PROCEDURE HANDBOOK SURFACE PREPARATION AND
---PROCEDURE HANDBOOKSURFACE PREPARATION AND PAINTING OF TANKSAND CLOSED AREASSEPTEMBER 1981Prepared by:COMPLETE ABRASIVE BLASTING SYSTEMS, INC.IN COOPERATION WITH .AVONDALE SHIPYARDS, INC.
Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188Report Documentation PagePublic reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.1. REPORT DATE2. REPORT TYPESEP 1981N/A3. DATES COVERED-4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5a. CONTRACT NUMBERProcedures Handbook Surface Preparation and Painting of Tanks andClosed Areas5b. GRANT NUMBER5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER6. AUTHOR(S)5d. PROJECT NUMBER5e. TASK NUMBER5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Naval Surface Warfare Center CD Code 2230 - Design Integration ToolsBuilding 192 Room 128 9500 MacArthur Bldg Bethesda, MD 20817-57009. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORTNUMBER(S)12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release, distribution unlimited13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES14. ABSTRACT15. SUBJECT TERMS16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:a. REPORTb. ABSTRACTc. THIS PAGEunclassifiedunclassifiedunclassified17. LIMITATION OFABSTRACT18. NUMBEROF PAGESSAR12319a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSONStandard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
FOREWORDThis research project was performed under the National ShipbuildingResearch Program. The project, as part of this program, is a imperativecost shared effort between the Maritime Administration and Avondale shipyards, Inc. The development work was accomplished by Complete AbrasiveBlasting systems, Inc. under subcontract to Avondale Shipyards. The overallobjective of the program is improved productivity and, therefore, reducedshipbuilding costs to meet the lower Construction Differential Subsidy rategoals of the Merchant Marine Act of 1970.The studies have been undertaken with this goal in mind, and havefollowed closely the project Outline approved by the Society of NavalArchitects and Marine Engineers’ (SNAME) Ship Production Comittee.Mr. James A. Giese, of Camplete Abrasive Blasting Systems, served asProject Manager and Ms.polly Medlicott as technical writer. On behalf ofAvondale Shipyards, Inc., Mr. John Peart was the R & D Program Managerresponsible for technical direction, and publication of the final report.Mr.Ben Fultz of Offshore Power Systems performed editorial services.Program definition and guidance was provided by the members of the 023-1Surface Preparation Coatings Cammittee of SNAME, Mr. C. J. Starkenburg,Avondale Shipyards, Inc., Chairman.Also we wish to acknowledge the suppxt of Mr. Jack Garvey and Mr.Robert Schaffran, of the Maritime Administration. Special thanks are givento the numerous suppliers listed below for their valuable contribution ofinformation (see Annex A for complete address ad telephone numbers).Aeroduct-Porter CompanyAerovent, Inc.Air pollution Systems, Inc.American Air Filter Ccmpanyr Inc.American Coolair CorporationAnaconda Metal HoseBry-AirCargocaire Engineering CompanyCarter-Day
Central Engineerirq, Inc. (Vac/All)Clemco IndustriesCleveland Metal AbrasivesCincinnati Fan and Ventilator Company, Inc.Complete Abrasive Blasting Systems, Inc. (CAB)Coppus EnqineeringD.P. Way (Ultra Vac)DryomaticEnpire Abrasive Equipment CorporationFlexaustFlint AbrasivesGeneral Air Division Zurn IndustriesH.B. Reed and Company, Inc.Hartzell Propeller Fan CompanyIRS/International, Inc.Kathabar - Medland RossKey-Houston, Inc.Pauli and GriffinPure-Aire, Inc.Strobic Air CorporationSuper Products (Supersucker)Torit Division, Donaldson Company, Inc.Unimin ColorationUnited McGill CorporationVacublast CorporationVan Air Systems, Inc.W.W. Sly Manufacturing CompanyWedron Silica CompanyWheelabrator-Frye, Inc.Whitehead Brothers Companyii
