JP 3-51, Joint Doctrine For Electronic Warfare
Joint Publication 3-51Joint Doctrine forElectronic Warfare7 April 2000
PREFACE1. Scope3. ApplicationThis publication establishes doctrinalguidance on the use of electronic warfare(EW) in joint operations. Specifically, thefollowing areas are within the scope of thispublication: the fundamentals of EW; the stafforganization and command relationships ofEW in joint operations; planning proceduresfor joint EW; coordination of joint EWduring operations; training and exerciseconsiderations for EW in joint operations; andallied and coalition considerations in planningand conducting joint EW.a. Doctrine and guidance established inthis publication apply to the commandersof combatant commands, subunifiedcommands, joint task forces, and subordinatecomponents of these commands. Theseprinciples and guidance also may apply whensignificant forces of one Service are attachedto forces of another Service or whensignificant forces of one Service supportforces of another Service.2. PurposeThis publication has been prepared underthe direction of the Chairman of the JointChiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine to governthe joint activities and performance of theArmed Forces of the United States in jointoperations and provides the doctrinal basis forUS military involvement in multinational andinteragency operations. It provides militaryguidance for the exercise of authority bycombatant commanders and other jointforce commanders and prescribes doctrine forjoint operations and training. It providesmilitary guidance for use by the Armed Forcesin preparing their appropriate plans. It is notthe intent of this publication to restrict theauthority of the joint force commander (JFC)from organizing the force and executing themission in a manner the JFC deems mostappropriate to ensure unity of effort in theaccomplishment of the overall mission.b. The guidance in this publication isauthoritative; as such, this doctrine will befollowed except when, in the judgment of thecommander, exceptional circumstancesdictate otherwise. If conflicts arise betweenthe contents of this publication and thecontents of Service publications, thispublication will take precedence for theactivities of joint forces unless the Chairmanof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally incoordination with the other members of theJoint Chiefs of Staff, has provided morecurrent and specific guidance. Commandersof forces operating as part of a multinational(alliance or coalition) military commandshould follow multinational doctrine andprocedures ratified by the United States. Fordoctrine and procedures not ratified by theUnited States, commanders should evaluateand follow the multinational command’sdoctrine and procedures, where applicable.For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:C. W. FULFORD, JR.Lieutenant General, US Marine CorpsDirector, Joint Staffi
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TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGEEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . viiCHAPTER IOVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE Introduction .Electromagnetic Environment .Military Operations and the Electromagnetic Environment .Role of Electronic Warfare in Military Operations .EW as a Part of Other Military Concepts .Directed Energy as a Part of EW .Principal EW Activities .Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Support.Service Perspectives of EW.I-1I-1I-1I-1I-4I-4I-5I-8I-8CHAPTER IIORGANIZING FOR JOINT ELECTRONIC WARFARE Introduction .Joint EW Organization .Joint EW Staff Manning .Joint Frequency Management Organization .Organization of Intelligence Support to EW .Service Organization for EW .II-1II-1II-2II-3II-4II-5CHAPTER IIIPLANNING JOINT ELECTRONIC WARFARE Introduction . III-1EW Planning Considerations . III-1Joint EW Planning Process. III-6EW Planning Guidance . III-9EW Planning Aids . III-10CHAPTER IVCOORDINATING JOINT ELECTRONIC WARFARE Introduction . IV-1Joint Coordination and Control . IV-1EW Frequency Deconfliction . IV-7Component Coordination Procedures . IV-10EW and Intelligence Coordination . IV-12iii
Table of ContentsCHAPTER VELECTRONIC WARFARE IN JOINT EXERCISES Introduction .Planning Joint Exercises .Planning EW in Joint Exercises .EW in Exercise Preparation, Execution, and Post-Exercise Evaluation .V-1V-1V-1V-7CHAPTER VIMULTINATIONAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC WARFARE Introduction .MNF EW Organization and Command and Control .Multinational EWCC with NATO Forces .Multinational EW with ABCA and ASCC Member Nations .Multinational EWCC with Non-NATO or ABCA Allies or Coalition Partners .EW Mutual Support .Releasability of EW Information to Allies and Multinational Forces .VI-1VI-1VI-3VI-3VI-3VI-3VI-5APPENDIXABCDEFGHJOPES Electronic Warfare Guidance .Electronic Warfare Frequency Deconfliction Procedures .Joint Spectrum Center Support to Joint Electronic Warfare .Electronic Warfare Reprogramming .Electronic Warfare Modeling .Service Perspectives of Electronic Warfare .References .Administrative Instructions .A-1B-1C-1D-1E-1F-1G-1H-1GLOSSARYPart I Abbreviations and Acronyms . GL-1Part II Terms and Definitions . 1ivPortions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum . I-2Concept of Electronic Warfare . I-3Information Operations: Capabilities and Related Activities . I-5Duties Assigned to the Electronic Warfare Officer . II-2Organization of Intelligence Support to Electronic Warfare . II-4Joint Frequency Management Office Spectrum Management Process. III-2Joint Task Force Electromagnetic Spectrum Management Planning Flow . III-3Electronic Warfare Planning Related to Deliberate Planning. III-7Electronic Warfare Planning Related to Crisis Action Planning . III-8Executing Wartime Frequency Use . IV-2JP 3-51
