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MASS TIMBERBUILDINGSAND THE IBC AMERICANWOODCOUNCIL19-17758 PROD Mass Timber Buildings TitlePg FINAL1.indd 15/18/20 9:30 AM
MASS TIMBER BUILDINGS ANDTHE IBC 2021 EDITIONInternational Code CouncilICC Staff:Executive Vice President and Director ofBusiness Development:Mark A. JohnsonISBN: 978-1-952468-02-5Project Head:John “Buddy” Showalter, P.E.Publications Manager:Anne F. KerrProject Editor:Phil ArviaProduction Technician:Sue BrockmanCover Design:Ricky RazoSenior Vice President, Business and ProductDevelopment:Hamid NaderiVice President and Technical Director,Products and Services:Doug ThornburgVice President, Publishing and Multimedia:Margi LeddinSenior Marketing Specialist:Dianna HallmarkCOPYRIGHT 2020by INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC., and the AMERICAN WOOD COUNCILALL RIGHTS RESERVED.This publication is a copyrighted work owned by the International Code Council, Inc. (“ICC”), andthe American Wood Council (“AWC”). Without advance written permission from ICC, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means,including, without limitation, electronic, optical or mechanical means (by way of example, andnot limitation, photocopying or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). Forinformation on use rights and permissions, please contact: ICC Publications, 4051 FlossmoorRoad, Country Club Hills, IL 60478. Phone 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233).The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate; however, it is beingprovided for informational purposes only and is intended for use only as a guide. Publication ofthis document by the ICC should not be construed as the ICC or the AWC engaging in orrendering engineering, legal or other professional services. Use of the information contained inthis book should not be considered by the user to be a substitute for the advice of a registeredprofessional engineer, attorney or other professional. If such advice is required, it should besought through the services of a registered professional engineer, licensed attorney or otherprofessional.Trademarks: “International Code Council,” the “International Code Council” logo, “ICC,” the“ICC” logo, “International Building Code,” “IBC,” and other names and trademarks appearing inthis book are registered trademarks of the International Code Council, Inc., and/or its licensors(as applicable), and may not be used without permission from ICC. “National DesignSpecification” and “NDS” are registered trademarks of the American Wood Council and may notbe used without permission from AWC.Errata on various ICC publications may be available at www.iccsafe.org/errata.Cover photos courtesy of AWC. Unless otherwise noted, all photos are courtesy of AWC, ICC orATF Fire Research Laboratory.First Printing: June 2020PRINTED IN THE USAT025237Mass Timber 2020.indb 26/4/2020 7:59:47 PM
ContentsIntroductionPART 1Administration(Chapters 1 and 2)vii1PART 2Building Planning(Chapters 4, 5 and 6) 2021 IBC 2021 IBC 110.3.5Types IV-A, IV-B and IV-C Connection ProtectionInspection 2202Definition of Wall, Load-bearing202Definition of Mass Timber5 8202Definitions of Primary Structural Frame andSecondary Structural Members9202Definition of Cross-laminated Timber 2015 IBC 4202Definition of Noncombustible Protection(for Mass Timber)13403.3.2 and 2021 IFC 914.3.1.2Water Supply to Required Fire Pumps14TABLES 504.3, 504.4 and 506.2General Building Heights and Areas16508.4.4.1 and 509.4.1.1Separated Occupancies and Incidental UseSeparations27602.4Type IV29602.4.1Type IV-A39602.4.2Type IV-B44602.4.3Type IV-C55602.4.4Type IV-HT582018 IBC11 602.4Type IV612015 IBC 602.4Type IV62iiiMass Timber 2020.indb 36/4/2020 7:59:47 PM
iv CONTENTSPART 3Fire Protection(Chapters 7, 8 and 9) 652021 IBC 703.6, 703.7, 704.4 and 718.2.1Fire and Smoke Protection Features722.7Fire-resistance Rating of Mass Timber803.3Interior Finishes – Heavy Timber ExemptionChapter 9Fire Protection and Life Safety SystemsPART 5Building Envelope, Structural Systems andConstruction Materials(Chapters 12–17, 23 and 25) 952021 IBC66 70 81 83 2021 IFC 701.6Owner’s Responsibility 80 2018 IBC 803.3Heavy Timber Exemption 81 2015 IBC 803.3Heavy Timber Exemption1206Sound Transmission97Chapter 13Energy106Chapter 14Exterior Walls116Chapter 15Roof Assemblies and Structures118Chapter 16Structural Loads1201705Special Inspections and Tests1252304General Construction Requirements – Wood129Chapter 25Gypsum Board, Gypsum Panel Products andPlaster141812018 IBC PART 4Means of Egress and Elevators (Chapters 10 and 30) 872304.9.3.2Nailing1352304.11Heavy Timber Construction1372021 IBC Chapter 10Means of Egress88Chapter 30Elevators91Mass Timber 2020.indb 46/4/2020 7:59:47 PM