Executive SummaryA desperate need exists in shipyards for the proper planningandexecution of surface preparation ad coating operations in tanks and otherenclosed areas Abrasive blasters and painters are exposed to highOther shipyardconcentrations of dust and hazardous organic vapors.personnel are exposed to the potential dangers of explosion and fire.Another aspect of the need for better planning concerns the inefficient utilization of capital, manpower and material assets. AS an example,many extra manhours of labor are consumed in tank surface preparationoperations because the abrasive blaster, when operating in tanks, justcannot see what he is blasting due to dust accumulation. Also, many squarefeet of painted surface are lost due to solvent entrapment during cureresulting in catastrophic peramature paint failure.Until the publishing of this report no single document existed Withcould be used by shipyard planners to effectively, efficiently and safelyplan painting operations in confined areas. The information containedwithin this handbook includes: Identification of the requirements and related problems associatedwith surface preparation and painting of tanks an enclosed areas. Identification of personnel exposure limits Identification of monitoring equipment for measurement of fume anddust concentrations and ventilation rates. Identification of maximum allowable concentrations and ventilationrequirements for abrasive blasting and coatings application Identification of suitable ventilation and abrasive blast equipmentfor shipyard operations.In addition to the abve pints, a practical model for upgrading theblast-paint department is offered. Throughout the course of this study,emphasis was placed on increasing productivity and improving enviromnentalconditions. These pints can be achieved through a management sponsoredsystematic program of planned improvements based on” recomendations withinthis report.iii
TABLE OF CONTENTSPage-iForewordivvviConclusions1.1 The Role of Managaement1.2 Recommendations1.3 Cost Savings1.4 Summary2. Use of the Handbook3. Ventilation3.1 Introduction3.2 Technical Discussion3.2.1 Ventilation During Abrasive Blasting3.2.2 Ventilation During Painting3.2.2.1Lower Explosive Limit3.2.2.2Explosive Vapor Detection3.2.2.3Threshold Limit3.3 Equipment Selection3.3.1 Fans3.3.2 Ducting4. Dust Collection4.1 Introduction4.2 Technical Discussion4.3 Equipment Selection5. Dehumidification5.1 Introduction5.2 Technical Discussion5.2.1 Principles of Condensation5.2.2 Determining Dehumidification Requirements5.3 Selection of Dehmidification Equipment6. Abrasive Blasting6.1 Introduction6.2 Abrasive Blasting Equipment6.3 Compressed-Air Drying Equipment6.4 Abrasive Delivery and Storage6.5 Abrasive Recovery Equipment6.5.1 Selection Criteria6.5.1.1Portable Unit with Single-ChamberCollecticm Tank6.5.1.2Mobile Unit with Single-chamberCollecti Tank6.5.1.3Portable Unit with Double-ChamberAutomatic Discharge Tank7. Model High Production Abrasive Blasting and Coating Pier1.Annex A - Suppliers ListAnnex B - Selection of AbrasivesAnnex C - Abrasive Cost .16.16.16.76.126.136.136.156.186.197.1
LIST OF 26.137.17.27.37.47.57.6Explosive Vapor DetectorSchmatic of Centrifugal and Axial FansSchematic of Axial FanCentrifugal FanDuct-Axial. FanBranch Entry and Elbow Radius Design for Dinting LayoutVentilation Diagram of Large Enclosed Spaces, Small Tanks,and Multiple TanksSchematic of Venturi Wet Scrubber’Venturi Wet Scrubber Dust Collection -UnitReverse jet Continuous Duty Dry Fabric Collector UnitMobile Dust Collection/Dehurnidification SystemMobile Dry Cartridge Dust Collection SystemBattery-Operated PsychronMagnetic Surface ThermameterSample Psychrometric Report FormSchmatic Dry HoneyCcmbe Dehumidification PrincipleModel HC 9000 SEA Special Dry HoneyCombeDehumidification UnitPortable Single-Chamble Multiple Outlet Blast MachineSingle-Chamber Multiple Outlet Blast MachineDouble-chamber Automatic Filling PrincipleDouble-chanber Automatic Filling Multiple OutletBlast MachineMobile Steel Grit Blasting and Recovery SystemSchematic of Mobile Grit Blasting and Recovery Systemin OperationCompressed-Air Dryer and After-CoolerModel for Compressed-Air Drying SystemPneumatic Delivery TruckDelivery and In-plant Distribution System for AbrasivesTwo Portable Vacuum Units with Single-Chamber CollectionTanks Mounted on StandPortable Vacuum Units with Automatic Discharge TankMobile Vacuum Recovery Truck with Single-ChamberCollection TankPanoramic View of Model Blast and Coat Pier1000 Ton Abrasive Storage HopperView of Ship Deck with Properly Installed EquipmentSchematic of Unit Coating ContainerCross-section Drawing of Ship Cargo Tank withBlast-Coat Equipment InstalledDrawing of Tank Blast-Coat 146.166.176.187.37.47.57.87.97.10
