indicated near of the nodes and with thick branches. 14 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Basidio yeast Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Trichosporonales, Trichosporonaceae. Genus: APIOTRICHUM Recommended barcoding gene: rDNA ITS. For phylogenetic reasons, several species of Trichosporon were transferred to Apiotrichum (Liu et al., 2015); see also the phylogenetic tree of Trichosporon, where also a key to Trichosporon species and relatives is provided. Trichosporon mycotoxinovorans has been reported from lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (Hickley et al., 2009; Hirschi et al., 2012; Shah et al., 2014), but pathology has not been proven. Colony characteristics Colonies (YM agar) yellowish wrinkled moist, with undulate border. Microscopy Cells (YM broth) spherical or ovoidal, 3.7-4.8 5.2-12.8 µm; pseudo- and septate hyphae present, falling apart into arthroconidia. Serology Among the Trichosporon species, Ikeda et al. (1996) typified the species as serotype III. Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-1. The species, originally isolated from the house of a summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis patient in Japan (Sugita et al.,1995, 2004), is rare. It was also isolated from a cat with chronic cystitis (Sakamoto et al., 2001). References Sugita et al. (1995, 1999, 2004). Nomenclature Trichosporon domesticum Sugita, Nishikawa & Shinoda – J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 41: 431, 1995 Apiotrichum domesticum (Sugita, Nishikawa & Shinoda) Yurkov & Boekhout, in Liu, Wang, Göker, Groenewald, Kachalkin, Lumbsch, Millanes, Wedin, Yurkov, Boekhout & Bai - Stud. Mycol. 81: 141, 2015. Fermentation D-Glucose D-Galactose Maltose Sucrose a-a-Trehalose Lactose - - - - - - - Growth characteristics D-Glucose Me a-D-Glucoside Ribitol -, Propane 1,2 diol D-Galactose Cellobiose Xylitol -, Butane 2,3 diol - L-Sorbose -, Salicin -, Arabinitol - Nitrate - D-Glucosamine Arbutin D-Glucitol -, Nitrite - D-Ribose Melibiose - D-Mannitol Ethylamine D-Xylose Lactose Galactitol - L-Lysine L-Arabinose - myo-Inositol Cadaverine D-Arabinose - Melezitose 2-Keto-D-Gluconate Creatinine - L-Rhamnose - Inulin - D-Gluconate - Glucosamine Sucrose Starch DL-Lactate Cycloheximide 0,01% Maltose Glycerol Succinate Cycloheximide 0,1% a,a-Trehalose Erythritol - Citrate ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 15 Basidio yeast Apiotrichum domesticum (Sugita et al.) Yurkov & Boekhout
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides (Guého & M.Th. Smith) X.Z. Liu et al. Colony characteristics Colonies (SGA) moderately expanding, moist and shiny, elevated, with deep, narrow radial fissures. Microscopy Budding cells present in primary cultures. Broadly clavate, terminal or lateral blastoconidia often present, at maturity developing a thick cell wall. Arthroconidia barrel-shaped. Differential diagnostics Growth with melibiose and at 37 C; tolerant to 0.1 % cycloheximide. Liu et al. (2015) reclassified the species as Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides in Trichosporonaceae. Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-2. The species is fairly common on super- ficial locations, where it causes pubic white piedra (Thérizol-Ferly et al., 1994) or is involved in onychomycosis. It may cause disseminated infections in patients with impaired innate immunity (Herbrecht et al., 1993; Nettles et al., 2003). References Herbrecht et al. (1993), Guého et al. (1994). Nomenclature Trichosporon mucoides Guého & M.Th. Smith, in Guého, Smith, de Hoog, Billon-Grand, Christen & Batenburg-van der Vegte - AnCutaneotrichosporon mucoides (Guého & M.Th. Smith) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenewald & Boekhout, in Liu, Wang, Göker, Groenewald, Kachalkin, Lumbsch, Millanes, Wedin, Yurkov, Boekhout & Bai - Stud. Mycol. 