The Basic Architectural Services & Project Delivery - AIA
The Basic Architectural Services & Project Delivery The Contract Contractual Relationships Project Delivery 5 Phases of Service The Project Progression through Design to Documentation to Bid to Construction Additional Services
Who are the Players in a Construction Project? Finance Users Owner Architect Consultants & Engineers Contractor Subcontractors & Suppliers
Contractual Relationships n Architects have contracts with Owners n n To provide the service or design and documentation Architects have contracts with Engineers and Consultants n Engineers/Consultants provide a detailed, specialized service to the Architect n Civil Engineers, Mechanical/Electrical Engineers, Structural Engineers, Interior Designers, Large equipment vendors.
Contractual Relationships n Owners have contracts with Contractors n n Contractor provides service of construction to owner Contractors have contracts with subcontractors n Sub-c (or trades) provide service of construction on a specific part of the project n i.e., electrical, plumbing, mechanical, framing
Contractual Relationships Common Misconception: The Architect and Contractor have a contract.
Contractual Relationships n In this traditional model, the architect and contractor have no legal obligation to each other, but have a common interest: OWNER
Project Delivery n n It is the method of organization in which the project will be delivered to the owner. It determines who is contractually involved within the project framework n n And what responsibilities and roles they will play Also determines the individual RISK that each party takes on.
Project Delivery n Project Delivery is determined by the following: n Owner Sophistication n n n n One time builder vs. developer Size & Complexity of Project Schedule vs. Budget Driven Global Economy / Bidding Climate
Project Delivery n Methods of Project Delivery n n n Design-Bid-Build Design-Build Fast Track (can be DBB or DB method)
Project Delivery n Design-Bid-Build (D-B-B) n n Most “Traditional” Method Linear Progression in construction n Owner hires Architect/Engineer (A/E) n n n Project is solicited for competitive bid n n n A/E prepares design and con. docs. Paid a lump sum (hourly rate) or percentage of construction cost Owner looks for lowest reasonable price or Owner negotiates with pre-selected contractor Project is AWARDED
Project Delivery n Design-Bid-Build (D-B-B) n n Construction cost determined after all bids are received & accepted May have multiple contractors bids n n Contractor is solely responsible for delivering the completed project n n n Could be competitive costing Must comply with contract documents GC may subcontract much of the work (TYPICAL) Owner has A/E administer the contract n or can have in-house people administer contract
Project Delivery Design-Bid-Build is still the most popular method of delivery but not the predominant method.
Project Delivery n Design-Build (D/B) n n n Firm hired will complete both design and construction Single point of contact for Owner through entire project (design to construction) Types of Design Build Relationships n n Design/Build Firms with in-house design and construction services Joint venture Firms that contractually come together
Project Delivery n Design-Build (D/B) n Contractor and Architect team and form a single entity to provide a service to the owner n A/E and Contractor have a contract in this model Typically Contractor has lead role n Architect relinquishes control of project n n Works under the guise of the Contractor n Contractor controls costs & quality n Architect is selected by Contractor n Both entities can hire subcontractors to complete the work
Project Delivery n Fast Track n Administration of multiple construction contracts for the same project at the same time n n Project is performed in phases where design is overlapped by construction Construction phases are staggered n n Portions of work are started as soon as design is completed Shortens construction timeline considerably n n Used when Schedule is most important Design and construction overlap, but contract is performed by multiple general contractors
5 Phases of the Basic Architectural Services 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Schematic Design Design Development Construction Documentation Bidding & Negotiation Construction Administration
Schematic Design n n Evaluate the Site Develop the Building Program n n Develop a Construction Budget n n Based on what Owner can afford Prepare Sketches n n Based on Owner’s needs and wants Plans, elevations, sections, perspectives, study models Present initial design to Owner
