2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 3. Communication Systems
CHAPTER 22EMERGENCY PROCEDURESEMERGENCY PROCEDURES3.Communication SystemsTo relay accurate information quickly, use reliablecommunications equipment, develop procedures,and train personnel. A backup system is a goodidea in case the emergency destroys phone lines,for example.The type and location of emergencycommunication systems must be posted on theproject. Emergency phone numbers and the siteaddress/location should be posted beside all sitephones. IHSA’s Emergency Response Poster(P103) can be used to record this and otherinformation (Figure 2-1).An emergency is an unplanned event that hasthe potential to harm the life, health, or safetyof a person, or to damage the environment orpublic property.Emergency Response Plan andProceduresEvery construction project needs an emergencyresponse plan before work begins so that everyoneis prepared in case of an emergency. Section 17 ofthe Construction Projects regulation (213/91) states:Figure 2-1: Emergency Response Poster4.17. (1) A constructor shall establish for a projectwritten procedures to be followed in theevent of an emergency and shall ensure thatthe procedures are followed at the project.The person in charge of administering andorganizing the plan must ensure the following: Everyone clearly understands their roles andresponsibilities within the plan.(2) The constructor shall review theemergency procedures with the joint healthand safety committee or the health andsafety representative for the project, if any. Adequate emergency resources are availablefor each stage of the project. The plan is reviewed regularly and alwaysafter an emergency to correct anyshortcomings.(3) The constructor shall ensure that theemergency procedures are posted in aconspicuous place at the project.5.Because the size and complexity of a projectdiffers from site to site, the planning necessary foremergencies will also differ. An effective plan musttake into consideration the items listed below.1.Assessment/Hazard IdentificationSTOP and ASSESS the situation beforeperforming any of the tasks. Stay calm to providean example to others. What can go wrong? What are the consequences?The site supervisor should be able to provideinformation about:Emergency Resources Emergency warning alarms and codesDetermine what resources are availablefor the hazards identified and assessed.Verify that 911 operates in area. If not, makealternate arrangements. Emergency telephone numbers Nearest hospital Rescue proceduresMaintain on-site resources such as fireextinguishers, spills containment equipment,and first aid kits. Outside help may be so faraway that on-site resources are necessary,such as fire protection or ambulance andmedical resources in remote areas.Legal RequirementsEmergency Response ProceduresBefore you begin work on a jobsite, make sureyou are familiar with the emergency responseprocedures for that site. The EmergencyProcedures chart (Figure 2-2) outlines standardemergency response procedures.Identify hazards and assess potential risk byanswering these questions:2.Administration of the Plan Meeting or muster points Names of persons capable of administeringfirst aid Location of emergency equipment such asfire extinguishers.2-1
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES6.Emergency Procedures1 Review the procedures with workers,subcontractors, and suppliers to ensure thatit covers their activities.STAY CALMDO NOT PANIC. Yourbehaviour can influenceothers so staying calmwill help the emergencyresponse.2TAKE COMMANDCall—or delegatesomeone to call—emergency services (911)immediately and explainthe situation. Assignsomeone to meet anddirect the ambulance tothe location.3ASSESS THE SITUATIONUse extreme cautionwhen approaching thescene to avoid beinginjured yourself. Try todetermine what happenedand what the emergencyis. Try to eliminate orcontrol the cause of theemergency to preventfurther danger to theinjured worker, to others,or to the property. Givefirst aid as soon aspossible.4PROVIDE PROTECTIONSafeguard the area toprotect others frombeing injured and preventfurther losses. You maybe called upon to helpdivert traffic, suppressa fire, prevent objectsfrom falling, or shut downequipment or utilities.5PRESERVE THE SCENEDo not disturb anythingexcept to save a life,relieve suffering, orprevent immediate orfurther losses. Barricade,rope off, or post a guardat the scene to make surethat nothing is moveduntil the authoritieshave completed theirinvestigation.6FOLLOW PROCEDURESFollow the proceduresoutlined in yourcompany’s emergencyresponse plan. Ensurethat senior managementis informed. They cancontact the properauthorities, notifyrelatives, and begin theprocedures for reportingand investigating theincident.Communication of the Procedures Review it with owner/client in operatingplants to ensure that hazards are identifiedand covered. Review it regularly with JHSC or Healthand Safety Representative to addressnew hazards or significant changes in siteconditions. Post the procedures in a conspicuouslocation at the project (Figure 2-3).When developing your plan, make sure it alwaysreflects current conditions on the jobsite.For