A Manual For Improving Fish Production In Northern Zambia .
A manual for improving fish productionin Northern Zambia through integratedfarming systems
A MANUAL FOR IMPROVING FISH PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN ZAMBIA THROUGH INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMSA MANUAL FOR IMPROVING FISH PRODUCTIONIN NORTHERN ZAMBIA THROUGH INTEGRATEDFARMING SYSTEMSAuthorsAlbert Nsonga, PhD2 and Imelda K. Moise, PhD, MPH1Author Affiliation12Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Florida, USAWorldFish, ZambiaCitationThis publication should be cited as: Nsonga A and Imelda KM. 2016. A manual for improving fishproduction in Northern Zambia through integrated farming systems. Penang, Malaysia: WorldFish.Manual: 2016-15.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the volunteers, farmers and partners who participated in interviews andprovided feedback, suggestions and additional resources throughout the writing of this report.Your enthusiasm, engagement and hard work are appreciated. To our donor, Irish Aid, and ourcollaborating partners, Self Help Africa, WorldFish, HarvestPlus and the Center for InternationalForestry Research, thank you for providing resources to include in the manual.We wish to acknowledge Ms. Mary Nyirenda, District Fisheries Officer in Mbala, and Dr. J.C.Mwango, Fisheries Deputy Director in Chilanga, for their support and initial review of thisdocument. Our thanks also go to Mr. Previous Mugubo from Self Help Africa in Mbala for providingan overview of the collaboration between Self Help Africa and WorldFish. Thank you to MichaelPhillips, Director of Aquaculture and Genetic Improvement at WorldFish, for his thorough reviewof the manual. Special thanks to the farmers who welcomed us into their homes and allowed us tovisit their integrated farming systems.Lead farmers interviewedFurther appreciation is extended to lead farmers from selected livelihood enhancement groups(the community entry points for interventions by the Integrated Research in Developmentfor Improved Livelihoods Programme in Northern Province, Zambia [IRDLP]). The livelihoodenhancement groups comprised 45 households selected based on vulnerability criteria.Serge and Susan Nsombo and family, Fube village, Livelihood Enhancement Group 16, LuwinguChanda and Prisca Sesantu and family, Fube village, Livelihood Enhancement Group 37, LuwinguEdison Sinyangwe and family, Kawala village, Livelihood Enhancement Group 156, MbalaReuben Siwale and family, Kawala village, Livelihood Enhancement Group 143, MbalaEvaristo Sikazwe and family, Kawala village, Livelihood Enhancement Group 143, MbalaMacele Sinyangwe and family, Kawala village, Livelihood Enhancement Group 156, Mbala2
CONTENTSPreface4Purpose of the manual5Introduction6Integrating farming systems11Integrating fish farming12Family integration and fish farming14Integrating household resources with fishponds16Spatial integration17Gardens and fields18Feeding your fish22Conclusion25Notes26Annex27CONTENTS3
PREFACEThis manual was written as part of the Integrated Research in Development for ImprovedLivelihoods Programme in Northern Province, Zambia (IRDLP) and is primarily intended forextension agents to use with smallholder farmers engaged in semi-intensive fish farming inNorthern Zambia. The IRDLP is an Irish Aid-funded project implemented by WorldFish, Harvest Plusand the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).Since 2013, the program has supported Self Help Africa’s local development program initiativesthrough the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS).The goal of the IRDLP is to help improve the livelihoods, health status, and food and nutritionsecurity of resource-poor households in the Mbala and Luwingu districts in Northern Zambia,especially women and vulnerable groups. This is achieved through generating and providingevidence-based information, scientific technologies and livelihood solutions to trigger communityand farmer innovations for positive change.Once adopted, aquaculture–crop–animal–forestry innovations will improve on-farm productivity,enhance fish yields, provide a reliable source of fish protein and enhance nutrition security.This manual creates linkages between different smallholder farming systems, showing theopportunities available for diversification and intensification of integrated fish, crop, livestockand forestry systems. The manual provides farmers with methods to optimize their use of on-farmresources for increased fish production.PREFACEThe manual has been designed for use in Northern Zambia, though the authors hope it will beuseful in other parts of Africa as well.4
PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL Draw a diagrammatic flow chart representingthe existing and possible synergies in thesystem. Establish and integrate your pond facilities. Introduce various activities in close proximityto each other. Commence integration of activities andrecycling of otherwise wasted on-farmresources. Intensify and diversify integration, withactivities supporting each other. Reap net economic benefits of integration.This manual provides information on howsmallholder fish farmers can improve fishproduction in Northern Zambia, particularlyin the Luwingu and Mbala districts, throughintegrated farming practices.There are seven guiding steps for settingup a semi-intensive, integrated fish-croplivestock-agroforestry innovation system forsmallholders: Explore the farming system to establish aninventory of available on-farm resources.PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL5