Table of ContentsIV-2 Electronic Warfare Activities Coordinated With Information OperationsActivities . IV-4IV-3 Critical Elements in the Electronic Warfare Frequency DeconflictionProcess . IV-8V-1 Electronic Warfare Exercise Planning Flow . V-2V-2 Tasks to Integrate Electronic Warfare Into Joint Exercises . V-4V-3 Stages of a Joint Exercise . V-7v
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCOMMANDER’S OVERVIEW Provides an Overview of Electronic Warfare Covers Organizing for Joint Electronic Warfare Discusses Planning and Coordination Requirements for JointElectronic Warfare Identifies Electronic Warfare Requirements in Joint Exercises Covers Multinational Aspects of Electronic WarfareIntroductionThe three majorsubdivisions of electronicwarfare (EW) areelectronic attack,electronic protection, andelectronic warfare support.Military operations are executed in an increasingly complexelectromagnetic environment. Electromagnetic (EM) energyoccurs naturally or can be manmade. This energy, in the formof EM radiation, is made up of oscillating electric and magneticfields and is propagated at or near the speed of light. The EMenvironment is a combination of the power, frequency, andduration of the radiated or conducted EM emissions that maybe encountered by a military force. The term “electromagneticspectrum” refers to the range of frequencies of EM radiationfrom zero to infinity. In military operations, the term electronicwarfare (EW) refers to any military action involving the use ofelectromagnetic or directed energy to control the EM spectrumor to attack the enemy. EW includes three major subdivisions:electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfaresupport (ES). The need for control of the EM spectrum and thetype of EW actions that can be used to control that spectrumdepend on the operational environment in which a militaryoperation is carried out. In joint operations, EW is a militarycapability that must be integrated into a given joint operationas it supports all phases and aspects of a campaign. Theprincipal activities used in EW have been developed over timeto exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities which areinherent in the physics of EM energy. The distinction betweenintelligence and ES is determined by who tasks or controls theintelligence assets, what they are tasked to provide, and forwhat purpose they are tasked. ES is achieved by intelligencecollection, processing, and exploitation assets tasked orcontrolled by an operational commander for immediate threatvii
Executive Summaryrecognition and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance,targeting, and homing.Organizing for Electronic WarfareThe joint forcecommander, PlansDirectorate, andOperations Directoratewill have primaryresponsibility for theplanning, coordination,and integration of jointforce EW operations.How joint forces are organized to plan and execute EW is aprerogative of the joint force commander (JFC). EW hasoperational implications for planning and supervision functionsthat are normally divided among several directorates of a jointstaff. Authority for long range planning is normally delegatedby the JFC to the Plans Directorate and supervising joint EWdelegated to the Operations Directorate (J-3). As one of thecapabilities of information operations (IO), EW is planned inclose coordination with other staff functions. Normally, theEW officer is the principal staff EW planner on a joint staff.The scope and nature of the EW officer’s responsibilities isdependent on the size of the staff, the operational area of theJFC which the staff supports, and the type of mission oroperation which the staff must plan. The requirement for staffpersonnel to support the EW officer varies among joint staffs.Accomplishment of this work requires that the core membersof a staff assisting the EW officer have a depth of technicalexpertise and knowledge of the capabilities of EW systemscurrently employed by components, allies, and coalitionpartners. Augmentation of joint staffs during times of crisis orimpending operations in order to accumulate additional EWexpertise is almost always necessary. It is important to notethat each Military Service has a different approach to organizingtheir forces to plan and execute EW.PlanningSince EW must not conflictwith military operationsand others using theelectromagnetic (EM)spectrum, it is essentialthat EW plannerscoordinate their plannedactivities with them.viiiEW is a complex aspect of modern military operations thatmust be fully integrated with other aspects of joint operationsin order to achieve its full potential for contributing to anoperation’s objectives. Such integration requires carefulplanning. EW is only one type of activity that occurs in anincreasingly crowded EM spectrum. As such, EW plannersmust be concerned with coordinating their planned activitieswith other aspects of military operations that use the EMspectrum as well as third party users of the spectrum that EWdoes not wish to disrupt. Like other aspects of joint operations,joint EW is centrally planned and decentrally executed. Sincethe Military Services provide most US EW assets available injoint operations, Service component EW planners should beintegrated into the joint planning process. Since EW activitytakes place in the EM spectrum, joint EW planners must closelycoordinate their efforts with those members of the joint staffJP 3-51
