Confucius In East Asia - University Of Pittsburgh
Confucius in East Asia Confucianism’s History in China, Korea, Japan, and Việt Nam Jeffrey L. Richey Presentation by: Maan, Amy, Jingyi, and Joyce NCTA2021
Confucianism in China, Korea, Japan, and Việt Nam The Origins Self-Cultivation Society State For East Asians, Confucius is a historical personality and spiritual symbol that combines three core elements: lifelong learning, social relationships, and moral integrity into daily life. The influence of Confucius in these four East Asian countries, China, Korea, Japan, and Việt Nam, is discussed in relation to the historical development, spiritual significance, social impact, and political role of Confucius in East Asia. To understand East Asia, its people, and its role in history, it is important to know something about Confucius and Confucianism. Throughout Chinese history, Confucius teachings and philosophy formed the basis of East Asian culture and society, and continue to remain influential across China, Korea, Japan, and Việt Nam today.
Confucius in China Kong, Qiu “Master Kong”, 551-479 BCE, during the East Zhou dynasty during a period of social instability and violence. He used West Zhou dynasty culture to articulate his understanding of the Way and formulate his teachings. Confucius’ teachings: Cultivate the self Regulate the family Serve community and state Lead the world to peace
The influences of Confucianism: Self cultivation Three core elements of what now is known as Confucianism: dedication to learning as a lifelong spiritual calling, emphasis on social relationships, and moral integrity despite the temptations of fame, power, and wealth.
The influences of Confucianism: Regulate the family Filial Piety: establish a strong family loyalty venerate ancestors children respect and care for elders spouses respect each other lead to maintain harmonious relations in workplace and government
The influences of Confucianism: govern the state In 136 BC, Confucian texts became the basis of the imperial government’s civil service examinations and was taught in the academic institutions. Throughout the Chinese history, almost all of the Chinese emperors (except Qin) embraced Confucianism as the Way of governing the state and building a strong moral society. During the early 20th century and the cultural revolution, Chinese Communists condemned Confucianism, but now the Chinese government endorses the Confucian ideology, and people see Confucianism as a source of hope for their future.
Confucianism in Korea TRIGRAM VIRTUE ROLE ELEMENT HEAVEN goodness father wood WATER wisdom daughter water EARTH modesty mother fire FIRE righteousness son metal
When did Confucian ideas come to the Korean peninsula? Confucianism came to the Korean peninsula during the Han dynasty in the second century BCE alongside Buddhism (24).
How did Confucianism manifest itself in Korea? Syncretism Blending of Buddhist, Confucian, and Daoist traditions (26) These different traditions merged to become the foundation for political and social unification of Korea Confucius handing over Buddha to Laozi
How did Korea and China relate to each other? Over time, Confucian teachings reinforced the connections between Korean elites and Chinese culture but also the hierarchies that dominated Korean society (27).
How did Confucianism in Korea change over time? Was only for elites at first Eventually spread as a way of self-cultivation for the masses Neo-Confucianism: became more blended with Daoist principles of vital energy (the material or physical) and cosmic force (the spiritual world) Anti-Catholic/ Western sentiment in the 1600’s Communism ran counter to elements of Confucian belief Statue of Sambong at Dodam Sambong recreation area, North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. From commons.wikimedia.org
Confucianism in Japan Japanese had a Chinese-style government Infused Chinese language into Japanese language Provided support for Confucianism and Buddhism Continued to practice their own religion (Shinto) They reflected Chinese influence but developed along its own path
The Timeline of Confucianism in Japan Confucianism occurred in Japan. Early Japanese texts were written in classical Chinese. 600s 108 BCE Emperor Kotoku implemented the Confucian legal system (Rirsuryo). 400s 604 1603 CE 645 Young Japanese men were being sent at government expense to study Buddhism and Confucianism in China. Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi Interpretation) introduced to Japan (Shushigaku). Shotoku had established diplomatic relations with China, implemented the Confucian court rank hierarchy, and converted the Japanese calendar to the Chinese system based on the Five Processes. 1100 CE Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes a bureaucratic government based on Neo-Confucian principles.
Cultures, politics and religions While starting to embrace Confucianism, Japan transited the country from an isolated and disunified island into a centralized imperial regime connected with other countries in East Asia.
Examples “Empress Suiko, Shotoku had established diplomatic relations with China, implemented the Confucian court rank hierarchy already in use in Sui dynasty.” (p 43). “The bureaucrats of the Tokugawa regime received their training in Confucian institution in 1797.” (p 52) “Interwoven tapestry of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shinto that characterized Japanese religious culture.” (p 53) “Confucian legal system known as Ritsuryo” (p 44) “Phrases customarily uttered by Japanese during moments of crisis, such as gaman (putting up with it) and ganbatte (do your best!), reveal a deeply Confucian faith in the healing and redemptive power of suffering as an occasion for both the strengthening of collective bonds and the development of personal character.” (p 41)
When did Confucian ideas come to Việt Nam? In Việt Nam, like China and Korea, Confucianism has been practiced for more than 2000 years. Confucianism had acquired state support in Việt Nam by the 100s BCE (XVII). Vietnamese have sought to create a distinctively Vietnamese Confucianism (64). While mixed with Buddhism and Daoism, the traditions of Confucianism in learning, relationships, and integrity remain strong in Việt Nam today. https://www.cdm.org/voyagetovietnam/index.html
How did Confucianism manifest itself in Việt Nam? Việt Nam’s National Poetry Day, held on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is a modern example of the continuing influence of Confucian tradition in Việt Nam (59). In February 2012 the event was held in the capital city, Hanoi, at Hanoi’s Confucian Temple (Van Mieu). Entrance to The Temple of Literature (Van Mieu) This Confucian temple has been significant for about 1000 years, and is still important today. Entrance to The Temple of Literature (Van Mieu)
Throughout its history, Vietnamese Confucianism has sought to have its own identity; “a cultural identity separate from that of China” (65). “So”, personal destiny, influences Vietnamese life today. “So” has “produced a uniquely Vietnamese vision of self-cultivation that blends Confucian notions of filial piety and moral perfectibility with the Buddhist theory of karmic retribution and Daoist cosmology” (66).
How has Confucianism manifested itself in Việt Nam’s society? The traditions of Confucianism in learning, relationships, and integrity remain strong in ViệtNam. National customs in Việt Nam have traditionally given women greater status than is common in other Confucian cultures. In 40 CE the Trung sisters sought to keep Viet Nam independent of China. http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine10.html
How has the state influenced Confucianism in Việt Nam? At times Confucianism has seemed “doomed to extinction” (72) in Việt Nam. This has been due to influences of the state system in control or due to outside influences from the West. Still, the tradition of Confucianism has continued in Việt Nam. “Recent census data indicates that up to 80 percent of the Vietnamese population participates in the combination of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism known as Tam Dao (Three Teachings)” (77). National Poetry Day and the Confucian Temple in Hanoi displayed on the hundred-thousand-dong notes, shows Confucian influences present in Việt Nam today. Việt Nam’s deeply rooted Confucian past will likely continue into its future (77).
Jeffrey L. Richey concludes his book by explaining that Confucianism has been a cultural glue holding the diverse people of East Asia together. The complexity and interdependence of Confucian ideas, institutions, and practice are what will likely assure Confucianism’s future in China, Korea, Japan, and Việt Nam (84). Confucius Peace Prize statuette
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Confucianism in China, Korea, Japan, and Việt Nam The Origins Self-Cultivation Society State For East Asians, Confucius is a historical personality and spiritual symbol that
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