INTRODUCTIONThis manual attempts to unearth the untappedpotential of the aquatic agricultural systems andforest landscapes in Northern Province, Zambia,which when fully integrated into farmingsystems will improve the food and nutrition ofrural communities. To help generate a practicalmanual, two families (Sesantu and Nsombo)were interviewed to share their perspectives onand experiences with integrated aquaculturecrop-animal-forest husbandry.brothers Aaron, Zachariah and Gift. They live inthe village of Chabula in Luwingu, Zambia.The Sesantu family are different from most oftheir neighbors. All their children attend orhave attended the local primary school thatis 5 kilometers from their village. The familyhave decent clothes to wear. They are healthybecause they eat nutritious foods like fish, beansand different varieties of vegetables. When theyare sick they can afford to go to a local healthclinic. Chanda even has a new bicycle, which herides 65 kilometers into town to sell his goods.Case study: The Sesantu andNsombo familiesBut the Sesantu family wasn’t always thissuccessful.Two years ago they were like many of theirneighbors are now. Even though Chanda andPrisca’s children attended primary school, noneof their children had finished high school.The three boys always had too much workhelping their father till the land for their crops.The family mostly ate vegetables such asThis is the story of the Sesantu and Nsombofamilies from Luwingu, whose lives weretransformed by fish farming. Their story isfeatured throughout the manual.Photo Credit: Albert Nsonga/WorldFishINTRODUCTIONThe Sesantu familyMeet the Sesantu family: father Chanda, motherPrisca, elder brother Friday, and youngerSerge Nsombo (left) and Chanda Sesantu (right).6
Chinese cabbage and rape, and sometimes hadtomatoes, onions and beans. They never hadany money to save.about 6 weeks to scare the birds away. Oneyear he did not, and they ate almost all of thevaluable seeds.Times were tough. Chanda found it difficult toprovide for his family. They were embarrassedbecause they had few nice clothes for church,and there was never extra money to buy thingsfor pleasure, like new clothes. You might thinkthat the Sesantu family did not work hard,but that is not true. In fact, they are very hardworkers.But a lima of maize was barely enough for thefamily to live on. If the weather was too wet ortoo dry, then they would not produce enoughmaize to eat. At the place where Prisca collectedwater close to home, the family also had asmall vegetable garden where they grew rapeand Chinese cabbage, but this needed to beweeded often. They ate some of the vegetablesand sold the rest, but after buying fertilizer andpesticides they often just broke even.They kept their small house clean and tidy, butit was a long way from everything. Prisca wouldhave to walk far to sell vegetables from theirgarden and fetch firewood for cooking. Shemade many trips each day.The Sesantus also kept four to eight chickens,six ducks and one goat at any one time. Theykept them to eat for themselves, but sometimesthey had to sell animals if they needed cashquickly. Sometimes the animals would getdiseases or thieves would steal them, so thefamily rarely got to eat their chickens, ducks orgoats.Photo Credit: Albert Nsonga/WorldFishINTRODUCTIONThe family owned and tended a lima (50 metersx 50 meters) of maize field, which was far fromtheir home. Getting to and from the field tookup much of Chanda’s time. He cut and trimmedthe trees to prepare the land, then burned thetrees and surrounding shrubs to clear the landfor planting. After planting he would have tostay in the field from morning until night forCollecting firewood.7
The Nsombo familyenhancement group was asked to nominatethree people to attend a fish farming trainingworkshop in Kasama. Chanda was nominatedas a participant for Livelihood EnhancementGroup 37, and Serge notes, “I volunteeredmyself from the livelihood enhancement group,because at the meeting I heard about the manybenefits that fish farming could bring to my life.”The Nsombo family’s story is similar to theSesantu family’s. Serge, his wife, Susan, andtheir two-year-old son, Benedict, live in thevillage of Fube in Luwingu, Zambia. Sergepreviously worked as a fisher, but he barelymade enough money to support his familyconsidering the dwindling fish catch in the wild.With his small earnings he could only buy maizemeal. Often Serge would borrow money tosupport his small family and meet daily needs.But despite the struggle, Serge has big dreamsof becoming a teacher someday. Now, as a fishfarmer, he hopes he can make and save enoughmoney to pay for teacher training college.And that is how things got started for Chanda,Serge and their families.Becoming fish farmersAt the workshop, the two men learned aboutfish farming, including the requirementsfor digging a fishpond, constructing a crib,composting and pond management. The twomen were very excited after the training. Theywere ready to dig their fishponds and couldn’twait to share the news with their wives.The beginning of changeSerge