An IntroductIon To International Relations - Cambridge

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information all about immunity from external scrutiny and interference was never going to be easy, and challenges still remain to translate rhetoric into effective action in every case where this becomes necessary. But since the UN General Assembly unanimously embraced the new principle in 2005, it has been steadily gaining traction, and does hold out the hope that never again will we have to say ‘never again’ to another Srbrenica, Cambodia or Holocaust. And that is just one of the many ideas discussed in this book currently impacting on international debate. Much of the study of international relations involves trying to understand, intellectually, the currents that underlie and explain decision-making and action, and the mindsets and perspectives that policymakers and those who influence them bring to bear. Practitioners like me who have seen over the years, situation by situation, the variable impact of quite different factors – sometimes of ideas, ideals and norms; sometimes of genuine instinct to cooperate for the common good; sometimes of crude, hard-nosed Realpolitik – tend to find it difficult to identify wholeheartedly with realism, liberalism, constructivism, or any of the innumerable other particular theories that all have distinguished adherents. Perhaps we will just have to find solace in ‘analytical eclecticism’, that recently identified new approach which seems eminently capable of accommodating, no doubt among others more respectable, the intellectually undisciplined and disreputable. Whether one is wrestling with the nuts and bolts of practical policymaking – across both the traditional and new agendas – or the higher abstractions of IR theory, the study of international relations is engaging and challenging. There is a whole smorgasbord of issues and approaches laid out here for you to sample in this book, all written by experts in their field, many of them world-renowned. You should find working through it fascinating and stimulating. And you should come away from it much better equipped than I ever was at the start of my career to make a contribution of your own to making this tumultuous world of ours a little safer and saner. 8 March 2011 Gareth Evans is Professorial Fellow at the University of Melbourne and Chancellor of the Australian National University, and President Emeritus of the International Crisis Group, the independent global conflict prevention and resolution organisation which he led from 2000 to 2009. He was Australia’s Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1988 to 1996, and co-chair of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, which published the Responsibility to protect report in 2004, and of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, whose report Eliminating nuclear threats was published in December 2009. viii foreword in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Contents Foreword Tables, figures and boxes Contributors Preface and Acknowledgements vii xix xxv xxix An introduction to International Relations: the origins and changing agendas of a discipline Richard Devetak 1 Introduction What is International Relations? International Relations as a discipline: traditions, origins and evolution Changing agendas: theory and practice Conclusion Questions Further reading 1 1 4 12 18 18 18 Part 1: Theories of International Relations 21 1 International Relations Theory in an Age of Critical Diversity 22 Jim George Introduction The necessity of theory Ontology, epistemology and the science question in international relations theory Mainstream international relations theory The era of critical diversity Conclusion Questions Further reading 2 Realism 23 23 24 26 29 33 34 34 35 Michele Chiaruzzi Introduction Who are the realists? Genesis of a tradition of thought What is realism? Synthesising theory and practice Conclusion Questions Further reading 3 Liberalism 36 37 43 46 47 47 48 James L. Richardson Introduction Liberalism The historical–political context Contemporary liberal IR theory 49 49 49 54 in this web service Cambridge University Press ix www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Conclusion Questions Further reading 4 Marxism and Critical Theory 59 60 60 62 Richard Devetak, Jim George and Martin Weber Introduction Historical and intellectual context: Marx and the critique of capitalism Marxism as historical materialism Marx and Marxism in IR Critical Theories of IR Conclusion Questions Further reading 5 Feminism 63 63 65 67 68 74 75 75 76 Katrina Lee-Koo Introduction International