Practical Aspect In UPS System Sizing & Selection

Practical Aspects in UPS System Sizing & Selection Iskandar Sastrowiranu Solution Engineering Head - Indonesia Data Center Regional Application Center EAPJ 1 Confidential Property of Schneider Electric

UPS Topologies VFI (Voltage and Frequency Independent) – Double conversion/ Online UPS VI (Voltage Independent) – Line Interactive UPS VFD (Voltage and Frequency Dependent) – Standby / off-line UPS UPS classification Output dependency on Input power quality – IEC 62040-3 Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 2

UPS Topologies - OFF-LINE UPS NORMAL MODE Utility F T2 T1 Lo Load Of (No Off-line Inverter* al y ff) Optional Tap-switching Transformer Battery System (Normally Off) Intermittent-Duty-Rated n 3

UPS Topologies - OFF-LINE UPS INVERTER MODE Utility S2 T1 Rectifier Load OfOff-line n ter Inverter* Off) (No(Normally ally Of Optional Tap-switching Transformer Battery System Square n Waveform 4

UPS Topologies - OFF-LINE UPS Advantages Inexpensive (first cost) Good overload capability Very high efficiency High UPS reliability Moderate critical-bus reliability Excellent entry-level UPS Confidential Property of Schneider Electric Off - Line UPS Disadvantages Reduced critical bus reliability Frequent transfers to battery No power factor correction No frequency regulation Potentially high cost of ownership Battery consumption Crashed load(s) Potentially poor inverter reliability (inverters are intermittent-duty rated) No isolation from sags and swells Requires detailed knowledge of load characteristics for satisfactory results. May not be suited for mission-critical loads 5

UPS Topologies – LINE INTERACTIVE UPS NORMAL MODE Utility Voltage a Boost s i Bi-Directional Directi na I Inverter ve ter && C Control ntr l Battery System 6

UPS Topologies – LINE INTERACTIVE UPS DISCHARGE MODE Utility Voltage Boost Quasi-sine Waveform i Bi-Directional Directi na Inverter ve ter && C Control ntr l Battery System 7

UPS Topologies – LINE INTERACTIVE UPS Advantages Disadvantages Bi-directional inverter always actively charging the battery or powering the load No frequency regulation Good overload capability No power-factor correction Moderate investment (somewhat larger investment than an off-line UPS) More reliable load operation than with off-line UPS Quiet (high efficiency / low fan noise) Reduced battery consumption Boost capability Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 8

UPS Topologies – ONLINE UPS NORMAL MODE RECTIFIER (AC to DC) INVERTER (DC to AC) Utility BATTERY SYSTEM 9

UPS Topologies – ONLINE UPS DISCHARGE MODE RECTIFIER (AC to DC) INVERTER (DC to AC) Utility BATTERY SYSTEM 10

UPS Topologies – ONLINE UPS FAILURE MODE RECTIFIER (AC to DC) INVERTER (DC to AC) Utility BATTERY SYSTEM 11

UPS Topologies – ONLINE UPS Advantages Disadvantages Highest load voltage availability of three topologies Larger initial investment (than off - line or line - interactive UPS). Continuous duty rated inverter (allows extended battery times) Tightest voltage regulation of the three topologies Lowest life-cycle cost If the purchase is truly an investment (and improves business performance more than the alternatives), then the purchase is worth considering. Excellent line / load isolation Isolation of load from source frequency variations Easiest topology to apply successfully . . . Excellent power factor correction (and crest factor reduction) Extended battery life No switching for inverter operation (higher reliability output) Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 12

UPS topology Summary Table, All Topologies Criterion Simplicity Battery Reliability Range of Protection Power Conditioning Electrical Isolation Generator Compatibility Dual-Bus Compatibility Concurrent Maintenance Internal Maint. Bypass Dual Input Internal Fault Tolerance Single Points of Failure Totals Confidential Property of Schneider Electric Offline LineInteractive Line-Interactive with PF Correction DoubleConversion 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9 3 2 3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 13 2 2 3 3 0 3 0 3 3 0 3 2 24 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 55 13

UPS Topologies Snap-Shot Comparison Online Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 14

UPS Topologies PROTECTION LEVELS Constant Frequency Protection Constant Voltage Protection Transient Change Protection Outage Protection Sine Wave Off Line UPS LineInteractive On Line UPS Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 15

Achieving High Availability Power Cost and Causes of Downtime UPS Configurations Single Module Isolated Redundant 1 N and N 1 Parallel Redundant Tiers Of Protection Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 16

High Availability – High Nines How Critical Is Uptime To The Customer? Percent Time 99.0 99.9 99.99 99.999 99.9999 99.99999 99.999999 87.7 Hours 8.76 Hours 0.876 Hours 5.3 Minutes 0.53 Minutes (31.8 Seconds) 3.18 Seconds 0.318 Seconds (318 Milliseconds) 99.9999999 0.0318 Seconds (31.8 Milliseconds) Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 17

Customer Value Segmentation What does this mean to your Business? Class Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Customer Value Protect Hardware - Avoid Power Transients Preserve Data - Orderly Shutdown Increase Uptime - System Critical to Business Fault Tolerance - System IS the Business Average Annual Downtime UPS 9’s Availability 8.8 hours (3) 99.9% 53 Minutes (4) 99.99% 5.3 Min. 3.2 Sec. (5–7) 99.99999% 0.3 – 0.03 Sec. (8–9) 99.9999999% 18