CONTENTS v PART 6Special Conditions(Chapters 31 and 33)1452021 IBC 3102Special Construction – Membrane Structures 3303.3Daily Fire Safety Inspection 146 1473308.4Fire Safety Requirements for Buildings of TypesIV-A, IV-B and IV-C Construction1493312Water Supply for Fire ProtectionChapter 35ANSI/APA PRG 320ASTM D3498158D102.2.5Structural Fire Rating160PART 8Appendices A, B and C 153 Mass Timber 2020.indb 51572021 IBC2021 IFC PART 7IBC Referenced Standardsand Appendix D161Appendix AEnvironmental, Economic and Safety Issues162Appendix BTechnical Resources173Appendix CPractice Quiz174Bibliography187Index1916/4/2020 7:59:47 PM
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IntroductionThis document provides an overview of provisions for mass timber construction as found primarily in the International BuildingCode (IBC ). Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a relatively newengineered wood product increasingly being found in US constructionmarkets. Changes to the 2015 IBC to recognize CLT and reorganization ofheavy timber provisions in the 2018 IBC set the stage for historic changesin the 2021 IBC and International Fire Code (IFC ) for tall mass timberconstruction.The 2021 International Building and Fire Codes include importantchanges in material technologies and approved uses proposed by theInternational Code Council (ICC) Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings (TWB). Three new types of construction, Types IV-A, IV-B and IV-C,have been defined and are included in IBC Chapter 6, “Types of Construction,” Section 602.4. Additionally, requirements were added to otherchapters of the IBC, including Chapter 5, “General Building Heights andAreas”; Chapter 7, “Fire and Smoke Protection Features”; Chapter 17,“Special Inspections and Tests”; Chapter 23, “Wood”; and Chapter 33,“Safeguards During Construction”, among others. Collectively, these newrequirements allow the use of mass timber and CLT (a type of mass timber)for buildings of taller heights, more stories above grade, and greater allowable areas compared to existing provisions for heavy timber buildings.IV-AIV-BIV-CAccording to Evans, et al. (March 2018), “Expanding the use of mass timber will have environmental benefits; provide economic opportunities todisadvantaged rural communities with timber resources; make possiblesignificant energy efficiency benefits; address construction labor shortfalls; shorten construction schedules; and have the potential to provideneeded fire safety benefits, including wildland fire mitigation and morefire-safe construction sites.”Given the anticipated demand for taller mass timber buildings, it wasdeemed in the best interests of the building safety community to developcomprehensive and enforceable construction requirements. At the July9, 2015 meeting of the ICC Board of Directors (BOD), the AmericanWood Council requested the establishment of a technical committee tostudy the introduction of building and fire code requirements to permitviiMass Timber 2020.indb 76/4/2020 7:59:57 PM
viii INTRODUCTIONIV-AIV-BIV-Cconstruction of taller mass timber buildings. Consistent with Council Policy 07-04, anyone may petition the ICC BOD for establishment of a technical committee when “ an issue of concern to the ICC ” is broughtto its attention. In the fall of 2015, the ICC BOD authorized a survey ofits membership regarding the need to study tall wood buildings. “TheICC Board carefully considered more than 160 comments from stakeholders prior to establishing this committee,” explained Board President Alex“Cash” Olszowy, III, with the Lexington Fayette Urban County Government in Lexington, Kentucky. “Many of the comments emphasized theneed for ICC to comprehensively investigate all aspects of this new construction technology, acknowledging its design flexibility, significant sustainability attributes, and the potential economic impact to our nation’sbuilt environment.”1In recognition of the array of benefits provided by large mass timberbuildings, but also cognizant of the fire safety implications of taller buildings constructed with combustible materials, the ICC BOD established theTWB in December 2015. The Committee was tasked with exploring thebuilding science of mass timber and, if supported by the science, investigating the feasibility of and developing code changes for safe, tall masstimber buildings. Any such proposals were to provide assurance to thepublic and the fire service that code-compliant tall mass timber buildingshave rigorous and redundant systems of fire protection, both passive andactive, suitable for protecting the public and fire responders. More than 60applications were received for membership on the TWB. In March 2016,the ICC BOD announced committee appointments that formed a groupideally suited to the task of exploring the science and creating proposedcode changes. The TWB consisted of subject matter experts, includingmembers of building departments, architects, structural engineers, representatives of testing laboratories, representatives of multiple