LIST OF TABLESPageTable IVIIVIIIIXTable XVentilation Volumes Recomended to MaintainSolvent Vapor Concentrations below 10% of thelower ExplosiveProperties of Common SolventsPaint Vapor Concentration versus Ventilation VolumeFriction Loss Per 100 feet of DuctingArea and Circumference of CirclesQuick Dewpoint Reference TableWet Air FactorDehumidifier Moisture Remove RateComparison of Wet and Dry DesiccantDehumidifierUnitsComparison of Typical DH Unitsvi3.43.63.113.223.265.35.125.135.165.17
1.Conclusions1.1 BackgroundThe advent of huge, complex ocean-going vessels represents millions ofdollars in capital investment. Corrosion prevention through blast-cleaningand painting is essential for protecting the value of these ships ascapital assets and for prolonging the productive life of the vessels. Yet,for the most part, few guidelines exist for planning critical protectivecoatings (painting) operations during new construction, especially in highperformance areas, such as ballast tanks and enclosed areas.Withoutexaggeration the blast-paint operation at sane shipyards canbe characterized as the dirtiest, most disorganize, wasteful and evendangerous area in the yard. These conditions many times result from a lackof guidance concerning basic principles and apparent lack of knowledgeconcerning available technology and equipment. The net result is a staggering wastage of manpower, materials, and time.An attempt to dispense with in-house painting operations by subcontracting blast-paint operations only provides a Short term solution,since responsibility for coating failures or production delays ultimatelyrests with shipyard management.The only possible long-term solution to these problems is to approachthe surface preparation and coatings operation as a unified system. Anexperienced professional manager, using a systems approach to planning andCoordination of the total program, can: Modernize Reduce Improveequipmentdependency on other servicesenvironmental renditions1.1
The task of converting the blast-paint section into a profitable,productive and clean department must become a high priority for managers ofU.S. shipyards. Economical modernization of this operation can be accomplished by otherwise successful companies. clearly, management plays acritical role in the development of a professional, efficient, surfacspreparation and coatings department.1.2 Project ResultsThis project achieved the defined objective of creating a proceduralHandbook detailing ventilation ratessurface preparation and paintingand procedures required for theof tanks and enclosed areas. This accom-plishment is a step toward solving the problem areas discussed above. Thehandbook on Surface Preparation and Painting of Tanks and Enclosed Areasprovides a tool which can be used by shipyard personnel to: Reducelabor hours for both blast-paint operation and for supportservices and equipment. Writeprocurement specifications for capital equipment procurement Reduce worker exposure to hazardous conditions Reduce facility and equipment losses Planmore competitive paintingoperations Reducecatastrophic paintfailures Reduceinterference between crafts during constructionThe net result will be a savings in dollars expended to produce ships.1.2
1.3 Recommendations1.3.1 Blast-Paint DepartmentManagementshould commit high-caliber, technically capable personnelto the program to insure competency, efficiency and qualityof the operation. These personnel should include:at all stages Asurface preparations expert trained in quality control tocoordinate between the shipyard and the ship owner. This individualwould also be responsible for the inspection of cleaned surfacesand for monitoring dust-collection and dehumidification systems. Acoatings specialist (ideally a chemsit) to review coatingspecifications, oversee application, sample coatings both atdelivery and on finished surfaces, and maintain Ongoing datarecords of the coatings performance under actual shipyard condiitions. This individual would aid in the selection of appropriatecoatings and preclude legal applications arising from coatingsfailure. Aninstructor for an in-house program to trainemployees in the useof blasting, ventilating, dehumidifying, painting and compressedair drying machinery.General, components of the blast-paint operation whichshould be care-fully considered by management are: Developmentof an overall organizational plan Develoomentof a program check list to include all equipment Standardization Establishmentof procedures and inspection techniquesof a comprehensiver equipment maintenance program1.3