81: 140, 2015. Fermentation D-Glucose D-Galactose Maltose Sucrose a-a-Trehalose Lactose - - - - - - - Growth characteristics D-Glucose Me a-D-Glucoside Ribitol Propane 1,2 diol D-Galactose Cellobiose Xylitol Butane 2,3 diol -, L-Sorbose Salicin Arabinitol Nitrate - D-Glucosamine Arbutin D-Glucitol Nitrite D-Ribose Melibiose D-Mannitol Ethylamine D-Xylose Lactose Galactitol L-Lysine L-Arabinose myo-Inositol Cadaverine D-Arabinose Melezitose 2-Keto-D-Gluconate Creatinine - L-Rhamnose Inulin - D-Gluconate Glucosamine Sucrose Starch DL-Lactate Cycloheximide 0,01% Maltose Glycerol Succinate Cycloheximide 0,1% a,a-Trehalose Erythritol Citrate Antifungal susceptibility Antifungal GM AMB 0.02 AMB 0.69 5FC 50 5FC 30.6 FCZ 10.5 FCZ 16 MICs range 0.015-16 4-128 0.5-128 Strains Reference 4 Guého et al. (1994) 16 Rodriguez-Tudela et al. (2005) 4 Guého et al. (1994) 16 Rodriguez-Tudela et al. (2005) 4 Guého et al. (1994) 16 Rodriguez-Tudela et al. (2005) ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Basidio yeast Naganishia uzbekistanensis (Á. Fonseca et al.) X.Z. Liu et al. Colony characteristics Colonies (20 C, MYP) withe to pinkish, butyrous with a slightly glossy, smooth surface. Pathogenicity BSL-1. Powel et al. (2012) reported the species in a patient with lymphoma. Microscopy Budding cells (YM broth) subspherical to broadly ellipsoidal, 6.1-7.0 4.2-5.5 µm, singly or with buds. References Powel et al. (2012). Molecular diagnostics Liu et al. (2015) classified the species as Naganishia uzbekistanensis as a member of the order Filobasidiales, family Filobasidiaceae. Cryptococcus uzbekistanenis Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell - Can. J. Microbiol. 46: 25, 2000 Naganishia uzbekistanensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenewald & Boekhout, in Liu, Wang, Göker, Groenewald, Kachalkin, Lumbsch, Millanes, Wedin, Yurkov, Boekhout & Bai - Stud. Mycol. 81: 119, 2015 Nomenclature D-Glucose D-Galactose Maltose Sucrose Lactose - - - - - Basidio yeast Fermentation - Growth characteristics D-Glucose Cellobiose D-Mannitol D-Galactose - Salicin Galactitol - L-Sorbose Melibiose - myo-Inositol D-Ribose -, Lactose - D-Gluconate DL-Lactate -, Melezitose Succinate D-Xylose L-Arabinose D-Arabinose -, Inulin - Citrate L-Rhamnose Starch -, Nitrate Sucrose Glycerol - Ethylamine -, Maltose Erythritol - L-Lysine -, a,a-Trehalose Ribitol - Cadaverine Me a-D-Glucoside D-Glucitol w/o vitamins Naganishia uzbekistanensis, CBS 8683. A, B. Colonies (YPGA, 2 d, 24 C), obverse and reverse; C, D. budding cells. Scale bars 10 µm. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 17
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Candida albicans, CBS 5736. A. Colony (SGA, 24 h, 24 C), obverse and reverse; B. colony (CandiSelect-4 medium, 24 h, 24 C), obverse and reverse; C. colony (Chromagar, 24 h, 24 C), obverse and reverse; D. budding cells; E-H. chlamydospores. Scale bars 10 µm. 18 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Asco yeast Antifungal susceptibility (Continued) Antifungal MICs range MIC 90 MCF 0.03 MCF 0.06 MCF Strains Reference Ostrosky-Zeichner et al. (2003) 2,563 Lyon et al. (2010) 4,283 Pfaller et al. (2010) PCZ 0.13 PCZ 0.03 PCZ 0.13 Ostrosky-Zeichner et al. (2003) PCZ 0.06 Pfaller & Diekema (2010) PCZ 0.25 PCZ 0.06-0.5 Ostrosky-Zeichner et al. (2003) 2,359 Pfaller et al. (2004) 2,563 Lyon et al. (2010) 59 Lass-Flörl et al. (2008) 5,826 Pfaller & Diekema (2010) VCZ 0.015 VCZ 0.06 VCZ 0.06 2,563 Lyon et al. (2010) 0.125 84 Bourgeois et al. (2010) 59 Lass-Flörl et al. (2008) 2,359 Pfaller et al. (2004) 55 Heyn et al. (2005) VCZ 0.03-1 VCZ 0.06-0.25 VCZ 0.015 0.004-8 Asco yeast VCZ Ostrosky-Zeichner et al. (2003) Candida albicans, strain Kerkm. a. Pseudomycelium emerging from cellular clumps; b. chlamydospores. ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI 19
The ultimate benchtool for diagnostics Aspergillus montevidensis Talice & Mackinnon Colony characteristics Colonies (CzA) restricted, growing rapidly on media with 20% additional sucrose, yellow to dull yellow-grey. Microscopy Conidial heads radiate to loosely columnar, olive-green. Conidiophores smooth-walled, 275-350 m long. Vesicles spherical, 18-25 m diam. Conidiogenous cells uniseriate, 5-8 3.4-5.0 m, covering at least the upper two-third of the vesicle. Conidia finely roughened to densely spinulose, spherical to subspherical, 3-5 m diam. Ascomata clustered, forming a dense layer, spherical, bright yellow, 120-160 m diam. Asci 8-spored, spherical to subspherical, 10-12 m diam. Ascospores pale, rough-walled, with a V-shaped equatorial furrow, lenticular, 4.5-6.0 3.5-4.0 m. Pathogenicity RG-1, BSL-1. The species has been isolated from a wide range of human mycoses: otitis (Wadhwani & Srivastava, 1984), mycetoma (Fonseca, 1930; Lacaz & Netto, 1954), dermatomycosis (Janke, 1954), cerebral abscess (David et al., 1951), onychomycosis (Grigoriu & Grigoriu, 1975), keratitis (Shukla et al., 1985) and pulmonary infections (Young et al., 1972). References Raper & Fennell (1965), Blaser (1975). Nomenclature Aspergillus montevidensis Talice & Mackinnon - Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Fr. 108: 1007, 1931 Eurotium montevidense (Talice & Mackinnon) Malloch & Cain - Can. J. Bot. 50: 64, 1972 Eurotium amstelodami Mangin var. montevidense (Talice & Mackinnon) Kozakiewicz - Mycol. Pap. 161: 86. 