was enthusiastic about what he learned,stating, “After training, I talked to my wifeand she too believed fish farming was a goodventure for us to embark on. Two weeks aftermy fish farming training and with the help ofWorldFish, my wife and two older kids hadsurveyed our land, pegged our first fishpondand finished constructing it.”One day, Chanda and Serge attended alivelihood enhancement awareness meetingat their local primary school. The meeting wasrun by staff from Self Help Africa, WorldFish andthe Department of Fisheries. Each livelihoodPhoto Credit: Albert Nsonga/WorldFishINTRODUCTIONThe two families’ day-to-day strugglesfrustrated them because they had nothingto show for their hard work. Things started tochange for them in 2013 when the internationaldevelopment agency Self Help Africa formedlivelihood enhancement groups in their villages.Livestock.8
Chanda and his wife also completed constructionof their first fishpond over a 3-week period.The next week, WorldFish and Self Help Africabrought fish seed to the two farmers, as wellas sample feed, pipes and grass to plant on thedikes of their fishponds to prevent soil erosion.At the time of writing this manual, Serge hadconstructed a second fishpond and had helpednine other people in his livelihood enhancementgroup to construct a group fishpond that ismanaged by group members.The Sesantu and Nsombo families alreadyhelp with the different aspects of fish farmingactivities. Chanda and Serge, as heads ofhouseholds, are busy, so their families’assistance helps them meet the needs of aproductive fishpond. However, although familymembers have been helping, this has beenbased on Chanda’s or Serge’s instructions. Forthese family members to be effective, they alsohad to know the reasons behind the everydayjobs. Albert explained why family integrationwith fish farming was so vital and how the twofamilies could engage their family members infarming in a more efficient manner.Serge and Chanda were so excited about theprogress they had made that they were alittle disappointed at first when Albert, theirWorldFish representative, said, “We need tostop constructing any more fishponds for now.”After talking with Albert and taking a walk totheir source of composting materials, fields andwater source, Albert said to the two men, “Weneed to start thinking about INTEGRATION.”The families were given pencils and flipchartpaper to map household resource flows so thatthey could begin to visualize how their currenthousehold activities’ byproducts were beingused. When Albert came back 2 weeks later, thetwo families were ready. They had conducted afarming systems analysis of their current farmingsystem and had a map of their householdresource flows. They had all decided that theywanted to diversify their farming systems andrun them in a more efficient manner.So the families started planning where to puttheir gardens and where to build their animalhouses. They decided to plant gardens next totheir fishponds and to have fields of cassavanearby. That way, it would be easy for Priscaand Susan to pick leaves and put them in thefishpond. They also started building a chickenhouse directly over the pond, so that chickenmanure would fall in the water. It would be lesswork for them because they wouldn’t have tocarry manure to fertilize the pond. The farmershave also received Senna spectabilis trees, whichthey plan to plant near the fishponds.Based on the farming systems analysis andhousehold resource flows identified, the firstthing that the Sesantu family decided to do wasto shift their vegetable garden from their hometo close to their fishponds. This will eventuallyallow them to have their gardens and fishpondsclose to their home. They found a suitablelocation at the end of the fishponds andcreated a vegetable garden there. Having thegardens near the fishponds made Chanda’s lifeeasier. He didn’t have to walk a mile and makefrequent trips to draw water for the vegetablesor pick garden waste for his fishponds. Thisleft some free time for him to help Prisca withother household chores, as well as time in theevenings to hang out with his friends. As hisfish farming venture prospers, Chanda planson building a new tin-roofed house close to hisfishponds.As Albert talked to the farmers, they both startedto realize how important gardening is in the fishfarming system. Before starting their new gardens,they sat down and thought about planning forthe short term and for the long term, caring forthe garden, and managing the garden. Albert alsoexplained that many of the things that Chandaand Serge already grew in their fields couldbe used in their fishponds. He also explainedhow they could increase their crop productionby growing vegetables in the proper soils andpracticing crop rotation to prevent diseases.9INTRODUCTIONAfter Serge and Chanda learned about familyintegration and growing good plants and treesaround their homes, they learned an importantlesson about spatial integration. What is spatialintegration? Albert explained that fish farmersshould think about where they are goingto place their gardens, fields and animals inrelation to their fishponds. He told the fishfarmers, “If the farm is organized and thingsare placed near each other, it will make all ofthe work easier for the family members.” This isoften due to having a common water intake.