Coordinationof transportation, delivery and storage of materials,to include support logisticsIn the drydock area, modifications might include such things an endramp access so that equipment couldbe moved in and out without a crane, anelevator or other personnel lifting system between dockand deck, increasedelectrical services and installation of a high-volume compressed air pipingsystem.Such improvements would result in a marked reduction of down-timeduring the blasting and coating operation.Finally, a carefully designed permanent installation is (see Section7) practically a must for the efficient completion of major jobs. Theessential elements of a Properly designed facility are:Large, enclosed space providing protection from the weatherEquipment to control ambient air renditionsAdequate utility hook-ups for electrical, water, compressed air andother servicesPermanent, properly designed ventilation systemState-of-the-Art abrasive blasting and handling machinery permanently installed for maximum outputRailroad track locatd next to the shelter for materials andequipment transport. Section 7 discusses one way of establishing awell-organized operations base for large blasting and paintingjobs.1.4
1.3.2 Naval Architects and Marine EngineersNaval architects and marine engineers must be the aware of problemsfaced by the shipbuilding/ship repair industry and encouraged to incorporate design changes which facilitate construction activities. Somesuggestions are: Constructing Placingpermanent scaffolding supports in tankspermanent openings in bulkheads Providinglarger, more conveniently located hatch or cargo coverson deck.These changes vaild greatly improve materials and personnel access forfuture maintenance activities.1.4 Cost SavingsBy using the handbook published as a result of this study and bysystmatizing the blast-paint operations as recommended, shipyards shouldsave 30% to 50% of blast-paint operational rests. Generally, cost-savingswill result in the following areas: Reductionof support services required. By utilizing the properequipment and by making recommended modifications to existingfacilities, dependence on support services would be significantlyreduced. LOst prduction time waitingair hookup, water, etc. ) would improvementon required services (cranes,be eliminated.of environmental conditions.Many costly problems anddelays are used by the messy, dirty conditions associated withthe blast-paint operation. These include contaminated air, highworker turn-over, non-compliance with governmental health andsafety regulation, disposal of wastes, and constant housekeeping.1.5
Recovery and reuse of abrasive. Specialized equipment can enablethe department to utilize inexpensive abrasives for some jobs inaddition to recovering and recycling more expensive abrasive-materials for other jobs. Reducing expenditure of rapidly consumedabrasives can add up to surprisingly large savings. (See Annexc).Improvement of quality. Catastrophic coatings failures can obviously result in enormous costs for shipyards. A systematic approachto the total blast-paint operation, using proper equipment, correctprocedures and careful record-keeping will assist in avoidingprematurepaintfailures.1.5 SummaryPreparing surfaces of enclosed tanks for coatings, including necessaryventilation and air treatment operations, is but one part of the construction and repair of a ship. However, it must be recognized, that theseoperationsare just as essential as those performed by fabrication,mechanical or other shipyard manufacturing departments.The blast-paint department depends on many support services and avariety of specialized equipment to complete projects. Technology is available which can correct both the environmental and worker safety problemsassociated with abrasive blasting in shipyards. This technology can beexpensive, but ignoring the problems will be more expensive.It is recognized that there are many possible ways to solve existingproblems or meet defined objectives. This reportprovides one proposedprocess by describing equipment and by outlining procedures which are nowavailable to the modern shipyard.1.6