more detailed information on developingemergency response plans, refer to the EmergencyResponse Planning booklet (B030) available fromIHSA and the Emergency Response PlanningChecklist at the end of this chapter.For additional resources, visit the EmergencyPreparedness web page in the Policy and ProgramTemplates section of the ihsa.ca website:ihsa.ca/resources/emergency preparedness.aspxRemember: Calling 911 by itself is not anemergency response plan. A plan should involvereducing the risk of further injuries and taking intoconsideration such things as: Proper access for emergency responders andvehicles The need to move a worker, if necessary, toa place where they can be attended to byemergency responders Designating a person to be in charge of thesituation during an emergency.Figure 2-3: Post the EmergencyResponse Plan at the JobsiteFigure 2-2: Emergency Procedures2-2Construction Health and Safety Manual
EMERGENCY PROCEDURESEmergency Procedures for Fall RescueOnce the written rescue plan has been developed,make sure everyone on the site is familiar with it.That’s especially important for any worker who willbe using fall protection equipment.If a worker is involved in a fallthat has been arrested, it isimportant to get them to a safeplace as quickly as possiblewithout causing further injury orputting the rescuers at risk.Sample Fall Rescue ProceduresHere are some examples of general fall rescueprocedures that your plan should include.The Construction Projectsregulation (O. Reg. 213/91,s.26.1(4)) requires that beforeworkers use any fall arrest systemor safety net on a project, theemployer must develop writtenprocedures for the rescue ofa worker whose fall has beenarrested.A. If an elevating work platform (EWP) isavailable on site:1. Take it to the location of the suspendedworker.2. Make sure that rescue workers using theEWP are protected against falling.3. Be sure the EWP has the load capacity forboth the rescuer(s) and the victim.Some of the reasons why a suspended workershould be rescued quickly are listed below4. Use the EWP to reach the suspendedworker. The worker may have been injured during the falland may need medical attention.5. Position the EWP platform below theworker. The worker may panic if they are left hanging fora long time.6. Disconnect the suspended worker fromtheir lanyard or lifeline when it is safe todo so. If the worker is unconscious or can’thelp with the rescue, two rescuers may beneeded to handle the worker safely. The event that led to the fall may have createdadditional dangers that need to be dealt withright away. The worker may develop suspension trauma ifthey are hanging in a safety harness for too long.Suspension trauma causes the blood to pool inthe lower body, depriving the brain of oxygen.7. Treat the worker for suspension trauma andany other injuries.8. Arrange to take the worker to the nearesthospital.In many cases, the rescue plan can be simple. Aladder or elevated work platform can be used toreach suspended workers and get them downsafely. In other cases, it makes more sense to haulthe worker back up to the level from which they fellor pull the worker in through a nearby window orother opening.B. If an elevating work platform is not available:1. Where possible, use a ladder (or ladders) toreach the suspended worker.2. If the suspended worker is not in an areathat rescuers can reach by ladders, movethe suspended worker by their lifeline to anarea that can be safely reached by ladder (ifpossible).For some projects, the rescue procedures may bemore complicated. You may need specially trainedand equipped rescue workers from the local firedepartment. Aerial ladder trucks or other highreach equipment may be necessary. In extremecases, the fire department may use rappellingtechniques to reach trapped workers and lift orlower them to a safe place.3. Rig a separate lifeline for each rescuer touse while carrying out the rescue.4. Position the ladder(s) so that the rescuerscan get beneath the suspended worker.Create a rescue plan that is specific to your jobsiteand that covers the different types of fall-relatedrescues that may be necessary. The plan shouldcover the on-site equipment that you will use, thepersonnel who will use it, and the procedures fordifferent types of rescue.5. Securely attach a separate lowering line tothe suspended worker’s harness.6. Rescuers on the ground will lower theworker while the rescuers on the ladderswill guide the worker. If the suspendedworker is unconscious or can’t help withtheir own rescue, two rescuers may beneeded to handle the worker.Any off-site rescue services that might be neededshould be contacted in advance to make surethat they have the proper resources available(equipment, specially trained personnel, etc).The constructor should make arrangements tofamiliarize rescue services with the project and anyhazards that they may encounter.Legal Requirements7. Once the worker has been taken to a safelocation, administer first aid for suspensiontrauma and any other injuries.8. Arrange to take the worker to the nearesthospital.2-3
