THE STUDY GUIDE WRIGHT STUFF - Valentinetheatre
STUDY GUIDE The Wright Stuff by Steve Perigard THE WRIGHT STUFF TEACHER RESOURCES The Wright Stuff and this study guide are produced in support of the teaching of the Virginia Standards of Learning in English, History, Social Sciences, Mathematics, and Science. AT THE LIBRARY First Flight: The Wright Brothers (DK Readers, Level 4) by Leslie Garrett The Wright Brothers for Kids: How They Invented the Airplane, 21 Activities Exploring the Science and History of Flight by Mary Kay Carson Who Were the Wright Brothers? by James Buckley Jr. and Tim Foley ON THE WEB Re-Living The Wright Way, National Aeronautical and Space Administration https://wright.nasa.gov/index. htm The Inventive Wright Brothers, The Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/ teachers/classroommaterials/ primarysourcesets/flight/ The Wright Brothers & The Invention of the Aerial Age, The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum https://airandspace.si.edu/ exhibitions/wright-brothers/ online/ Wright Brothers’ Flying Machine, NOVA Science Programming, PBS http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ wright/ Wilbur and Orville Wright with their second powered machine; Huffman Prairie, Dayton, Ohio, May, 1904. Glass negatives from the Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. Call number LC-W86- 30 [P&P]. PLAY SYNOPSIS Barely out of their teens, two enterprising, plucky bicycle mechanics team up with their studious sister to out-invent the world’s top innovators and achieve the timeless dream of human flight. From their tiny workshop in Dayton, Ohio, Orville and Wilbur Wright travel to the sandy dunes of North Carolina where they launch the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight of an airplane, changing the world forever. This is an inspirational story of determination as the Wright brothers never lost their heart nor their resolution, even through years of frustrating failure. Let this theatrical performance make you feel as if you were there in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina along with the Wright brothers in December of 1903 as the world took flight for the very first time! TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre Characters Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Katherine Wright Themes Persistence Curiosity If at first you don’t succeed, try again! THE WRIGHT STUFF 1
A Timeline of the Wright Brothers STUDY GUIDE 1867: Wilbur Wright is born on a farm not far from New Castle, Indiana. 1871: Orville Wright is born in Dayton, Ohio. 1889: The Wright brothers open a printing business in Dayton, Ohio. 1892: The Wright brothers open a bicycle business in Dayton, Ohio. The business was originally called the Wright Cycle Exchange, but the brothers eventually changed its name to the Wright Cycle Company. September 12, 1900- October 23, 1900: The Wright brothers visit Kitty Hawk, a town located on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, for the first time. They selected this location because it provided them with the high winds and isolation they needed to conduct their experiments. During this time period, the brothers tested their 1900 glider with mixed success. Wilbur Wright in Bicycle Shop http://loc.gov/pictures/item/2001696435/ Library of Congress www.loc.gov/teachers July 11- August 22, 1901: The Wrights return to the Outer Banks of North Carolina, to test their 1901 glider at Kill Devil Hills, near Kitty Hawk. The unsuccessful results of their experiments with the glider led Orville to proclaim that, “Not within a thousand years would man ever fly”. October - December, 1901: The Wright brothers conduct further tests of their airfoils with a wind tunnel, and pressure-test balances of their own design. They became the first investigators to compile tables of figures from which it was possible to design an airplane that would fly. Crumpled glider August, 1902: The Wright brothers complete construction of their 1902 glider, which was designed on the basis of their wind tunnel experiments. They leave for The Outer Banks of North Carolina with their glider on August 25. September 19 - October 24, 1902: The Wrights make 700-1,000 successful glides with their 1902 glider at Kill Devil Hills, near the town of Kitty Hawk, located on the Outer banks of North Carolina. December 15, 1902: Orville and Wilbur commence plans for a new flying machine to be equipped with motor and propellers by conducting propeller experiments and beginning construction of a four-cylinder engine. Early 1903: The Wrights build a second wind tunnel to ensure greater accuracy in measurements than those obtained in the tests made with their 1901 wind tunnel. Kitty Hawk #30, 1901 http://www.loc.gov/resource/mwright.04003#seq-30 Library of Congress February 12-13, 1903: The Wright brothers and their mechanic, Charles Taylor, complete and begin to test the 1903 motor. The motor’s body and frame crack during the tests and it is determined that a new aluminum casting is needed. www.loc.gov/teachers October 9, 1903: Orville and Wilbur start to assemble their 1903 machine at Kill Devil Hills. TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 2