2.Use of the HandbookAn attempt has been made to organize this handbook in such a manner asto the reading easy and data presentation logical.The discussionproceeds from ventilation through dust collection and dehumidification toabrasive blasting.Section 7 discusses a model abrasive blasting andPainting pier which utilizes the principals presented.The sciences of ventilation, dust collection, dehumidification andabrasive blasting and painting are each extremely sophisticated engineeringfields. This handbook will not qualify the reader as an expert in any ofthese disciplines, but it does present certain basic principles, that, thenfollowed, will help assure a well planned operation.The reader should follow the presentation as written. If dustcollection and/or dehumidification are not deemed to be required, thenthese sections can be scanned. However, be forewarned that a simplestatement that these operations are luxuries and not necessary withoutverificaticn through actual measurement will lead to many disastrousexperiences.Each section of the handbook maintains a technical discussion followedby equipment selection. The technical discussion includes examples andsample calculations. In many cases, a simple substitution of differentnumbers, depending on job size, is all that is necessary to obtain requiredplanning factors.characteristics.The equipment selection discussion describes equipmentKnowing the calculated planning factors and equipmentcharact
5.3 Selection of Dehmidification Equipment 6. Abrasive Blasting 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Abrasive Blasting Equipment 6.3 Compressed-Air Drying Equipment 6.4 Abrasive Delivery and Storage 6.5 Abrasive Recovery Equipment 6.5.1 Selection 6.5.1.1 6.5.1.2 6.5.1.3 Criteria Portable Unit with Single-Ch
ect. For concrete, SSPC-SP 13/ NACE No. 6, Surface Preparation of Concrete, defines surface preparation as “[t]he method or combination of methods used to clean a concrete surface, remove loose and weak materials and contaminants from the surface, repair the surface, and roughen the surface
The Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process The hot-dip galvanizing process consists of three basic steps: surface preparation, galvanizing, and inspection. Surface Preparation Surface preparation is the most important step in the application of any coating. In most instances, incorrect or inadequate surface preparation is the cause of a coating
7.4. Determination of sample preparation procedure It is the responsibility of the Laboratory Manager to determine the preferred sample preparation procedure based on the information provided on the SRF. The choice of the appropriate procedure is dependent upon the nature of the soil sample received, and the analytical requirements of the
Surface Pro 4 also has an infrared (IR) face-detection camera so you can sign in to Windows without typing a password. For more info, see Windows Hello on Surface.com. For more camera info, see Take photos and videos with Surface and Using autofocus on Surface 3, Surface Pro 4, and Surface Book on Surface.com. Microphones
Importance of Surface Finish Title. Lotus Leaf . Surface Topography of Lotus Leaf. Surface Integrity Surface Topography Surface Roughness Profile Surface Metallurgy Sub surface material characteristics . - Peak to Valley measure L m R R q R a T. Amplitude Based Parameters Limitations
variations in surface characteristics, and it is important for engineers to understand the technology of surface. The most commonly used measure of surface texture is surface roughness. Withrespected to figure 1.2, surface roughness can be defined as the average of vertical deviations from nominal surface over a specified surface length.
It covers sample copy of mandatory procedures covering all the details of ISO 15378:2017. List of procedure 1. Procedure for Management review 2. Procedure for Document and Data Control 3. Procedure for Control of records 4. Procedure for Internal Audit 5. Procedure for Training 6. Procedure For Corrective And Preventive Action 7.
COURS DE PROCEDURE CIVILE INTRODUCTION On étudiera successivement la définition de la Procédure Civile, l'objet de la Procédure Civile, les caractères de la Procédure Civile et les sources de la Procédure Civile. SECTION I DEFINITION « Procédure » vient du mot latin « procedere », qui signifie « s'avancer » et qui évoque la marche à suivre pour mener le procès à bonne fin.