EMERGENCY PROCEDURESC. If the injured person is suspended near thework area and can be reached safely from thefloor below or from the place from which theworker fell:Often, a ladder is the only way to access this typeof work area. In addition, there may be few, if any,workers in the area during that time to provideassistance to rescuers. The injured worker also maynot be able to help rescuers due to the nature ofthe emergency, which could include:1. Make sure that all rescuers are protectedagainst falling (such as by travel restraint orfall arrest). A personal medical complication such as a heartattack, asthma attack, or allergic reaction2. If possible, attach a second line securely tothe worker’s harness to help pull him or herto a safe place. At least two strong workerswill probably be needed to pull someone up. A workplace injury from a traumatic incident suchas being struck by equipment or a tool Illness from exposure to a hazardous product oragent.3. Eliminate slack in the retrieving line to avoidslippage.Any delay in response time for rescuing an injuredworker can have severe consequences. It couldcause the outcome of an incident to be moreserious than it otherwise would have been.4. Once the worker has been taken to a safeplace, administer first aid for suspensiontrauma and any other injuries.5. Arrange to take the worker to the nearesthospital.Sample Rescue Procedures for the UppermostWork Level of a Suspended Slab at NightD. If a person has fallen and is suspended in aninaccessible place (e.g., on a tower, againsta building, or in a structure that has noopenings):A. Installing stairs to the uppermost work levelPlanning the job to ensure that stairs areinstalled to the upper most level of asuspended floor can help the process ofrescuing a worker. Temporary stairs can allowfor easy access to the uppermost work levelfrom a level where permanent stairs or anelevator exists. As work levels proceed, thesestairs could be hoisted up into place to ensurethat there is always non-obstructed access inthe event a rescue is needed.1. You may need trained personnel andspecialized rescue techniques to rescue theworker. For example, the rescuer may haveto lower themself down to the suspendedworker or use a lifeline to retrieve them.2. Because of the inherent risk in this type ofrescue, only people with specialized trainingshould do it.NOTE: There are differences in equipmentfrom different manufacturers as well as fromdifferent product lines in the same company.Therefore emergency training must coverthe same harness, lanyard, energy absorber,rope grab, lifeline, and anchorage that eachworker will rely on, as well as the ways inwhich each will be used.Emergency Rescue in ChallengingSituationsCertain circumstances on a jobsite can present achallenge for rescue personnel who may need toremove an unconcious or immobile worker froman area that is difficult to get to or hard to find.An assessment must be carried out on the varioustypes of emergencies that may present themselveson each jobsite. Emergency procedures must thenbe developed to account for these challenges.Figure 2-4: Using Temporary StairsCan Provide Easy AccessStairs must be designed in accordance withsections 75 to 77 of the construction regulation(213/91). While a ladder may be acceptablefor accessing a single form, temporary orpermanent stairs may be more appropriatewhere a whole slab is in place, whichconstitutes the uppermost work level.For example, special considerations must beplanned for any emergency that requires the rescueof a worker from the uppermost work level of asuspended slab at night.2-4Construction Health and Safety Manual
EMERGENCY PROCEDURESNOTE: Basket rescue with a crane may notbe possible in circumstances where the deckadvances over floors.Know the Law75. (2) As the construction of a building orstructure progresses, permanent or temporarystairs shall be installed up to,C. Using an elevating work platform(a) the uppermost work level; orIn some cases an elevating work platform(EWP) could be to rescue a worker from theuppermost work level. The EWP must bepositioned on the floor below the uppermostwork level and in an area above whichan opening exists that is large enough toaccommodate its platform when raised intoposition.(b) if stairs would interfere with work onthe uppermost work level, no more than twostoreys or nine metres below the uppermostwork level, whichever distance is shorter.– O. Reg. 213/91B. Basket rescue with a craneIn the event that a worker needs to be rescued,the platform can be raised to the opening andthe worker can be moved onto its platform.The platform is lowered to a position whererescue personnel can safely remove the workerfrom the workplace.In some cases a worker can be rescued usinga basket and crane. Consult section 153 of theconstruction regulation before using this optionto rescue a worker.Also, consider the following factors:Before using this rescue method, consultsections 143–149 of the construction regulation(213/91). Also, be aware that the EWP must becontinuously hoisted to the floor below theuppermost work level. A crane operator must be readily available tooperate the crane. The basket used must be designed by aprofessional engineer in accordance withgood manufacturing processes to withstandall loads to which it may be