1989. Eurotium amstelodami Mangin - Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., Sér. 9, 10: 360, 1909 Aspergillus amstelodami (Mangin) Thom & Church - The Aspergilli p. 113, 1926. Aspergillus vitis Novobranova - Nov. Sist. Niszh. Rast. 9: 175, 1975. Aspergillus hollandicus Samson & W. Gams, in Samson - Adv. Pen. Asp. Syst. p. 33, 1985. Aspergillus montevidensis, CBS 518.65. a. Ascomata; b. asci; c. ascospores; d. conidiophores; e. conidia. 20 ATLAS of C L I N I C A L F U N GI
Asco filamentous Aspergillus brasiliensis Varga et al. Colony characteristics Colony diameters in 7 days: CYA and CYAS: 71-76 mm, MEA 52-70 mm, YES: 75-80 mm, OA: 32-36 mm, CREA: 32-44 mm, poor growth, strong acid production. Colonies first whi
!e ultimate benchtool for diagnostics 6 ATLAS of CLINICAL FUNGI A.longipes CBS 540.94 A.gossypina CBS 104.32 A.gaisen CBS 632.93 A.arborescens CBS 102605 A.alstroemeriae CBS 118809 A.burnsii CBS 107.38 A.tomato CBS 114.35 A.jacinthicola CBS 133751 A.doliconidium KUMCC 17-0263 A.alternata CBS 916.96 A.betae-kenyensis CBS 118810 A.eichhorniae CBS 489.92 A.iridiaustralis CBS 118486
CLIN 0028 Excelling as a Manager or Supervisor 30 6 CLIN 0029 Leadership Skills for Supervisors 30 6 CLIN 0030 Managing Across Levels 30 6 CLIN 0031 Transition into Management 30 6 CLIN 0032 Time Management Tips 30 6 CLIN 0033 High Impact Decision Making 30 6 CLIN 0034 Conflict Management and .
The Fungi Kingdom 2. Basidiomycota (Club fungi - ) have a club-shaped part which produces the spores 3. Ascomycota (Sac Fungi) - produce spores in sac-like structures EX: yeasts, cup fungi, powdery mildews, & lichens Lichens - 4 Types of Fungi a fungus and an organism with .
Soil fungi on a plate Fungi and animals are sister kingdoms (this is part of Fig. 28.4) Origin and evolution of of the fungi Common ancestor of animals and fungi lived ca. 1.5 BYA Fungal ancestor was – Unicellular – Aquatic – Produced flagellated cells Fungi moved to land with plants, many as symbionts with plants.
KINGDOM FUNGI Molds and mushrooms are members of kingdom Fungi. Some fungi (singular, fungus) are unicellular. That is, they are single-celled organisms. Yeast is unicellular. Most other fungi are multicellular. Unlike plants, fungi do not perform photosynthesis. However, they also do not eat food, as animals do.
Fungi The kingdom Fungi contains single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes. All members of this kingdom share one characteristic. This characteristic involves their method of obtaining nutrients. Fungi do not make their own food like plants do. Fungi also do not ingest and then digest food like animals do. Rather fungi release enzymes
Atlas Foundation for Autism 252 W 29 th St - 3 rd Floor New York, NY 10001 Atlas School/Atlas Foundation for Autism 202 1 202 2 Onsite Reopen Plan Atlas is a not for profit non-public private school and special needs program that provides day school for children and young adults with Autism and other developmental differences .
Atlas Spirit Week! 1-4 Welcome! 5 Atlas Out & About 5 Risky Business 6 Atlas Gives Back! 7 Submit your articles, pictures or suggestions to: kribilla@atlasinsurance.com CORE VALUES Pono Lokahi Alaka'I Ho'okele Kakou Imi'ike Volume 18, Issue 5 May 2022 In the month of May, our Office Activities Committee (OAC) held its first Atlas Spirit Week!
Zecharia Sitchin these aliens had been coming here for a long time and even brought civilization to Planet Earth. Civilization? No, barbarism, cursed Roland. Today, with millions of claimed UFO sightings encounters with aliens alleged kidnappings investigators everywhere were coming right out and calling it an epidemic.