relations meets feminism The feminist IR agenda Tracing feminist international relations: challenging the masculine bias Where are the women? Reconstructing international relations: examining the differences between sex and gender J. Ann Tickner: Progress towards gender equality in the academy and the policy world Men have genders too! Feminist theories of international relations Conclusion: what does feminism add to our study of international relations? Questions Further reading 6 Postmodernism 77 77 77 79 80 81 82 84 86 89 90 90 91 Roland Bleiker Introduction Postmodernity as a new historical period Postmodernism as a critical way of understanding modernity The emergence of the third debate in IR scholarship The polemical nature of debates about postmodernism Conclusion Questions Further reading 7 Constructivism 92 92 93 97 99 100 101 102 103 Patrick Thaddeus Jackson and Joshua S. Jones Introduction What does constructivism do? Identity and international institutions Neta C. Crawford: Norms and violence Constructivism’s understanding of change in the international system Conclusion x 104 104 109 111 118 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Questions Further reading 8 Theories of Global Justice 118 118 119 Richard Shapcott Introduction Justice and international relations Why justice is global What is a just global order? Peter Singer: Global ethics Conclusion Questions Further reading 120 120 121 126 127 130 131 131 Part 2: The Traditional Agenda: States, War and Law 133 9 The Modern State 134 Richard Devetak Introduction What is a state? Origins of the modern state The idea of the sovereign state The triumph of the sovereign state: state-building as war making Whither the sovereign state? Conclusion Questions Further reading 10 Nations and Nationalism 135 135 137 138 142 145 146 146 147 148 Gavin Mount Introduction Terminological debates How nationalism shaped modern states and international society Understanding nations and nationalism in IR Appeals to ‘the people’ in the New World Order Conclusion Questions Further reading 11 Security 149 149 152 155 157 158 159 159 160 Anthony Burke Introduction Four crises Defining security Key theories and concepts Conclusion Questions Further reading 161 161 163 163 170 170 170 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press xi www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information 12 Arms Control 172 Marianne Hanson Introduction What is arms control? Why do states engage in arms control practices? Cold War arms control Why is arms control still important in the post-Cold War period? New initiatives in arms control: small arms and conventional weapons Arms control and international relations theory Nuclear weapons: a special case? Sergio Duarte: Disarmament and international security Initiatives to strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime Conclusion Questions Further reading 13 The Causes of War 173 173 174 174 175 179 181 182 183 186 187 187 187 189 Hidemi Suganami Introduction War, sovereignty and sociability Necessary causes of war? Regular causal paths to war? Contributory causes of war Conclusion Questions Further reading 14 The Changing Character of Warfare 190 191 193 194 194 197 198 198 199 Robert Ayson Introduction The diversity of warfare Sebastian Kaempf: Digital battlespaces and virtual media wars War as violence War as organised violence War and politics War as a case of between War as large-scale David Kilcullen: Contemporary war Conclusion Questions Further reading 15 The Ethics and Laws of War 200 200 202 204 206 208 210 211 212 215 215 216 218 Alex J. Bellamy Introduction When is it right to fight? (jus ad bellum) How should war be waged? (jus in bello) Jus ad bellum dilemma: preemptive self-defence xii 219 219 222 225 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Jus in bello dilemma: cluster bombs Conclusion Questions Further reading 16 International Law 227 229 229 230 231 Donald R. Rothwell Introduction Contemporary development of international law Institutions Sources of international law Major areas of international law Contemporary controversies Conclusion Questions Further reading 17 International Society and European Expansion 232 233 233 234 238 240 241 241 242 243 Paul Keal Introduction International society The nature of international society The limits of international society European expansion Conclusion Questions Further reading 18 Diplomacy 244 244 246 249 250 254 255 255 256 Geoffrey Wiseman and Paul Sharp Introduction Defining diplomacy: what is diplomacy and who are the diplomats? The evolution of diplomacy Trends Diplomacy and