A Timeline of the Wright Brothers STUDY GUIDE December 14, 1903: Wilbur makes an unsuccessful first attempt to fly with the powered machine from the slope at Kill Devil Hills. December 17, 1903: The Wrights make the world’s first free, controlled and sustained flights in a power-driven, heavier than air machine. The first of the four flights made this day lasted 12 seconds and covered 120 feet. The longest flight lasted 59 seconds and flew 852 feet. After the fourth flight of the day, the 1903 Flyer was destroyed when a large gust of wind rolled the machine over. First successful flight http://loc.gov/pictures/item/00652085/ Library of Congress www.loc.gov/teachers April-May, 1904: The Wright brothers construct an entirely new, heavier and stronger machine at Huffman Prairie Flying Field, eight miles outside of Dayton, Ohio. September 15, 1904: Wilbur makes the first half-circle turn in air at Huffman Prairie Flying Field. September 20, 1904: Orville makes the first complete circle in the air at Huffman Prairie Flying Field. May 22, 1906: U.S. Patent Office grants the basic flying machine patent, No.821,393, for their 1903 flying machine. May 14, 1908: The Wrights carry a passenger on their plane for the first time, Charles W. Furnas of Dayton. The event took place at Kill Devil Hills. August 8, 1908: The Wrights make their first public exhibition flight and their first European flight at the Hunaudiéres Race Course at Le Mans, France. Flying Machine Patent http://www.loc.gov/item/wright002747 Library of Congress www.loc.gov/teachers September 17, 1908: The first airplane fatality occurs when a propeller blade breaks on a Wright machine at Fort Myer, VA. Orville Wright was seriously injured and Lt. Thomas E. Selfridge died during the accident. This incident terminated the Wright Army Trials for the year. May 5, 1910: The Wright Company starts a flight school at the Huffman Prairie Flying Field in Dayton, Ohio with Orville in charge of instruction. The school was in operation from 1910 to 1916. May 25, 1910: Orville and Wilbur make their first and only flight together at the Huffman Prairie Flying Field. May 30, 1912: Wilbur dies at the age of 45 after a month-long bout with typhoid fever. Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright, 1909 May 13, 1918: Orville makes his final flight as a pilot, flying an early 1912 model biplane. All photos: Library of Congress, wright-brothers/ January 30, 1948: Orville Wright dies at the age of 77 due to a heart attack. http://loc.gov/pictures/item/2003680184/ Library of Congress www.loc.gov/teachers TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 3
Biography STUDY GUIDE THE WRIGHT BROTHERS It is important to know that where and when the Wright Brothers lived played an important role in their achievement. In the late 1800s, the Wrights’ hometown of Dayton, Ohio was part of a growing manufacturing and industrial region. The environment helped the brothers learn mechanical and engineering skills important to their work. The brothers are often referred to as one unit, but they were quite different with distinct personalities. Wilbur was the oldest. Born in 1867, his father described him as “never rattled in thought or temper.” Wilbur was very intelligent, loved to read and write, and was quite the gifted speaker. He did very well in school and was a good student athlete. Wilbur had ambitions to attend Yale and become a teacher, but at age 18 his future was uncertain when he was struck in the face by a hockey stick when playing a game. Despite healing from his physical injuries apart was a favorite hobby of Orville’s, and he struggled with lingering heart and digestive http://loc.gov/pictures/item/2003680184/ issues that resulted from the accident. Falling Library of Congressthat fit with his personality of being slightlywww.loc.gov/teachers mischievous in class and not always putting into a depression he withdrew from the world forth his best effort. In fact, he never formally and locked himself away with his own thoughts graduated from high school. Orville, like Wilbur, and lots of books. Struggling to find new had a passion for learning and studying outside direction, Wilbur devoted his time to taking of school and both had the education of what care of his ailing mother who was ill with was considered comparable to a four year tuberculosis and required constant care. She college degree. died when he was 22. Orville was born in 1871 and was found to be more optimistic than his older brother. Impulsive, curious, and energetic, Orville held a wide range of interests and he was always coming up with new inventions after showing an early interest in science and technology. Performing experiments and taking things TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre Before venturing into flight, together the brothers owned a successful printing business and bicycle company, and today their names are part of our national cultural identity. More than a century later, after launching the aerial age, the Wright brothers continue to inspire us with their story and success. THE WRIGHT STUFF 4