Design Development n Scaled Drafted Drawings n n n Selection of Materials & Finishes Review of Engineering Requirements n n n Plans, elevations, sections Discussion and coordination with civil, structural, electrical, mechanical, plumbing engineers Review of Construction Budget Presentation to Owner for Changes or Modifications
Construction Documentation n Final Detailed Working Drawings n n n n n Written Specifications n n Plans, Elevations, Sections Construction Details Schedules (Door, Window, Finish) Consulting Engineers’ Drawings Quality of material and installation Project Manual n Terms of contract between owner & contractor
Bidding & Negotiation n Qualify Eligible Contractors n n n Review Project with Contractors Answer Questions about Design n n From contractors, subcontractors, suppliers and/or manufacturers Issues Addendums to bidders n n Pre-selected Bidders Changes to design before bid is entered Evaluates Bids n Helps owner decide what contractor to go with
Construction Administration n Answers Contractor Questions during construction n n n Reviews Contractor Request for Payment Reviews Change Orders n n n RFI’s (Request for Information) Changes to construction Inspects Construction Progress Project Closeout and Punch List n “cleaning up” the loose ends
Additional Services Ø Services above and beyond “Basic Services” n Pre-Design n n n n n Facility Assessment Programming Marketing/Feasibility Studies Budgeting/Financing Site Analysis n n n n n n Site Selection Site Development Planning Utilities Studies Environmental Studies Zoning Post-Construction Services n n n n Facilities Management Record Drawings (“As-Builts”) Warranty Review Other Services n n n n n n n n n Renderings Models Life Cycle Cost Analysis Cost Estimates Energy Studies Tenant Services Graphic Design Interior Design Expert Witness
Architecture 101: Understanding Terminology, Acronyms, & the Language of Architeture Jason Winters, AIA 2017 AIA Strategic Council Moderator Workshop 3
We abbreviate words or phrases to save time, effort or space An abbreviation(from Latin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, used to represent a longer, often-used word or phrase.
AAF AAH AAJ ABC ABI ACADIA ACD ACE ACSA ADA A DEN AG AGC AGS AIA AIAS AIBD APA ArchiPAC ARE ASAE ASCE ASID ASLA ASME BArch BAC BEC BoKnoCo BOMA CxD CACE CAE CAFM/PM CCA CES CEU CGI CLE COD COF COFPAES COTE American Architecture Foundation Academy of Architecture for Health Knowledge Community Academy of Architecture for Justice Knowledge Community Associated Builders and Contractors Architecture Billing Index Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture AIA Contract Documents Architecture, Construction, Engineering Mentor Program Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Americans with Disabilities Act Architecture Design Education Network Advisory Group (Knowledge Community) Associated General Contractors of America Architectural Graphic Standards American Institute of Architects American Institute of Architecture Students American Institute of Building Designers American Planning Association AIA’s Political Action Committee Architectural Licensing Exam American Society of Association Executives American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Interior Design American Society of Landscape Architects American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bachelor of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also MArch) Board Advocacy Committee Building Enclosure Council Board Knowledge Committee Building Owners and Managers Association Communities by Design Council of Architectural Component Executives Committee on Architecture for Education Committee of Corporate Architects and Facility Management Construction Contract Administration Knowledge Community Continuing Education System Continuing Education Unit Clinton Global Initiative Committee on Leadership Education Committee on Design College of Fellows Council on the Federal Procurement of A/E Services Committee on the Environment CRAN CRS D P D&O D. Arch. DAT DB DBIA DFA Dod DOE DOJ DOT DV ED EPA EPC EPN FACHA FAIA FEMA FSD GBI GSA HCR HSW HUD IA ICC IDP IFRAA IGCC IIDA IPD IRT KC KLA KNet LEED LEED AP LFRT LU MArch Custom Residential Architects Network Comprehensive Response System (AIA Disaster Assistance Program) Design Practice Directors and Officers (Insurance) Doctor of Architecture Degree (NAAB) Design Assistance/Assessment Team Design Build Design-Build Institute of America Design for Aging AIA Contract Documents on Demand Department of Energy Department of Justice Department of Transportation DesignVote U.S. Department of Education Environmental Protection Agency Emerging Professional Companion Educator Practitioner Network Fellow, American College of Healthcare Architects Fellow, American Institute of Architects Federal Emergency Management Agency Full Service Distributor (of AIA contracts) Green