the study of IR Conclusion Questions Further reading 19 Great Powers 257 257 258 264 265 266 267 267 268 Marco Cesa Introduction What is a great power? The great powers in historical perspective The great powers in the theory of international relations The great powers after the Cold War Conclusion Questions Further reading 269 269 271 273 276 278 279 279 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press xiii www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information 20 The Cold War 281 Nick Bisley Introduction The beginnings of the Cold War: 1945–53 The Cold War spreads: 1953–69 Détente and the ‘second’ Cold War: 1969–85 The end of the Cold War: 1985–91 The Cold War and International Relations Conclusion: echoes of the Cold War Questions Further reading 282 282 286 287 288 290 291 293 293 Part 3: The New Agenda: Globalisation and Global Governance 295 21 The United Nations 296 Ian Hurd Introduction The UN in the Charter The UN’s principal organs The UN as actor, forum and resource Conclusion Questions Further reading 22 Non-State Actors: Multinational Corporations and International Non-Governmental Organisations 297 297 299 304 308 309 309 310 James Goodman Introduction MNCs: transnationalised material power INGOs: transnationalised normative power Conclusion Questions Further reading 23 Religion and Secularism 311 311 316 320 321 321 322 Elizabeth Shakman Hurd Introduction Religion and international relations History of a concept: secularism Secularism and world politics The politics of secularism in the Middle East and North Africa Conclusion Questions Further reading 24 Global Economic Institutions 323 323 325 326 329 333 334 334 336 Marc Williams Introduction Global governance and the global economy xiv 337 337 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Global economic institutions and the management of the global economy Legitimacy, democracy and global economic institutions Conclusion Questions Further reading 25 Global Trade 340 345 347 347 347 348 Maryanne Kelton Introduction Free trade and the international trading system An imperfect system Preferential trade arrangements Reform of the trading system? The Global Financial Crisis and trade Prospects for recovery Conclusion: systemic recovery and reform Questions Further reading 26 Global Finance 349 350 352 354 355 356 357 358 359 359 360 Leonard Seabrooke Introduction Death of the last great financial globalisation, 1900–45 The rise and fall of the Bretton Woods system, 1946–71 Domestic stagflation and international over-lending, 1972–81 Debt crises at home and abroad, 1982–92 Talking about architecture, 1993–2000 Promises, promises: credit booms and liquidity busts, 2001 to the present Conclusion: how should we study global finance? Questions Further reading 27 Global Poverty, Inequality and Development 361 362 363 364 365 366 368 369 370 370 372 Heloise Weber and Mark T. Berger Introduction Background to understanding poverty and inequality A relational approach to global poverty, inequality and development From the Washington Consensus to the Millennium Development Goals Perspectives on the Millennium Development Goals and global poverty Conclusion Questions Further reading 28 Globalisation and Its Critics 373 373 376 379 381 384 384 385 386 Steven Slaughter Introduction Understanding globalisation The anti-capitalist movement Scholarly critiques of globalisation Conclusion 387 387 392 396 397 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press xv www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Questions Further reading 397 397 29 Global Terrorism 398 David Wright-Neville Introduction What is terrorism? Some secondary warnings for the unaware Contemporary terrorism in context The globalisation of terrorism Some final misperceptions Conclusion Questions Further reading 30 Post-Conflict State-Building 399 399 401 403 406 409 410 412 412 414 Beth K. Greener Introduction The rise of post-conflict state-building The post-conflict state-building agenda The politics of contemporary post-conflict state-building Critics of the current agenda Impacts of post-conflict state-building The future of post-conflict state-building? Conclusion Questions Further reading 31 Humanitarian Intervention 415 415 418 419 420 422 422 424 424 425 426 Thomas G. Weiss Introduction The origins of humanitarianism A short history of humanitarian intervention The responsibility to protect Noel Morada: Responsibility to protect (R2P) and prevention of mass atrocities Conclusion Questions Further reading 32 Human Rights 427 427 431 433 435 438 438 439 440 Anthony J. Langlois Introduction The historical