subjected. The basket must be kept on site at all timesin an accessible location where it is clear ofmaterial or other equipment. The rescue basket must be equipped withappropriate rigging for quick hookup by thecrane operator. The maximum number of people the basketmay hold must be adhered to, as indicatedon the nameplate of the basket. A competent worker must inspect the craneand equipment prior to lifting rescuers. The crane must be equipped with a failsafe mechanism to prevent the boom fromdescending in the event of a power source orsystem failure.Figure 2-5: EWPs Can Be Used During RescueD. Using a mechanical rescue/descent deviceMechanically assisted rescue devices can beused to lower a worker from the uppermostlevel of a suspended slab to a lower levelwhere rescue personnel can get to the workerand provide medical aid as necessary. Thesesystems typically require workers on theuppermost level to wear a full-body harness. An adequate means of communication mustbe maintained between the rescuers in thebasket and the crane operator at all times. Workers in the rescue basket must wear fullbody harnesses attached to a lanyard andanchored to appropriate points in the basketat all times.Rescue personnel attach the device’s lifelinefrom an anchor point to the D-ring on theworker’s full-body harness. The worker is thenlowered to a more accessible work platform. All rigging used to attach the rescue basketto the hook of a load line must have a safetyfactor of 10 against failure. A safety line mustbe attached to the load line directly from thebasket.Always consult the manufacturer’s instructionsbefore using this type of equipment. Environmental factors that could impact thesafety of workers in the basket must be takeninto consideration, such as high winds, snow,ice, or sleet.Legal Requirements2-5
EMERGENCY PROCEDURESE.Using a steel basket stretcherIn addition to contacting the local Fire Department,all rescue procedures should also address thefollowing issues:A steel basket (i.e., litter) stretcher is designedto be used where there are obstacles tomoving a person in need of rescue. The injuredworker lies in the stretcher face up and isstrapped in to prevent them from falling out ormoving. The need for rescue in good time Working alone issues and procedures Communication requirements How often the changing site conditions willrequire revisions to the emergency planThere is typically a collar around the stretcherthat protects the injured person againstbumping into objects. An injured worker shouldbe moved only after speaking with emergencyrescue personnel (e.g., 911). The safety of the persons carrying out orassisting with the rescue The best way for rescuers to get access to thecasualty Any first aider on site who can provide themedical needs that the casualty may have due totheir injury or the effects of suspension trauma The anchor points to be used for any rescueequipment The suitability of using the fall arrest equipmentthat has already been deployed (e.g., anchors,harnesses, attachments and connectors) duringthe rescue procedureFigure 2-5: A Steel Basket (Litter) Stretcher CanBe Used to Rescue an Injured WorkerOther Considerations Showing rescuers the actual anchor points onthe site crane(s) and familiarizing them with therescue techniques to be used on these cranesBefore starting any rescue from heights, theemployer and contactors must contact the localFire Department to find out the following: The method that will be used to attach thecasualty to the recovery system What type of support can be expected from alocal Fire Department? The direction that the casualty needs to bemoved to get them to the point of safety (i.e.,raising, lowering, or moving them laterally) What support limitations may exist with LocalFire Departments? The potential for a casualty to be located overan edge and other possible obstructions that canoccur. What contingencies should the contractor/employer may establish if a local fire departmentcannot respond (either other responserequirements or due to support limitations)?NOTE: Recovery over an edge can interfere withthe operation of rescue equipment and can alsoincrease the risk of equipment such as ropes, slingsand harnesses being cut or abraded. What emergency response equipment woulda local fire department want the contractor/employer to have on site? If a local Fire Department rescue teams will onlyu
2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES An emergency is an unplanned event that has the potential to harm the life, health, or safety of a person, or to damage the environment or public property. Emergency Response Plan and Procedures Every construction project needs an emergency response plan before work begins so that everyone is prepared
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repair genes) in the datasets created in this research are as follows: ageing-related DNA repair genes‟ protein products tend to interact with a considerably larger number of proteins; their protein products are much more likely to interact with WRN (a protein whose defect causes the Werner‟s progeroid syndrome) and XRCC5 (KU80, a key protein in the initiation of DNA double-strand repair .