Building Institute General Services Administration Housing & Custom Residential Knowledge Community Health Safety Welfare US Department of Housing and Urban Development Interior Architecture Committee Knowledge Community International Code Council Intern Development Program Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture International Green Construction Code International Interior Design Association Integrated Project Delivery Institute Resource Training Knowledge Communities Knowledge Leadership Assembly Knowledge Net Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Accredited Professional Large Firm Round Table Learning Units (Continuing Education Hour) Master of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also BArch) MBE MCE MOU NAAB NAC NAED NAHB NAS NBM NCARB NEA NAC NOMA NOMAS NTHP PA PAC PMKC QA QBS RAD RAIA RAIC REC RIBA RUDAT RUDC SAC SDA SDAT SDLU SFRT SGN SPP TAP UDI UIA ULI USDOE USGBC YAF Member Board Executives (NCARB) Mandatory Continuing Education Memorandum of Understanding National Architectural Accrediting Board National Associates Committee National Academy of Environmental Design National Association of Home Builders National Academy of Science National Building Museum National Council of Architectural Registration Boards National Endowment of the Arts/National Education Association National Ethics Council National Organization of Minority Architects National Organization of Minority Architects Students National Trust for Historic Preservation Public Architects Committee Knowledge Community Political Action Committee (e.g., ArchiPAC) Practice Management Knowledge Community Quality Assurance Qualifications Based Selection Regional Associate Director Royal Australian Institute of Architects Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Retail and Entertainment Knowledge Community Royal Institute of British Architects Regional Urban Design Assistance Team(s) Regional and Urban Design Committee Knowledge Community Secretary’s Advisory Committee Society for Design Administration Sustainable Design Assessment Team(s) Sustainable Design Learning Unit Small Firm Round Table State Government Network Small Project Practitioners Knowledge Community Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community Urban Development Institute International Union of Architects Urban Land Institute United States Department of Energy United States Green Building Council Young Architects Forum
Board of Directors Strategic Council AIA Staff Components Emeritus CACE Knowledge Communities Members College of Fellows AIAS Liaison Emerging Professionals Board Committees Membership Groups AIA Trust ArchiPAC
Academy of Architecture for Health Advisory Group Academy of Architecture for Justice Leadership Group ACE Mentor Board Liaison AIA Trust AIA/ACSA Topaz Medallion for Excellence in Architectural Education Jury AIA/AGC Joint Committee AIAS Liaison ArchiPAC Steering Committee Benefits Trustees Board Advocacy Committee Board Community Committee Board Knowledge Committee Codes & Standards Committee Committee on Architecture for Education Leadership Group Committee on Design Advisory Group Committee on the Environment Advisory Group Construction Contract Administration Leadership Group Continuing Education Committee Corporate Architects and Facility Management Advisory Group Council of Architectural Component Executives Custom Residential Architects Network Advisory Group Design for Aging Advisory Group Disaster Assistance Committee Diversity Council Documents Committee Federal Architecture Task Group Historic Resources Committee Advisory Group Housing Knowledge Community Advisory Group Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art & Architecture Leadership Group Interior Architecture Knowledge Community Leadership Group International Practice Committee Advisory Group MASTERSPEC Architectural Review Committee MASTERSPEC Electrical Engineering Subcommittee MASTERSPEC Mechanical Engineering Subcommittee National Ethics Council Practice & Prosperity Practice Management Knowledge Community Leadership Group Project Delivery Knowledge Community Leadership Group Public Architects Committee Advisory Group Regional and Urban Design Committee Leadership Group Resolutions Committee Retail and Entertainment Knowledge Community Leadership Group Secretary's Advisory Committee Small Project Practitioners Advisory Group Technical Design for Building Performance Advisory Group Technology in Architectural Practice Leadership Group Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture Jury
