Alternatives To Animal Testing: Information Resources Via The Internet .
ELSEVIER Toxicology 173 . (2002) 3 jll , www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicol Alternatives to animal testing: information resourcesvia the internet and world wide web P.I. (Bert) Hakkinen *, Dianne K. Green Safety Science& ResearchDivision, Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter cI Gamble Company, PO Box 538707, Cincinnati OR 45253-8701, USA Abstract. Many countries, including the United States, Canada, European Union member states, and others, require that a comprehensivesearchfor possible alternatives be completed before beginning some or all researchinvolving animals. Completing comprehensivealternatives searchesand keeping current with information associatedwith alternatives to animal testing is a challenge that will be made easier as people throughout the world gain accessto the Internet and World Wide Web. Numerous Internet and World Wide Web resourcesare available to provide guidance and other information on in vitro and other alternatives to animal testing. A comprehensiveWeb site is Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web (Altweb), which servesas an online clearinghouse for resources,information, and news about alternatives to animal testing. Examples of other important Web sites include the joint one for the (US) Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCV AM) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEA TM) and the Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Scienceand Alternatives (The NORINA database). Internet mailing lists and online accessto bulletin boards, discussion areas, newsletters,and journals are other ways to access and share information to stay current with alternatives to animal testing. 2002 Elsevier ScienceIreland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Web site; Internet; Alternatives; World Wide Web I. Introduction An 'alternative' is a new researchtechnique that either (a) replaces the use of animals altogether, (b) reduces the number of animals used or (c) refinesthe study design to causelessdistressto the . Corresponding author. Presentaddress:Toxicology Excel- lence for Risk Assessment (TERA), 1757 Chase Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45223, USA. E-mail addre. . es: hakkinen@tera.org (P.J.B. Hakkinen), dianne green@hotmail.com (D.K. Green). 0300-483X/02/S - see front Pll: SO300.483X(OZ)OOO animals- these are commonly referred to as the '3Rs' of animal alternatives. Although the word 'alternatives' is used frequently, it can mean a variety of things. Some animal activists are strong proponents of all animal studies being replaced immediately by non-animal 'alternatives', although experts on alternatives do not consider this to be a possibility in the near future. Others focus on decreasinganimal use (rather than eliminating it) or on mitigating animal pain and distress. Very few, if any, scientists have argued that matter (:) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 19- 7
P.I.B. Hakkinen,D.K. Green/Toxicology173(3m) 3-11 they would prefer to use animals even if they did not have to {Rowan, 1991; Silverman, 1993) and many alternatives are actually improvements over the traditional methods they replaced. Detailed discussions of the history and issues associated with animal testing and the development of alternatives are available from several of the Web sites noted below, e.g. the Altweb and Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) Web sites. Many companies, universities and other research institutions have contributed substantial time and money to the search for alternatives and this activity has helped contribute to the dramatic decline in laboratory animal use over the past 20 years. For example, tissue culture (cell and organ cultures, etc.) is now widely used in biomedical research and in the last 10-20 years, the use of in vitro systems has grown dramatically, even in disciplines like physiology and toxicology where whole-animal studies have been the standard. The development of physical and chemical techniques has also been extremely impactful. New imaging technology (e.g. ultrasound, nuclear magnetic resonance) provides a non-invasive means to examine research animals, thus providing a significant refinement opportunity. Other examples include diagnostic kits that have replaced rabbits in human pregnancy testing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which has replaced mice in insulin potency testing. Organisms such as invertebrates, early-stage vertebrate embryos, and microorganisms can be viewed as either replacements or refinements when replacing vertebrates. The CAM Test, or Hen's Egg Test, is used in lieu of rabbits as a screen for eye irritancy. The Ames Test (using Salmonella bacteria) is an alternative for detecting chemicals that cause mutations. State-of-theart mathematical and computer modeling approaches to biomedical research and testing are likewise replacing and reducing the need for animal testing. Toxicologists use mathematical models known as Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs) to predict biological (toxic) activity associated with chemical structure. Numerous books and book chapters, journals and journal articles, and professional societies are available to provide information about alternatives to animal testing (e.g. Hakkinen, 2000). Also, keeping current with information associated with alternatives to animal testing is a challenge made easier as people throughout the world have increasing accessto the Internet and World Wide Web. Ease of accessto information and databases on the Web makes it easier to identify duplicate testing, thus reducing animal use. The Internet and World Wide Web resources described below provide key guidance and other information on in vitro and other alternatives to animal testing. These sites are recommended as good places to start when searching for information on alternatives and were chosen based on accessibility, quality of information and frequency of updates. The reader should note that this is not a comprehensive listing given the ever-expanding number of Internet and Web resources that are becoming available. 