Six Fun Facts STUDY GUIDE DID YOU KNOW? 1. 2. 3. Thanks to a coin toss, Orville was the first brother airborne. The brothers tossed a coin to see who would first test the Wright Flyer on the sands of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Older brother Wilbur won the toss, but his first attempt on December 14, 1903, was unsuccessful and caused minor damage to the aircraft. Three days later, Orville, in coat and tie, lay flat on his stomach on the plane’s lower wing and took the controls. At 10:35 a.m., the Wright Flyer moved down the guiding rail with Wilbur running alongside to balance the delicate machine. For 12 seconds, the aircraft left the ground before touching down 120 feet away in the soft sands. The brothers exchanged turns at the controls three more times that day, and each flight covered an increasing distance with Wilbur’s final flight lasting nearly a minute and covering a distance of 852 feet. The Wright brothers flew together just one time. Orville and Wilbur had promised their father, who feared losing both sons in an airplane accident, they would never fly together. The father made a single exception, however, on May 25, 1910, and allowed the brothers to share a six-minute flight near Dayton with Orville piloting and Wilbur the passenger. After landing, Orville took his 82-year-old father on his first and only flight. As Orville gained elevation, his excited father cried out, “Higher, Orville, higher!” The brothers never married. The tight-knit brothers, born four years apart, were wedded to their work; Wilbur told reporters that he didn’t have time for both a wife and an airplane. TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre Neil Armstrong works at the LM in the only photo taken of him on the moon from the surface. NASA photo as11-40-5886. 4. Neil Armstrong carried a piece of the Wright Flyer with him to the moon. When another aeronautical pioneer from Ohio, Neil Armstrong, became the first man to step foot on the moon in 1969, inside his spacesuit pocket was a piece of muslin fabric from the left wing of the original 1903 Wright Flyer along with a piece of wood from the airplane’s left propeller. 5. Two states stake their claim to the brothers. Both North Carolina and Ohio take credit for being the birthplace of powered flight. Orville and Wilbur designed and built their plane in Dayton, but the actual flight happened in Kitty Hawk. 6. The brothers contributed to why Ohio calls itself the Birthplace of Aviation Pioneers. Ohio is also the birthplace of Neil Armstrong, the first man on the moon, and astronaut John Glenn, and of course, the Wright brothers. THE WRIGHT STUFF 5
Activities STUDY GUIDE 1: AVIATION VOCABULARY Thanks to pioneers of flight such as the Wright brothers, the science of aviation is well understood. During the years when the Wright brothers and other innovators were experimenting with flight and discovering the science behind it, they used terminology to describe equipment, technology, and phenomena that characterize the field of aviation. Define the terms below: airplane elevators lift aileron thrust gravity propeller drag rudder tail attitude altitude fin elevation streamline Which of the words above describe equipment or parts of a plane? Highlight those words. Which of the words above describe a force? Circle those words. Then, use at least three of the terms you’ve learned in a paragraph about aviation. THINK AND DISCUSS Read “How the World Explores Space Together,” by Caleb Wong, on the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum website at https://airandspace.si.edu/ stories/ editorial/how-worldexploresspace-together. How is today’s space exploration similar to and different from early experimentation with aviation and flight? In what ways is it easier today to share knowledge and experiences and to collaborate with others? TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 6
Activities STUDY GUIDE Science fun at home 2: INSPIRING FLIGHT ence fun at home In the play, the Wright brothers receive a gift from their father, a small toy helicopter designed by French aviation pioneer Alphonse Pénaud. The brothers were so enthralled with the little machine that they made several copies of it in various sizes before moving on to other pastimes. Orville recalled the little toy as being the spark that lead to the brothers’ fascination with flight. Have some fun at home with these science activities from Science Sparks and the Have yousome ever been inspired by a toy? Explain. Have fun at home with Primary Science Teaching Trust these science activities from Science Sparks and the E iYnOgUTSrTuAsRtT! Please read through this with an adult: Primary ScienceBTEeFaOcRh Make sure you have read the ‘IMPORTANT NOTICE’ on the back of this page. Iftheir youown have a helicopters, space outside thatonyou use safely, then you father. can doWhat the ‘Try thisyou The Wright brothers made toy based the can toy given to them by their would outdoors’ activity outside. Don’t worry if not as you could still do it indoors. START! Please through this with an adult: like to tryread and make on your own? Explain. Talk to your adult about sharing the science you have done and if they want to you have read the ‘IMPORTANT NOTICE’ on the back of this page. share on social media, please tag @ScienceSparks and @pstt whyhow and use e a space outside that you can use cienceFthen romHyou omecan do the ‘Try this # Ssafely, activity outside. Don’t worry if not as you could still do it indoors. ur adult about sharing the science you have done and if they want to ocial media, please tag @ScienceSparks and @pstt whyhow and use FromHome 1. Begin by cutting out the rectangular pattern to the right. PAPER SPINNER TEMPLATE Why and How Challenge - Issue 1 3: MAKE YOUR OWN HELICOPTER 1 TRY THIS INDOYOoRuSw i.llMnAeKeEdA SPINNER nning science 2. Cut along the dotted line so that the top of the paper . Cut out thesections. spinner - you paper clips helicopter is cut into1two one-inch ere. can download These will be the helicopter blades. a template h Scissors HIS IND3.OFold OReach S of. those MAtwo KEsections A SPIinNopposite NER directions along the line so that your helicopter is a “T” shape. you spinner herthe e. bottom part of the helicopter, cut a notch a template 4. On from each side along the other lines. 2. CUdotted T paper paper clips Scissors different types of paper or card FOLD different types 2. CUT along the of paper or cardsolid lines andCUT WHAT DOalong YOUthe NOTICE? 5. Fold the two notched sections each Th insolid gs toward tlines o taand lk about other to create a narrow, thicker forthe the FOLDbase along helicopter. lines. Whatdotted happens when you FOLD CUT You will need Spinning science CUT FOLD along the dotted lines. 3. PAPER CLIP the three folded pieces of the tail of the spinner. why& how? PRIMARY SCIENCE TEACHING TRUST he spinner down? How? up, let go and watch what happens! if you useTOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG different sorts of 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre sue paper fall fast or slower 5. MAKE more spinners . you could make d? What happens when you different sizes, use different types of paper, FOLD FOLD 4. FOLD the two ‘wings’ of the spinner in let the spinner go? opposite directions. Hold the spinner high Can you slow the spinner 6. Fold the base upward at about 1 inch from the down? How? up, let go and watch what happens! 3happens .clip PAPtoEthe RifCyou LIP use thetodifferent three folded sorts of paper bottom YOU NOTbottom, ICE?and secure aWhat pieces of thepaper tail offall thefast spinner. paper? Does tissue or slower 5. MAKE more spinners . you could make add weight to your helicopter. alk about than cardboard? What happens when you different sizes, use different types of paper, Your helicopter is ready to fly! make4the longer or shorter? What if . FOwings LD the two ‘wings’ of the spinner inuse more paper clips or change the length when you let the spinner go?you make a giant one? A tiny one? of the wings. opposite directions. Hold the spinner high THE WRIGHT STUFF 7 C
Activities STUDY GUIDE 4: TEAMWORK IN AEROSPACE by Tom Benson of the NASA Glenn Research Center Materials 2-3 sheets of white paper per student 5-10 sheets of colored paper per group Tape, scissors, paperclips- per group Stopwatch Objective Students are organized into groups (known as companies) which must produce one airplane per group in a short time (usually about 15 minutes). The groups “fly-off” against each other in a competition to see who can keep their plane in the air the longest. The fly-off usually takes about 10 minutes as well. After the fly-off, the fun begins with a discussion with all the companies. This discussion is guided by the teacher and runs for the duration of the exercise (20 minutes). Step 1 Form your design team. Within 15 minutes, produce a single paper airplane using the colored paper. Practice the designs using the white paper. Complete your selected design on colored paper. Step 2 Select a pilot to demonstrate your aircraft. Fly the airplane. The team whose aircraft stays aloft for the longest time wins the competition. Average time of two (2) demonstration flights. Post-Activity Discussions 1. How did your team arrive at a design? a. Did you consider more than one design? b. Did you work together on a design, or did you all work individually? c. Did you share information with your fellow team members? 2. Did your team have a ‘leader’? a. How was that person selected? b. How did you feel about the selection? c. How did you work with the leader? 3. Did everyone participate in the design process? a. Did some people ‘dominate’? b. Did everyone pull their weight? c. How do you feel about the process? 4. Did you feel constrained or pressured? a. By the time limit? b. By the resource (paper) limit? 5. Did you worry about other teams stealing your design? TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre a. What could you do to protect your design? THE WRIGHT STUFF 8