AIA Knowledge Communities Academy of Architecture for Health AAH Custom Residential Architects Network CRAN Project Delivery Knowledge Community PD Academy of Architecture for Justice AAJ Design for Aging Knowledge Community DFA Public Architects Committee Committee on Architecture for Education CAE Historic Resources Committee HRC Committee on Design COD Housing Knowledge Community Retail and Entertainment Knowledge Community REC Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art, and Architecture IFRAA Small Project Practitioners SPP Interior Architecture Knowledge Community Technology in Architectural Practice TAP Committee on the Environment COTE Construction Contract Administration CCA Corporate Architects and Facility Management CAFM Regional and Urban Design RUDC International Program Practice Management Knowledge Community Technical Design Building Performance TDBP
AAF AAH AAJ ABC ABI ACADIA ACD ACE ACSA ADA A DEN AG AGC AGS AIA AIAS AIBD APA ArchiPAC ARE ASAE ASCE ASID ASLA ASME BArch BAC BEC BoKnoCo BOMA CxD CACE CAE CAFM/PM CCA CES CEU CGI CLE COD COF COFPAES COTE American Architecture Foundation Academy of Architecture for Health Knowledge Community Academy of Architecture for Justice Knowledge Community Associated Builders and Contractors Architecture Billing Index Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture AIA Contract Documents Architecture, Construction, Engineering Mentor Program Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Americans with Disabilities Act Architecture Design Education Network Advisory Group (Knowledge Community) Associated General Contractors of America Architectural Graphic Standards American Institute of Architects American Institute of Architecture Students American Institute of Building Designers American Planning Association AIA’s Political Action Committee Architectural Licensing Exam American Society of Association Executives American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Interior Design American Society of Landscape Architects American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bachelor of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also MArch) Board Advocacy Committee Building Enclosure Council Board Knowledge Committee Building Owners and Managers Association Communities by Design Council of Architectural Component Executives Committee on Architecture for Education Committee of Corporate Architects and Facility Management Construction Contract Administration Knowledge Community Continuing Education System Continuing Education Unit Clinton Global Initiative Committee on Leadership Education Committee on Design College of Fellows Council on the Federal Procurement of A/E Services Committee on the Environment CRAN CRS D P D&O D. Arch. DAT DB DBIA DFA Dod DOE DOJ DOT DV ED EPA EPC EPN FACHA FAIA FEMA FSD GBI GSA HCR HSW HUD IA ICC IDP IFRAA IGCC IIDA IPD IRT KC KLA KNet LEED LEED AP LFRT LU MArch Custom Residential Architects Network Comprehensive Response System (AIA Disaster Assistance Program) Design Practice Directors and Officers (Insurance) Doctor of Architecture Degree (NAAB) Design Assistance/Assessment Team Design Build Design-Build Institute of America Design for Aging AIA Contract Documents on Demand Department of Energy Department of Justice Department of Transportation DesignVote U.S. Department of Education Environmental Protection Agency Emerging Professional Companion Educator Practitioner Network Fellow, American College of Healthcare Architects Fellow, American Institute of Architects Federal Emergency Management Agency Full Service Distributor (of AIA contracts) Green Building Institute General Services Administration Housing & Custom Residential Knowledge Community Health Safety Welfare US Department of Housing and Urban Development Interior Architecture Committee Knowledge Community International Code Council Intern Development Program Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture International Green Construction Code International Interior Design Association Integrated Project Delivery Institute Resource Training Knowledge Communities Knowledge Leadership Assembly Knowledge Net Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Accredited Professional Large Firm Round Table Learning Units (Continuing Education Hour) Master of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also BArch) MBE MCE MOU NAAB NAC NAED NAHB NAS NBM NCARB NEA NAC NOMA NOMAS NTHP PA PAC PMKC QA QBS RAD RAIA RAIC REC RIBA RUDAT RUDC SAC SDA SDAT SDLU SFRT SGN SPP TAP UDI UIA ULI USDOE USGBC YAF Member Board Executives (NCARB) Mandatory Continuing Education Memorandum of Understanding National Architectural Accrediting Board National Associates Committee National Academy of Environmental Design National Association of Home Builders National Academy of Science National Building Museum National Council of Architectural Registration Boards National Endowment of the Arts/National Education Association National Ethics Council National Organization of