2. Recommendations(basedon quantity and depth of content and frequency of updates) 2.1. Altweb: Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web http://altwebJhsph.edu The intent of Altweb is to be 'the online clearinghouse for resources, information, and news about alternatives to animal testing' and to serve as the most comprehensiveresource on animal alternatives for scientists, educators, veterinarians and individuals throughout the world. This effort is designed to bring together government agencies,the academic community, animal protection groups, and private industry to encourage the use of alternative methods. Some of the information is specifically geared to educators and the general public who are interested in learning more about alternatives to animal testing. Altweb includes links to other sources of information on alternatives, and has accessto Internet search engines that can be used to search
P.J.B. Hakkinen,D.K. Green/Toxic()k)gf,l'7.1 )a Jf the National Library of Medicine's TOXLINE and other databases. In addition, the Altweb Pain Management Database contains records that have been drawn from three major databases: MEDLINE (with records from TOXLINE as well), AGRICOLA, and AGRIS. Altweb also provides accessto an impressive list of alternatives-related journals, many of which are available in English. The 'AltNews' area of the Web site is updated monthly and is 'where you can find the latest news in alternatives to animal testing. From upcoming meetingsto the latest developmentsin technology, if its new and important, you can read about it here'. Also available is an Altweb News Update Internet mailing list (seeWeb site for subscription details). Under the management of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAA T), a diverse group of organizations serve on the Altweb Project Team, many of which maintain their own Web sitesthat provide key links from and to Altweb. These organizations include the Alternatives Research& Development Foundation; the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; the USDA Animal Welfare Infonnation Center (A WIC); the Canadian Council on Animal Care; the Center for Laboratory Animal Welfare; the US Environmental Protection Agency; the US Food and Drug Administration; the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME); the Humane Society of the United States(HSUS); the Interagency Coordinating Committee for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCV AM); the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT); the Laboratory Animal Unit, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo; the National Library of Medicine; the National Institutes of Health (NIH); Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare; The Procter & Gamble Company; The ScientistsCenter for Animal Welfare (SCAW); the University of California Center for Animal Alternatives; the University of Utrecht, Netherlands-Centre for Alternatives to Animal Use and PREXOnline Databases;The VeteransAdministration (US V A); and Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Erganzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET). 2.2. National Agricultural Library's Animal Welfare Information Center (A WIC)-(US) Department of Agriculture www.nal.usda.govjawicj A WIC was establishedin 1986by the US Congresswith the mandate to acquire and disseminate information on alternatives and improved methodologies for the humane care, use, and handling of all animals in research,testing, and education. The A WIC site contains a very comprehensivesection devoted to 'Alternatives and Literature Searches' which provides key information on how to search for alternatives, focusing on methods and guidelines, training and education, articles and publications, databases, and organizations. Other search-related topics include information on the A WIC 'Workshop on Searching for Alternatives', the' Animal Use Alternatives Thesaurus', and literature searchesfor alternatives. The A WIC site also has a regularly updated 'News' section, a comprehensive 'Lab Animals' section and a 'Government and Legal Resources' section which provides links to numerous international regulations, guidelines and policies on Animal Welfare such as the US Animal Welfare Act, the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (1996), etc. Lastly, A WIC provides workshops on meeting the information requirements of the Animal Welfare Act and publishes a series of bibliographic reference products, a newsletter, resource guides, etc. 3. Other web sites: scientific, academicand regulatory 3.1. European Centrefor the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECV AM) Scientific Information Service http://ecvam-si\'jrc.it/index.html The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECV AM) is 'the reference centre, at an international level, for the development, scientific and regulatory acceptanceof alter-