Activities STUDY GUIDE 5: WIND ENERGY Directions Wind is a source of energy that you cannot see but that is frequently all around us. Can you think of any places on Earth where the wind rarely stops blowing? 1. Cut out the square below. Then cut along the diagonal, dashed lines. (Do not cut into the red circle in the middle.) 2. Use a pushpin to poke holes in the center of the pinwheel and in the blue dots in the four corners. Twist the pin to make the holes smooth. This will help your pinwheel spin. 3. Stick the pushpin through each of the corner holes, through the center hole then into the top of a pencil eraser. 4. Blow the pinwheel. Watch it spin! TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 9
Activities STUDY GUIDE 6: ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCE MATERIAL These two photographs were taken during the Wright brothers exploration of aviation (left: Crumpled glider wrecked by the wind on Hill of the Wreck [named after a shipwreck], October 10, 1900, attributed to Orville or Wilbur Wright; and right: First flight, Dec. 17, 1903, attributed to John T. Daniels). The images portray tragedy and triumph. Use the organizer below to analyze the historical photographs by recording your observations, reflections, and questions about each. Primary sources are the raw materials of history — original documents and objects which were created at the time under study. They are different from secondary sources, accounts, or interpretations of events created by someone without firsthand experience. Source: U.S. Library of Congress Imagine you were there in Kitty Hawk with Orville and Wilbur Wright. Describe the feelings they must have http://loc.gov/pictures/item/00652085/ experienced when each of these photographs was taken. Use the back of this paper to record your ideas. Library of Congress www.loc.gov/teachers Wreck Observe Flight Wreck Reflect Flight Wreck Question Flight TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 10
Activities STUDY GUIDE OTHER IDEAS/REFERENCES TO CHECK OUT: Activity: Center of Gravity https://wright.nasa.gov/airplane/cg.html Other activity prompts and ideas: https://wright.nasa.gov/lesson.htm Build your own Wright Bros Model Airplane! https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/models.htm 1900 Template https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1900model.htm https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1900 template.pdf 1901 Template https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1901model.htm https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1901 template.pdf 1902 Template https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1902model.htm https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1902 template.pdf 1903 Template https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1903model.htm https://wright.nasa.gov/ROGER/1903 template.pdf TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 11
Cues at the Theatre STUDY GUIDE VIRGINIA REPERTORY THEATRE Phil Whiteway Managing Director Todd D. Norris When you are in an audience at The Wright Stuff or any play, pay attention to the following: Artistic Director of Education VIRGINIA REP ON TOUR Amber Martinez Arts in Education Manager amartinez@virginiarep.org Gordon Bass Tour Manager Donna Warfield Company Manager Virginia Repertory Theatre 114 W. Broad St. Richmond, Virginia 23220 800.235.8687 VIRGINIAREP.ORG This study guide is the property of Virginia Rep. Photocopying of the study guide is permitted. Any other use of the contents must be accompanied by the phrase, “Text used with permission from Virginia Repertory Theatre, Richmond, VA.” Cue 1) Command given by stage management to the technical departments. 2) Any signal (spoken line, action or count) that indicates another action should follow. House Lights The auditorium lighting, which is commonly faded out when the performance starts. Blackout The act of turning off (or fading out) stage lighting. Curtain Call At the end of a performance, the acknowledgment of applause by actors — the bows. Build / Check Build is a smooth increase in sound or light level; check is the opposite — a smooth diminishment of light or sound. Fade An increase, decrease, or change in lighting or sound. TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 12
TOUR.VIRGINIAREP.ORG 2022 Virginia Repertory Theatre THE WRIGHT STUFF 2 STUDY GUIDE A Timeline of the Wright Brothers 1867: Wilbur Wright is born on a farm not far from New Castle, Indiana. 1871: Orville Wright is born in Dayton, Ohio. 1889: The Wright brothers open a printing business in Dayton, Ohio. 1892: The Wright brothers open a bicycle business in Dayton, Ohio.
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