Minority Architects National Organization of Minority Architects Students National Trust for Historic Preservation Public Architects Committee Knowledge Community Political Action Committee (e.g., ArchiPAC) Practice Management Knowledge Community Quality Assurance Qualifications Based Selection Regional Associate Director Royal Australian Institute of Architects Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Retail and Entertainment Knowledge Community Royal Institute of British Architects Regional Urban Design Assistance Team(s) Regional and Urban Design Committee Knowledge Community Secretary’s Advisory Committee Society for Design Administration Sustainable Design Assessment Team(s) Sustainable Design Learning Unit Small Firm Round Table State Government Network Small Project Practitioners Knowledge Community Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community Urban Development Institute International Union of Architects Urban Land Institute United States Department of Energy United States Green Building Council Young Architects Forum
AAF ABC ABI ACADIA ACE ACSA ADA A DEN AGC AGS AIBD APA ARE ASAE ASCE ASID ASLA ASME BArch BOMA CGI American Architecture Foundation Associated Builders and Contractors Architecture Billing Index Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture Architecture, Construction, Engineering Mentor Program Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Americans with Disabilities Act Architecture Design Education Network Associated General Contractors of America Architectural Graphic Standards American Institute of Building Designers American Planning Association Architectural Licensing Exam American Society of Association Executives American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Interior Design American Society of Landscape Architects American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bachelor of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also MArch) Building Owners and Managers Association Clinton Global Initiative D&O D. Arch. DBIA DOE DOJ DOT DV ED EPA FEMA GBI GSA HUD ICC IDP IGCC IIDA IPD LEED LEED AP MArch Directors and Officers (Insurance) Doctor of Architecture Degree (NAAB) Design-Build Institute of America Department of Energy Department of Justice Department of Transportation DesignVote U.S. Department of Education Environmental Protection Agency Federal Emergency Management Agency Green Building Institute General Services Administration US Department of Housing and Urban Development International Code Council Intern Development Program International Green Construction Code International Interior Design Association Integrated Project Delivery Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Accredited Professional Master of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also BArch) MBE MOU NAAB NAED NAHB NAS NBM NCARB NEA NAC NTHP PA PAC QA QBS RAIA RAIC RIBA SDA SDAT UDI UIA ULI USDOE USGBC Member Board Executives (NCARB) Memorandum of Understanding National Architectural Accrediting Board National Academy of Environmental Design National Association of Home Builders National Academy of Science National Building Museum National Council of Architectural Registration Boards National Endowment of the Arts/National Education Association National Ethics Council National Trust for Historic Preservation Public Architects Committee Knowledge Community Political Action Committee (e.g., ArchiPAC) Quality Assurance Qualifications Based Selection Royal Australian Institute of Architects Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Royal Institute of British Architects Society for Design Administration Sustainable Design Assessment Team(s) Urban Development Institute International Union of Architects Urban Land Institute United States Department of Energy United States Green Building Council
AAF AAH AAJ ABC ABI ACADIA ACD ACE ACSA ADA A DEN AG AGC AGS AIA AIAS AIBD APA ArchiPAC ARE ASAE ASCE ASID ASLA ASME BArch BAC BEC BoKnoCo BOMA CxD CACE CAE CAFM/PM CCA CES CEU CGI CLE COD COF COFPAES COTE American Architecture Foundation Academy of Architecture for Health Knowledge Community Academy of Architecture for Justice Knowledge Community Associated Builders and Contractors Architecture Billing Index Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture AIA Contract Documents Architecture, Construction, Engineering Mentor Program Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture Americans with Disabilities Act Architecture Design Education Network Advisory Group (Knowledge Community) Associated General Contractors of America Architectural Graphic Standards American Institute of Architects American Institute of Architecture Students American Institute of Building Designers American Planning Association AIA’s Political Action