PJ.B. Hakkillelr.D.K. Gr-1 Toxi o1ogy 173(2tNJ2) 3-11 natjve tesring methods aimed at replacing, reducing or refining the use of laboratory animals and to be applied in different fields in the biomedical sciences'.The Scientific Information Service (SIS) is a database of the European Commission Joint ResearchCentre. SIS provides factual and evaluated information on advanced non-animal test development and validation for toxjcology assessments coming from a wide range of international informatjon sources. The SIS Web site is desjgned to contain the following information: method descriptions including protocols for thcir performance; test compounds and test results; intra- and interlaboratory assessments,including formal validatjon studjes; test systems;and bjbliographic references,including the ECVAM workshop and task force reports. Note: At the time of the writing of this publication, the available version of 'SIS Online' was a first Internet test ver.vionproviding access to selected data .vectors. 3.2. Fund for the Replacementof Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) wwwframe.org.uk 'FRAME is working towards a future in which the integrated use of computers to model structure-aL-tivity relationships and biochemical, physiological and toxicological processes,and in vitro tests using human cells, will be used to assess human risk directly, without recourse to any animal testing of chemicals' (Fentem and Balls, 1992). FRAME's activities include support of research, cooperation with other organizations, publications, and the publication of .A TLA, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals' journal and FRAME NEWS (newsletter). FRAME's Web site provides an extensive section on how to search for information on alternatives, numerous links to information serviceson alternatives, other alternatives-related sites, organizations concerned with the use of laboratory animals, educational sites, pro/contra sites, sites concernedwith legislation on animal use in different countries, journals on laboratory animal welfare and alternatives, databasesfreely available on the Internet, list/newsgroups of potential rele- vance,and many other relatedlinks. Infonnation on FRAME's publicationscan also be found on this site. 3.3. The (US) Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Method, (ICCV AM) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) 'Interagency Cenlerfor the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) http://iccvam.niehs.nih.gov/ The mission of ICCV AM and NICEA TM is to coordinate issuesthroughout the Federal government that relate to the development, validation, acceptance, and harmonization of toxicological test methods. ICCV AM is responsible for the coordination of the development and review of various alternative toxicological methods, and must also facilitate communication among all stakeholders in the development and review process of alternative methods. ICCV AM's committees provide guidance to agencies and other stakeholders on criteria and processes for the development, validation and acceptanceof tests; promote awarenessof accepted US test methods; and advocate harmonization of test methods internationally. NICEATM, created in 1998 by the NTP at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), provides support for ICCV AM and organizes meetings on the development, review, and validation of alternative toxicological testing methods. NICEA TM facilitates information sharing among stakeholders, and also provides an opportunity for public private partnerships to enhance the level and scope of its activities. ICCV AM and NICEA TM initiatives implement Public Law 103-43 that directed NIEHS to develop a processto achieveregulatory acceptanceof alternative test methods. NICEA TM and ICCV AM have an 'ICCV AMall' Internet mailing ftst (seeWeb site for subscription details). The Web site also provides numerous links to ICCV AM's Federal Agency members, news releases and journal articles, alternative methods sites, US and international regulations and guidelines,meetingsand conventions, funding sites, Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs), etc.
P.J.B. Hakkinen,D.K. Green / ToxicologyI73 (2002)3- 3.4. INVITTOX http://emhryo.ib.amwaw.edu.p//invittox The INVITTOX site provides an on-line version of the European ResearchGroup for Alternatives in Toxicity Testing {ERGATT)/FRAME/ ECVAM Data Bank of in vitro techniques in toxicology. 3.5. (The) Johns Hopkins CenterfiJr Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) http://caatjhsph.edu/ CAA T's mission is to promote the use of alternatives to animals in biomedical research, product safety testing, and education. CAA T is an academic center affiliated with the Division of Toxicological Sciencesin the Department of Environmental Health Sciencesof the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. CAA T disseminates scientifically correct information about alternatives, their uses, advantages and limitations and also conducts education and researchprograms, workshops, and provides grants for scientists developing non-animal methods. CAA T's Web site contains information on key CAAT programs such as Vision 20/20, a program to drive progress in alternatives development, and TestSmart, a new approach to risk assessmentintended to provide a new model for toxicology that is more humane and more predictive (Green et al., 200la,b). All TestSmart workshop proceedings (i.e. TestSmart-High Production Volume Chemicals, TestSmart-Pharmaceuticals and TestSmart-Endocrine Disruptors) are available on the CAAT Web site, as well as other CAA T documents which include but are not limited to the CAA T Technical Reports and a printed and online version of CAA T alyst, a newsletter with information for middle-school students. 3.6. (US) National Library of Medicines Alternatives to the USIrof Live Vertebrate .in Biomedical Researchand Testing (formerly Alternatives to Animal Testing) http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxAnimal.htm/ This site contains the 'Bibliography: Altema- tives to the Use of Live Vertebrates in Biomedical Research and Testing' published quarterly by the staff of the Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) of the Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the (US) National Library of Medicine. The focus of the bibliography is to assist in identifying methods and procedures helpful in supporting the development, testing, application, and validation of alternatives to the use of vertebrates in biomedical research and toxicology testing. Relevant citations in the bibliography are organized by subject and include abstracts if available. 