Executive Summarywho are concerned with managing military use of the EMspectrum. Military operations dependence on EM energy anduse of the EM spectrum by the systems that sense, process,store, measure, analyze, and communicate information createIO opportunities and vulnerabilities that EW can address.The purpose of EW reprogramming is to maintain or enhancethe effectiveness of EW and target sensing system equipmentemployed by tri-Service units. EW reprogramming includeschanges to self-defense systems, offensive weapons systems,and intelligence collection systems. Effective electronicmasking of joint military operations involves the proactivemanagement of all friendly radiated electronic signatures ofequipment being used in or supporting the operation.Interoperability is essential to use EW effectively as anelement of joint military power. The major requirements ofinteroperability are to establish standards and practiceprocedures that allow for integrated planning and execution ofEW operations (including joint EW) as well as timely and routineexchange of EW information. Like other aspects of jointoperations, joint EW planning is conducted through the JointOperation Planning and Execution System (JOPES) process.In order to be fully integrated into other aspects of a plannedoperation, EW planning must start in the earliest stages of theJOPES process and be coordinated with other aspects of theplan every step of the way. Planning guidance for EW shouldbe included in an operation plan (OPLAN) as a tab to the IOguidance. There are a number of automated planning toolsavailable to help joint EW planners carry out theirresponsibilities.CoordinatingEW staff should focus oncoordination efforts thatensure EW actions arecarried out as planned,with emphasis on EWasset allocation, EMspectrum management,and emerging operationalissues.Once a plan has been approved and an operation iscommenced, the preponderance of EW staff effort shifts to thecoordination necessary to ensure that EW actions are carriedout as planned or modified to respond to the dynamics of theoperation. EW staff personnel have a major role to perform inthe dynamic management of the EM spectrum duringoperations. Most of the elements and activities of IO dependon, use, or exploit the EM spectrum for at least some oftheir functions. The deconfliction and coordination of EWactivities in an operation is a continuous process for the IO celland EW staff personnel. Exploitation of adversary equipmentcan verify adversary electronic equipment capabilities, toinclude wartime reserve modes. There are several criticalelements in the EW frequency deconfliction process thatshould be performed on a continuing basis. Componentsrequiring EW support from another component should beix
Executive Summaryencouraged to directly coordinate that support when possible,informing joint EW planners of the results of such coordination.Detailed coordination is essential between the EW activitiesand the intelligence activities supporting an operation.Joint ExercisesEW exercise activitiesmust be well-planned tobalance EW trainingobjectives with othertraining objectives.Joint exercises are a unique opportunity to exercise componentEW capabilities in mutually supportive operations. Exerciseplanning is a separate process from the JOPES planning that isused to develop OPLANs. The command or person designatedto plan the EW aspects of an exercise must be concerned with:(1) identifying EW exercise objectives that are consistent withthe overall exercise objectives in scope, purpose, and level ofeffort; (2) developing an EW concept of operations that isintegrated into the larger IO concept of operations; (3)coordinating EW personnel and assets to participate as both“Blue” and “Red” forces; (4) identifying personnel with EWexpertise to participate as joint exercise control group and“white cell” participants; (5) determining EW modeling andsimulation requirements and systems for the exercise andcoordinating their availability and funding; and (6) draftingthe EW sections of the exercise directive and supporting planssuch as the exercise control plan. The planning stage is onlythe first of four stages in the life cycle of each joint exercise.The other three stages, preparation, execution, and postexercise and evaluation, also involve tasks and coordinationon the part of EW exercise staff personnel.Multinational Aspects of EWUS planners must provideEW support to allied orcoalition nations, as EW isan integral part ofmultinational operations.xUS planners must be prepared to integrate US and allied orcoalition EW capabilities into an overall EW plan; be able toprovide allied or coalition nations with information concerningUS EW capabilities within releasibility guidelines; and provideEW
JP 3-51 CHAPTER V ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN JOINT EXERCISES . electromagnetic or directed energy to control the EM spectrum or to attack the enemy. EW includes three major subdivisions: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support (ES) . The need for control of the EM spectrum and theFile Size: 633KB
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