structuralmaterials, and members of the fire service, including firefighters, firechiefs and fire protection engineers.2Consistent with the professional expertise and stakeholder interest of theTWB, a rigorous set of performance objectives was adopted to provideguidance in the development of code change proposals. Those performance objectives were: No collapse under reasonable scenarios of complete burn-out offuel without automatic sprinkler protection being considered. No unusually high radiation exposure from the subject building toadjoining properties to present a risk of ignition under reasonablysevere fire scenarios. No unusual response from typical radiation exposure from adjacent properties to present a risk of ignition of the subject buildingunder reasonably severe fire scenarios. No unusual fire department access issues. Egress systems designed to protect building occupants during thedesign escape time, plus a factor of safety. Highly reliable fire suppression systems to reduce the risk of failure during reasonably expected fire scenarios. The degree of reliability should be proportional to evacuation time (height) and therisk of collapse.1. ICC Accepting Applications for Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings.International Code Council. January 6, 2016.2. https://cdn-web.iccsafe.org/wp-content/uploads/com coun/roster TWB.pdf.Mass Timber 2020.indb 86/4/2020 7:59:57 PM
To address these criteria, and in response to the very large body of technical subject matter to evaluate, four work groups were formed. Anyonewith an interest in tall mass timber buildings could participate. Thesework groups included: Standards/Definitions, Fire, Code (Height andArea), and Structural. TWB members were surveyed to develop an extensive list of issues and concerns to be addressed during the study period.Eighty-two specific items were identified and assigned to the most appropriate work group. Each issue was thoroughly discussed at the work grouplevel and findings were provided during each of nine in-person meetingsheld by the TWB over the course of 3½ years of study.As anticipated, the greatest challenge for the TWB involved developingan approach to compensate for the combustible nature of the materialwhile recognizing its inherent fire-resistance and fire performance. Thefirst step was to develop a protection system which would result in performance akin to that of existing Type I-B construction, then assigningfire-resistance requirements to a proposed new construction type (IV-B)for mass timber buildings. The same process was used to evaluate IV-Aand IV-C in turn. Table 1 identifies the new fire-resistance requirementsand compares them to existing requirements for other building types.One TWB guiding principle was that it would not propose any requirement which had not been tested. As such, the TWB determined fire testing was necessary to validate its established performance objectives.Consequently, five full-scale, multiple-story fire tests were developed tosimulate the three new construction types (Types IV-A, IV-B and IV-C).The successful results of those tests, as well as testing for structural performance in accordance with ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for FireTests of Building Construction and Materials, and additional testing byothers, helped establish the basis on which the TWB developed new masstimber code provisions.Mass Timber 2020.indb 9INTRODUCTION ixIV-AIV-BIV-C6/4/2020 7:59:57 PM
x INTRODUCTIONTable 1. Required Fire-resistance Ratings of Building Elements in HoursTYPE I-A—Fire-resistance-rated, noncombustibleExterior Bearing Walls3 Hrs.*IV-AStructural Frame3 Hrs.*Floors2 Hrs.*Roofs1½ Hrs.*Note: Dual water supply for fire suppression systems required at 420 feet elevation and above. *Permitted tobe reduced by 1 Hr. (1/2 Hr. for roofs) with certain fire sprinkler controls for buildings less than 420 feet high.IV-BExisting Construction TypesTYPE I-B—Fire-resistance-rated, noncombustibleExterior Bearing Walls2 Hrs.*Structural Frame2 Hrs.*Floors2 Hrs.Roofs1 Hr.Note: *Permitted to be reduced by 1 Hr. with certain fire sprinkler controls for less hazardous uses, smallerfuel loadsTYPE II-A—Fire-resistance-rated, noncombustibleExterior Bearing Walls1 Hr.Structural Frame1 Hr.Floors1 Hr.Roofs1 Hr.TYPE II-B—Unrated, noncombustibleNoncombustible materials, but no fire resistance requiredTYPE III-A—Fire-resistance-rated, combustible, with fire-resistance-rated, noncombustible or FRTWexterior wallsExterior Bearing Walls2 Hrs.IV-CStructural Frame1 Hr.Floors1 Hr.Roofs1 Hr.TYPE III-B—Unrated, combustible, with fire-resistance-rated, noncombustible or FRTW exterior wallsExterior Bearing Walls2 Hrs.Structural FrameNoneFloorsNoneRoofsNoneTYPE IV-A—Fire-resistance-rated, protected mass timberNew Construction TypesExterior Bearing Walls3 Hrs.Structural Frame3 Hrs.Floors2 Hrs.Roofs1½ Hrs.Note: Dual water supply for