3.7. The Netherlands Centre Alternatives to Animal U.se(NCA) http:ffprex.las.vet.uu.nlfnca, The Netherlands Centre Alternatives to Animal Use (NCA) is the central point in the Netherlands for coordinating research and disseminating information on alternatives to animal experiments. One of its important tasks is to support the Alternatives to Animal Experiments Platform in which the Dutch government, industry and animal protection organizations collaborate. The NCA site contains key information on regional legislation, meeting proceedings, electronic versions of NCA Newsletters, listings of upcoming meetings and events, as well as other alternatives-related information. 3.8. The Norwegian ReferenceCentrefor Laboratory Animal Scienceand Alternatives (The NORINA database)http:ffoslovet.veth.v.nof The Laboratory Animal Unit of the Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (Norges veterinrerh0gskole)is dedicated to the collection and spread of information on alternatives to the use of lab animals in research, education and teaching. The Norwegian Reference Centre for Laboratory Animal Science& Alternatives site includes a link to the NORINA Database which contains information on several thousand audiovisual aids (software, CD-ROMs, films, etc.) that may
8 P.J.B. HakkiMn, D.K. Grren /Toxicology 173 (1tNJ2)3-11 be used as alternatives or supplements to the use of animals in teaching. The site also provides an 'Information on Alternatives Databases in the Spirit of the Three Rs' area (http: j joslovet.veths.nojdatabasesintro.html# ZEBET), which is updated periodically. Listings of meetings of possible interest and numerous links to other Web sites can also be accessedfrom this site. 3.9. Societyfor in vitro Biology (SIVB) (formerly the Tissue Culture Association) www.sivb.org SIVB members are interested in the collection and dissemination of infonnation about the maintenance and experimental use of tissue cells in vitro, and in the development and evaluation of procedures using tissue cells. The SIVB Web site contains infonnation on upcoming meetings of interest and their key publications, which include two journals, In Vitro Cellular and DevelopmentalBiology (separate Animal and Plant editions; summaries of articles in the Animal edition are available via the Altweb site) and Methods in Cell Science (formerly Journal of Tissue (.'ulture Methods). SIVB also publishes the In Vitro Report (formerly TCA Report) newsletter. 3.10. University of California, Center for Animal Alternatives www.vetmed.ucdavis.edufAnimal Altern-atives, main.hlm The University of California Center for Animal Alternatives site is intended to provide a 'Gatewayto AlternativesInformation'. The Center placesspecialemphasison disseminatinginformation concerning models, computer programs,and other animal alternativesin education through every level of public and private education.It also seeksto provide investigators who use animals with information on the most current methodsfor improving all aspectsof animal careduring their work The UC Center for Animal Alternativessite provides an extensivesection on searchingfor alternatives(including an alternativessearchservice) as well as search templates;information resourceguides; a readingsand resourcessection; electronicversionsof their newsletter,UC Alert; and links to other sitesof interest. 3.11. ZEBET [The Centerfor the Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments {ZentralJ.tellezur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergdnzungsmethoden zum TierversuchJ] http: f fwww.dimdi.defsearchffr-sucheng.htm(then do a searchfor 'Zebet') The above Web site is not the official home page for ZEBET; the official home page was not yet available at the time of this writing. The German Centre for the Documentation and Validation of Alternative Methods (ZEBET) at the Federal Institute for Consumer Health Protection and Veterinary Medicine (BgVV) developed the ZEBET -database on alternative methods to animal experiments (Grone et al., 2000). Access to the database is free and the informatjon available in English. The ZEBET database contains alternatives to anjmal testing methods that have been carefully evaluated by ZEBETs staff to meet at least one of the '3Rs' concept criteria (i.e. replacement of an animal method by a non-animal method, reduction in the number of animals used, and/or refinement of a method by minimizing pain and suffering of animals). The information provided includes the current stage of development and validation of a method, and on any acceptance of the method for either scientific or regulatory purposes. Over 125 alternative methods are available via the ZEBET Web site. 3.12. Society of Toxicology (SOT) W»'W. toxicology.org SOT members include toxicologists and others in industry, academia, government, and elsewhere interested in toxicology and risk assessment.The SO jety publishes a newsletter ('Communique'), two journals (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, and Toxicological Sci-