development of an idea The human rights idea today The politics of liberal universalism The future of human rights Conclusion Questions Further reading xvi 441 442 444 445 447 449 449 449 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information 33 Migration and Refugees 450 Sara E. Davies Introduction States, refugees and immigrants Controlling migration: a brief history The origins and purposes of refugee law The distribution of refugees around the world The present situation Conclusion Questions Further reading 34 Global Environmental Politics 451 451 451 453 455 458 460 460 461 462 Robyn Eckersley Introduction The rise of the environment as a global political problem The post-Cold War context Theories of global environmental politics The US as the reluctant environmental state Conclusion Questions Further reading 35 Climate Change 463 464 466 469 471 473 473 474 475 Peter Newell Introduction A brief history of climate change politics Explaining the global politics of climate change Conclusion Questions Further reading Glossary of Terms Bibliography Index 476 477 482 484 485 485 487 502 542 contents in this web service Cambridge University Press xvii www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information Ta b l e s , F i g u r e s a n d B o x e s Tables 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.2 4.1 7.1 12.1 19.1 29.1 33.1 The ‘Great Divide’ Realism and liberalism compared Mainstream IR theories Critical IR theories Knowledge and interests Three cultures of anarchy Major arms agreements reached since 1990 The great powers in 2010 Recent trends in terrorist violence Persons of concern to UNHCR – by region 4 7 29 33 70 107 178 277 412 457 Figures 0.1 0.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 9.1 12.1 12.2 12.3 14.1 14.2 14.3 15.1 19.1 20.1 20.2 Graffiti, Sarajevo 2005, by David Kozar Anti-government demonstrations during the 2010–11 Tunisian uprising Mary Wollstonecraft – engraving by James Heath from a painting by John Opie Portrait of John Stuart Mill Karl Marx, 1867 Antonio Gramsci in 1915 Cox’s dialectic of hegemonic forces The gendered politics of war: front cover image from The Queenslander’s Christmas supplement, 1915 Coffin grief, Srebrenica, by David Kozar Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882, by Gustave Schultze Frontispiece of Hobbes’s Leviathan, 1651 Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev and US President Reagan signing the INF Treaty at the White House, December 1987 Estimated nuclear weapons stockpiles Nuclear weapon test Romeo on Bikini Atoll, March 1954 The diversity of war – child soldier in the Congo, by Rivkah Larkin An F-20 fighter aircraft firing an air-to-ground missile Wars since 1990 White house, Omarska, by David Kozar US President Obama in discussion aboard Air Force One, June 2009 Allied leaders Winston Churchill (UK), Franklin D. Roosevelt (US) and Joseph Stalin (USSR) at the Yalta Conference, February 1945 The Cold War: NATO and Warsaw Pact countries (1949–89) 2 17 51 52 64 72 74 85 85 96 140 175 177 186 201 201 217 222 278 283 285 xix in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60000-3 - An Introduction to International Relations: Second Edition Edited by Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke and Jim George Frontmatter More information 25.1 25.2 27.1 29.1 30.1 31.1 33.1 The great trade collapses in historical perspective, 1965–2009 The volume of world trade, now vs then Slums built on swamp land near a garbage dump in East Cipinang, Jakarta, Indonesia Members of the National Guard at the World Trade Center, New York, 19 September 2001 US Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates boards a UH-60 Blackhawk on Camp Montieth, Kosovo, 7 October 2008 UN chopper UN refugee tents 356 357 374 408 417 430 458 Boxes 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 xx Terminology: What are the differences between International Relations and international relations, and international politics and world politics? Discussion points: A divided discipline? Discussion points: Was Thucydides a realist? Terminology: Key terms in the philosophy of science Terminology: Positivism and scientific IR Terminology: Hobbes’s ‘state of nature’ Discussion points: Hans J. Morgenthau’s six principles of political realism Terminology: Waltz’s theory of internatio

An introduction to international relations / Richard Devetak, Anthony Burke, Jim George 2nd ed. 9781107600003 (pbk.) Includes bibliographical references and index. International relations. Australia—Foreign relations. Burke, Anthony, 1966- George, Jim, 1946- 327.94 ISBN 978-1-107-60000-3 Paperback