fire suppression systems required at 120 feet elevation and above. Noreductions in ratings permitted.TYPE IV-B—Fire-resistance-rated, protected mass timber with limited unprotected elementsExterior Bearing Walls2 Hrs.Structural Frame2 Hrs.Floors2 Hrs.Roofs1 Hr.Note: Dual water supply for fire suppression systems required at 120 feet elevation and above. Noreductions in ratings permitted.TYPE IV-C—Fire-resistance-rated, exposed mass timber with limited protected elementsExterior Bearing Walls2 Hrs.Structural Frame2 Hrs.Floors2 Hrs.Roofs1 Hr.FloorsHeavy TimberRoofsHeavy TimberFloors1 Hr.Roofs1 Hr.Existing ConstructionTypesNote: No reductions in ratings permitted.Mass Timber 2020.indb 10TYPE IV-HT—Heavy TimberExterior Bearing Walls2 Hr.Structural Frame HeavyTimber or 1 Hr.TYPE V-A—Fire-resistance-rated, combustibleExterior Bearing Walls1 Hr.Structural Frame1 Hr.TYPE V-B—Unrated, combustible6/4/2020 7:59:57 PM
INTRODUCTION xiDocument Use, Structure andLimitationsThis document is valuable for instructor-led programs on mass timberand new, tall mass timber design and construction. For training, the document, the IBC and material standards can be the basis for instruction.Each chapter begins with a summary, the specific sections of the codeunder consideration and background on the code change significanceor topic being discussed. Each chapter addresses specific IBC chapterswhere mass timber construction is applicable and may include provisionsfrom the 2015, 2018 and 2021 IBC, the 2021 IFC or the 2021 InternationalEnergy Conservation Code (IECC ).The information presented in this publication is believed to be accurate;however, it is provided for informational purposes only and is intendedfor use only as a guide. As there is a limited discussion of selected codeprovisions, the code itself should always be referenced for more completeinformation. In addition, the commentary set forth may not necessarilyrepresent the views of any enforcing agency, as such agencies have thesole authority to render interpretations of the IBC and IFC.This document was developed cooperatively by the American WoodCouncil and International Code Council.About the American Wood CouncilThe American Wood Council (AWC) is the voice of North American traditional and engineered wood products. AWC develops state-of-the-artengineering data, technology, and standards on structural wood productsfor use by design professionals, building officials, and wood productsmanufacturers to assure the safe and efficient design and use of woodstructural components.AWC also provides technical, legal and economic information on wooddesign, green building and manufacturing environmental regulationsadvocating for balanced government policies that sustain the wood products industry.Headquarters: 222 Catoctin Circle, SE, Suite 201, Leesburg, VA 20175www.awc.orgMass Timber 2020.indb 116/4/2020 7:59:57 PM
xii INTRODUCTIONAbout the International CodeCouncil The International Code Council is a nonprofit association that provides awide range of building safety solutions including product evaluation, accreditation, certification, codification and training. It develops modelcodes and standards used worldwide to construct safe, sustainable, affordable and resilient structures. The mission of the Code Council is toprovide the highest quality codes, standards, products and services for allconcerned with the safety and performance of the built environment. ICCEvaluation Service (ICC-ES) is the industry leader in performing technicalevaluations for code compliance fostering safe and sustainable design andconstruction.Washington, DC, Office: 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070Regional Offices: Eastern Regional Office (BIR), Central Regional Office(CH), Western Regional Office (LA), Distribution Center (Lenexa, KS)888-ICC-SAFE (888-422-7233)www.iccsafe.orgMass Timber 2020.indb 126/4/2020 7:59:57 PM
Fire Protection (Chapters 7, 8 and 9) 65 2021 IBC 703.6, 703.7, 704.4 and 718.2.1 Fire and Smoke Protection Features 66 722.7 Fire-resistance Rating of Mass Timber 70 803.3 Interior Finishes – Heavy Timber Exemption 81 Chapter 9 Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems 8
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Timber service life design - Design Guide for Durability 06. Timber-framed Construction - Sacrificial Timber Construction Joint 07. Plywood Box Beam Construction for Detached Housing 08. Stairs, Balustrades and Handrails Class 1 Buildings - Construction 09. Timber Flooring - Design Guide for Installation 10. Timber Windows and Doors 11.
N6 Technical Guide Timber Curtain Wall Timber Curtain Wall Technical Guide N7 Timber Curtain Wall Detail Timber Curtain Wall Corner Detail Curtain Wall CL to CL 34 7/8" [887mm] Glass 33 7/8" [861mm] CL to CL 34 7/8" [887mm] Glass 33 7/8" [861mm] F.S. Timber to Timber 103 11/16" [2634mm] Outside Dimension 111 3/8" [2829mm]