P.J.B. Hakkinen, D.K. Green/Toxicology 173 (2002) 3-11 ences), and other documents (e.g., public policy statements, position statements, and guiding principles). Workshops at annual meetings have included alternatives to animal testing topics, e.g. one on 'Scientific and Regulatory Challenges for the Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement of Animals in Toxicity Testing'. 3.13. Tufts Centerfor Animals and Public Policy (Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine) www.tufts.edujvetjcfajaboutcja.html Activities include interest in animal research ethics, and publicationsinclude an 'Alternatives Report' newsletter. 4. Other web sites: sponsorl-dby animal welfare/rights organizations These sites contain alternatives-relatedinformation and materials. 4.1. Alternatives Research& Development Foundation (ARDF) (formerly known as The Demeter Fund, and affiliated with American Anti- Vivisection Society) http:ffwww.aavs.orgfDocsfardfhtm (also see alternatives to animal testing on the web listing) ARDF supports the development of alternatives to the use of animals in biomedical research, testing, and education. It is dedicated to providing: (1) the motivation, funding, resources, and scientific expertise needed to replace animal use in laboratories; (2) specific grants to develop alternatives; (3) information on alternatives, and (4) the promotion of alternatives through publications, lectures, seminars, and workshops. Examples of ARDF efforts include development of interactive, videodisc simulations and programs, three-dimensional, computer-assistedprograms to teach basic surgical techniques, and a plastination laboratory to produce permanent anatomical specimensas al. ternatives to dissection. 9 4.2. The Animal Welfare Institute www.awionline.org The Animal Welfare Institute's site includesa laboratory animalssectionwhich containsa primate enrichmentdatabaseas well as a lab animal refinementdatabase. 4.3. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) www.hsus.orgj The mission of the Animal Research Issues section of HSUS is to reduce and eventually eliminate harm to animals used in research, testing, and education, through the promotion of alternative methods and other means. It seeksto foster an awarenessof, and respect for, the individual interests of these animals within the scientific community and the general public. HSUS operates a Humane Education Loan Program (HELP) to provide students (middle school-, high school-, and college-level) and educators with a large number of up-to-date alternatives to classroom animal dissection and live animal experimentation as a way to help those who object to dissection and to encourage the adoption of humane alternatives in the classroom. All of the materials (CD-ROMS, slides, videotapes, etc.) are available for loan, with the only cost to borrowers being return postage. 4.4. National Anti- Vivisection Society www.navs.org/ The activities of this organization include underwriting alternatives to animals research. It publishes a newsletter, National Anti-Vivisection Society Bulletin, and other documents. 5. Other web sites: key journals 5.1. ATLA, Alternatives to Laboratory Animals See above for Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME). www.frame-uk.demon.co.uk/
to P.J.B. Hakkinen.D.K. Green/Toxicology173(2002)3-11 A TLA 'is intended to cover all aspects of the development, validation and use of alternatives to laboratory animals in biomedical research and toxicity testing'. 5.2. In Vitro & Molecular Toxicology. A Journal of Basic and Applied Research.Formerly Tn Vitro Toxicology. A Journal of Molecular and Cellular Toxicology. www.liebertpub.com This journal 'reports on investigative work about the molecular and cellular basis and expression of diverse toxic phenomena'. Includes a 'CAA TSCAN' section, reviewing animal alternatives news and information (publications, meetings, Web sites, etc.). 5.3. Toxicology In Vitro. www.elsevier.nlj locatejtoxinvit This journal 'will publish original research papers and occasional reviews on the use of in vitro techniques for detennining the toxic effects of chemicals and elucidating their mechanisms of action, reports on investigative work about the molecular and cellular basis and expression of diverse toxic phenomena'. It is the official Journal of the European Society of Toxicology in Vitro, and is published in association with TNO-BIBRA International. Tables of contents are available via a free e-mail alerting service from the publisher, Elsevier Science. 5.4. Tox;cology Methods. www.taylorfranc;s.com/INDEX.htm This journal provides a 'peer-reviewed forum for toxicologists to share and critically evaluate all aspects of the development, validation, and application of new and existing methods, techniques, and equipment'. Includes in vivo and in vitro studies and alternative methodologies, along with molecular, biochemical, and cellular techniques, mathematical modeling, etc. Subscribers can accessthis journal online. 5.5. AATEX (Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experimentation) This is the official journal of the JapaneseSociety of Alternativesto Animal Experimentation (JSAAE), covering new and novel international developments,methods,techniques,validations, and the use of alternativesto animal experiments and testing. The contents of all issues back to Volume I (1990 ) are accessiblevia the Altweb site. 5.6. ALTEX (Alternativen zu TierExperimenten or Alternatives to Animal Experiments) This is the official journal of the Middle European Society for Alternatives to Testing in Animals (MEGAT, Mitteleuropaische Gesellschaft fur Alternativen zu Tierversuchen), 'devoted to the publication of research on the development and promotion of alternatives to animal experiments according to the 3R concept.'. Also included are articles, short communications, reviews, news and comments, meeting reports, and book reviews in Gennan (abstracts of articles and short communications are also provided in English). English summaries of all articles are accessible via the Altweb site, and are published in A TLA. 6. Key internet mailing lists, bulletin boards and discussionareas 6.1. UC-ANIMALT As noted above, the University of California's Center for Animal Alternatives has Internet mailing lists such as UC-ANIMAL T for the discussion of alternatives in research and education. 6.2. Altweb As noted earlier (Section 2), the Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web (Altweb) site has an 'Altweb News Update' mailing list for key new information (e.g. upcoming meetings or establishment of new organizations and groups).