Tiers Of Protection Equipment Configurations Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 4 Protect Hardware Preserve Data Fault tolerance Utility Source Utility Source Utility Source / Generator #1 TVSS and / or Conditioner UPS UPS 1 PDU PDU Load 3 x 9s Load Utility Source / Generator #2 UPS 2 LBS Dual Input PDU Load 4 x 9s STS Tier 3 PDU Increase Uptime Utility Source w/ ATS & Generator UPS 1 UPS 2 Utility Source w/ ATS & Generator UPS 1 PDU Load Load 5-7 x 9s PDU STS PDU Load UPS 2 SCC PDU PDU Dual Input Load Load V PDU 8-9 x 9s V 19

Determining kVA Power of Load kVA V A 3 1000 EXAMPLE: Assume a 3 phase 208 / 120 entrance service specified at 200 A. kVA 208 200 1.732 72 1000 kVA V A 1000 Assume a single phase 220V entrance service specified at 20A. kVA 220 20 1000 . (3- Phase) Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 4.4 (1- Phase) 20

Determining kVA From Power Profile of Equipment Simple Addition of kVA Values Load Calculations by Phase Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 21

Determining kVA From Power Profile of Equipment Simple Addition of kVA Values VOLTAGE / EQUIPMENT PHASE LOAD 1 CPU 1 Controller 4 Disc 1 Printer 6 Terminal .11 kVA 12 Amps 6 Amps Each 5 Amps 4 Amps Each Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 208 / 3 Phase 208 / 1 Phase 208 / 1 Phase 208 / 1 Phase 120 / 1 Phase 22

Determining kVA From Power Profile of Equipment EXAMPLE (cont.) EQUIPMENT CPU Controller CALCULATIONS INDIVIDUAL Non Required kVA .11 kVA V A 3 / 1000 kVA 4.3 Disc kVA V A / 1000 kVA 1.25 Printer kVA V A / 1000 kVA 1.0 Terminal kVA V A /1000 kVA 0.48 Total kVA 24.20 Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 23

Determining kVA From Power Profile of Equipment A 30kVA UPS could be selected as a minimum To allow for growth a larger unit should be selected. This should be discussed with your customer to determine what size is needed. Rule of thumb is 20% - 30% Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 24

UPS Battery Selection Design Life Type Back-up Autonomy Time required Spatial constraint UPS floating charge voltage, shut down voltage UPS efficiency Number of parallel strings Manufacturer service support Price and delivery Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 25

Battery Sizing Battery Capacity is expressed in AH Two methods of Calculating Battery Capacity With help of Maximum Current delivered Wattage/cell Both Method need a simple Question to be answered - What amount of Power, that the complete string need to support? Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 26

Calculating Power Establish, how battery is delivering Power to load Battery supply KW and not KVA Flow diagram only during Mains failure Inverter Rectifier Battery Battery Confidential Property of Schneider Electric Rectifier Battery What is the efficiency of this converting agent? Inverter Converter Bi-Directional Converter 27

Battery Sizing (Contd.) Efficiency A Battery Power consumption (W) (VA Load of UPS) x (Load Power Factor)A Maximum Current at Minimum Voltage (Idc) W / (Low Battery Voltage) OR Watt/Cell W/ No. of cells Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 28

UPS Specifications & Implications Critical Parameters Topology, technology Determines the appropriateness in a specific application (transformer-based vs transformerless, monolithic vs modular, commercial type vs industrial type) Input Voltage & Frequency Window Battery Life, Generator Compatibility Availability Input Power Factor, THDi Cost of Electricity Generator compatibility Lower Loss Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 29

UPS Specifications & Implications Output KVA, KW, Power factor Load Handling Capability Output Voltage & Frequency Window, Stability Safety operation of Critical Loads & Instruments Output THDv Safety operation of Critical Loads & Instruments Output Voltage unbalancing under Unbalanced load (3-phase) Safety operation of Critical Loads & Instruments Battery Voltage, Capacity, Battery Charger Capacity Flexibility of handling longer battery back-up Time of Recharging battery for repeat Discharge Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 30

UPS Specifications & Implications Efficiency; AC/AC, DC/AC Cost of Ownership, Electricity Charge Availability of Bypass system; Static/Dynamic/Maintenance Availability of Power to Critical load Maintenance option, Downtime Transfer Time Load shut-down Short Circuit Withstand Capability Availability of Power under adverse situation Transient Response Safety of Load Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 31

UPS Specifications & Implications Handling Crest Factor load UPS De-rating Handling Leading power factor load UPS De-rating Communication Capability Ease of Monitoring & Control Possible configurations, Scalability Adaptability to change in load & criticality of facility Size, footprint Cost of Ownership Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 32

UPS Specifications & Implications Overload Capability; Inverter, Bypass Availability of power under adverse circumstances Cooling type, Back or Top or Side Foot-print, cooling management Battery Management, Temperature compensation Battery Life Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 33

Practical Aspects in UPS System Sizing & Selection Iskandar Sastrowiranu Solution Engineering Head - Indonesia Data Center Regional Application Center EAPJ Confidential Property of Schneider Electric. Confidential Property of Schneider Electric 2 UPS Topologies VFD (Voltage and Frequency Dependent)