Committee Architectural Licensing Exam American Society of Association Executives American Society of Civil Engineers American Society of Interior Design American Society of Landscape Architects American Society of Mechanical Engineers Bachelor of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also MArch) Board Advocacy Committee Building Enclosure Council Board Knowledge Committee Building Owners and Managers Association Communities by Design Council of Architectural Component Executives Committee on Architecture for Education Committee of Corporate Architects and Facility Management Construction Contract Administration Knowledge Community Continuing Education System Continuing Education Unit Clinton Global Initiative Committee on Leadership Education Committee on Design College of Fellows Council on the Federal Procurement of A/E Services Committee on the Environment CRAN CRS D P D&O D. Arch. DAT DB DBIA DFA Dod DOE DOJ DOT DV ED EPA EPC EPN FACHA FAIA FEMA FSD GBI GSA HCR HSW HUD IA ICC IDP IFRAA IGCC IIDA IPD IRT KC KLA KNet LEED LEED AP LFRT LU MArch Custom Residential Architects Network Comprehensive Response System (AIA Disaster Assistance Program) Design Practice Directors and Officers (Insurance) Doctor of Architecture Degree (NAAB) Design Assistance/Assessment Team Design Build Design-Build Institute of America Design for Aging AIA Contract Documents on Demand Department of Energy Department of Justice Department of Transportation DesignVote U.S. Department of Education Environmental Protection Agency Emerging Professional Companion Educator Practitioner Network Fellow, American College of Healthcare Architects Fellow, American Institute of Architects Federal Emergency Management Agency Full Service Distributor (of AIA contracts) Green Building Institute General Services Administration Housing & Custom Residential Knowledge Community Health Safety Welfare US Department of Housing and Urban Development Interior Architecture Committee Knowledge Community International Code Council Intern Development Program Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture International Green Construction Code International Interior Design Association Integrated Project Delivery Institute Resource Training Knowledge Communities Knowledge Leadership Assembly Knowledge Net Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Accredited Professional Large Firm Round Table Learning Units (Continuing Education Hour) Master of Architecture Degree (NAAB, see also BArch) MBE MCE MOU NAAB NAC NAED NAHB NAS NBM NCARB NEA NAC NOMA NOMAS NTHP PA PAC PMKC QA QBS RAD RAIA RAIC REC RIBA RUDAT RUDC SAC SDA SDAT SDLU SFRT SGN SPP TAP UDI UIA ULI USDOE USGBC YAF Member Board Executives (NCARB) Mandatory Continuing Education Memorandum of Understanding National Architectural Accrediting Board National Associates Committee National Academy of Environmental Design National Association of Home Builders National Academy of Science National Building Museum National Council of Architectural Registration Boards National Endowment of the Arts/National Education Association National Ethics Council National Organization of Minority Architects National Organization of Minority Architects Students National Trust for Historic Preservation Public Architects Committee Knowledge Community Political Action Committee (e.g., ArchiPAC) Practice Management Knowledge Community Quality Assurance Qualifications Based Selection Regional Associate Director Royal Australian Institute of Architects Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Retail and Entertainment Knowledge Community Royal Institute of British Architects Regional Urban Design Assistance Team(s) Regional and Urban Design Committee Knowledge Community Secretary’s Advisory Committee Society for Design Administration Sustainable Design Assessment Team(s) Sustainable Design Learning Unit Small Firm Round Table State Government Network Small Project Practitioners Knowledge Community Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community Urban Development Institute International Union of Architects Urban Land Institute United States Department of Energy United States Green Building Council Young Architects Forum
Project Delivery n Design-Build (D/B) n Contractor and Architect team and form a single entity to provide a service to the owner n A/E and Contractor have a contract in this model n Typically Contractor has lead role n Architect relinquishes control of project n Works under the guise of the Contractor n Contractor controls costs & quality n Architect is selected by Contractor
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
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Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
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