The Sesantu and Nsombo families had learneda lot about fish farming and integration. Theyknew that compost material and fish feed cancome from many different sources. One majorsource is wild leaves collected in the bush. Thechallenge was that the two farmers often foundit hard to collect enough high-quality leaves toadequately fertilize their fishponds. This is why,with the help of WorldFish, they have startedtheir own agroforestry project.will take some time. They are realists! They havedecided to start with small things. The firstyear they started working together better asa family. They also planted gardens near theirfishponds and made a nursery for Senna andLeucaena trees. The second year, they plan onmoving their home closer to their fishponds.And the third year, they will start keepingrabbits and more chickens.The Sesantu and Nsombo families are hopefulof a better life. They want to be happy andhealthy. Serge wants to save money to attendteacher training college. It will take a lot of hardwork and careful planning to get there, but theyknow that it’s worth it!INTRODUCTIONIn preparation for the rainy season, WorldFishhad started a nursery in Mbala at the SelfHelp Africa office. The nursery stocked 50tree seedlings (Senna spectabilis). From July2015 to September 2015, 200 tree seedlingswere distributed to five fish farmers (threeper farmer) living in the Mbala and Luwingudistricts. Arrangements were in place todistribute the remaining 30 seedlings and toplant more trees before the end of 2015. At thetime of distribution, tree seedlings measuredapproximately 0.25 to 0.30 m in height.Participating livelihood enhancement groupfarmers requested different volumes of trees,reflecting the range of sizes and capacities oftheir smallholdings.Prisca and Susan have decided that it wouldbe nice if they would eat eggs, chickens andrabbits from time to time. They talked to Albertabout this. Albert came to their village with arepresentative from Self Help Africa and talkedto them about how to raise chickens andrabbits so that they could have more meat toeat. They also explained that the manure fromthe animals should be taken to the fishponds tofertilize the water.The two women discovered the advantagesof raising animals. The meat provided is anexcellent source of protein. So they made a planto increase the number of animals they had.They also thought of ways to build shelters sothat chickens would lay more eggs, and theystarted to build a house for rabbits.By now the Sesantu and Nsombo familieshad learned a lot about how to improve theirfishponds through family integration, spatialintegration, gardening, agriculture, agroforestry,animal husbandry, nutrition and planning. Theyhave a lot of ideas for ways that they can maketheir farms better. But they also know that it10
INTEGRATING FARMING SYSTEMSWhy practice integration?A farming system is made up of different on-farmactivities. It may include animals (e.g. chickens,ducks and goats), plants (e.g. mangoes) andfarm produce (e.g. millet, cassava and maize). Afarming system includes the following: how these activities are produced who produces them when they are produced why they are produced the crop associations or rotations practiced the length and type of land use practiced the inputs used (e.g. shovels, hoes, humanlabor) household relationships to local markets,forest products and economic opportunities relationships of members within thehousehold.Farmers choose to integrate their farmingsystems for many reasons, based on individualcircumstances and locally available resources.Some farmers choose to integrate to increasetotal output, boost productivity of their outputsor grow their profits.There are many benefits to integration: Diversification: If a farming system iswell integrated, it will produce multipleproducts (instead of one product) and willlikely depend less on outside resources forproduction. For example, if you have a badyield for millet one year, another product willtake its place (e.g. vegetables). Less waste: Integrated farmi
and she too believed fish farming was a good venture for us to embark on. Two weeks after my fish farming training and with the help of WorldFish, my wife and two older kids had surveyed our land, pegged our f
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