P.I.B. Hakkinen,D.K. Green/Toxicology173(2002)3-11 6.3. COMPMED Comparative Medicine Discussion Listmailing list for discussing the topics of comparative and laboratory animal medicine. This list is restricted. To subscribe,send an e-mail messageto listserv@listserv.aalas.organd in the body of the message, enter: sub COMPMED Firstname Lastname. 6.4. IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) Forwn. http://www.ia("Uc.org/IACUC Forum.asp The IACUC-FORUM is a 'closed listserv where issues relating to laboratory a
comprehensive search for possible alternatives be completed before beginning some or all research involving animals. Completing comprehensive alternatives searches and keeping current with information associated with alternatives to animal testing is a challenge that will be made easier as people throughout the world gain access to the Internet and
animal. Say the good qualities of the 2nd place animal over the 1st place animal. List why the 2nd place animal does not win the class. (bad qualities) Say why 2nd place animal beats 3rd place animal by stating only the good qualities of the 2nd place animal. Say the good qualities of the 3rd place animal over the 2nd place animal.
animal testing is banned only "when non-animal used alternative methods are available." Instead, the amended version requires to end cosmetic animal testing unless human health problem occurs and animal testing is necessary.8 The amendment of proposal of March 2, 2016 bans marketing of animal tested cosmetics as follows.9
CONS Animal Testing Animal Testing 3 DTI-Animal Testing jan7.indd 3 2019-01-07 2:18 PM. Studying animals such as mice helps researchers discover ways to treat and prevent diseases. 4 Debating the Issues DTI-Animal Testing jan7.indd 4 2019-01-07 2:18 PM. Introduction to .
in his Tijuana, Mexico restaurant. Tossed with Shaved Parmesan. 7.95 Add Anchovies or Chicken Strips for just 4.00 V GF Alternatives on request GF Alternatives on request V GF Alternatives on request V GF Alternatives on request GF V V Alternatives on request Food Allergy Warning Please b
Alternatives 6-4 January 2015 - Version 6.0 Runway 27 (In-Line Taxiway 'E') Alternatives: The following three alternatives evaluate the recouping of Taxiway 'E' as runway while resolving the non-standard in-line taxiway condition. The alternatives presented in this section are compatible with
the development of two new alternatives. Table 1 provides a summary of the components of Alternatives A through E. Previous reports by Reclamation (Reclamation, 2013) and DWR (DWR, 2014) provide evaluation results for Alternatives A and B. These alternatives were not further evaluated by the JPA, but are included in Table 1 for completeness.
Circle Line Alternatives Analysis Study -*- (ARRIS #4%%NGINEERS A*OINT6ENTURE Alternative Analysis (AA) Process Screen 1, 2 and 3 Evaluation Criteria Alternatives Considered Screen 3 Public Input LPA Screen 1 Reviewed universe of alternatives - Eliminated alternatives that were not suitable - Three public involvement meetings - May 2006 .
an accounting policy. In making that judgment, management considers, first the requirement of other IFRS standards dealing with similar issues, and the concepts in the IASB’s framework. It also may consider the accounting standards of other standard-setting bodies. International Financial Reporting Standards Australian Accounting Standards
