2015 Fuel Economy Guide
Fuel Economy EstimatesThe purpose of EPA’s fuel economyestimates is to provide reliable estimatesfor comparing vehiclesMost vehicles in this Guide (other thanplug-in hybrids) have three fuel economyestimates: A “city” estimate that represents urbancontents Using the Fuel Economy Guide / i Understanding the Guide Listings / 1 Why Some Vehicles Are Not Listed / 1 Vehicle Classes Used in This Guide / 2 Tax Incentives and Disincentives / 2 Why Consider Fuel Economy? / 2 Fueling Options / 2 Fuel Economy and Annual Fuel CostRanges for Vehicle Classes/ 3 Advanced Vehicle Technologies / 4 Improve Your Fuel Economy / 4 Model Year 2015 Fuel EconomyLeaders / 5 2015 Model Year Vehicles / 6 Diesel Vehicles / 29 Electric Vehicles / 31 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 33 Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles / 35 Fuel Cell Vehicles / 35 Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 36 Ethanol Flexible Fuel Vehicles / 38 Index / 42USING THE FUELECONOMY GUIDEThe U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) and U.S. Department ofEnergy (DOE) produce the Fuel EconomyGuide to help car buyers choose themost fuel-efficient vehicle that meets theirneeds. The Guide is published in print andon the Web at www.fueleconomy.govFor additional print copies, mail yourrequest to: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Laurel Distribution Center, 8660Cherry Lane, Laurel MD 20707, orenter your request electronically riving, in which a vehicle is startedin the morning (after being parked allnight) and driven in stop-and-go traffic A “highway” estimate that represents amixture of rural and interstate highwaydriving in a warmed-up vehicle, typicalof longer trips in free-flowing traffic A “combined” estimate that representsa combination of city driving (55%) andhighway driving (45%)Estimates for all vehicles are based onlaboratory testing under standardizedconditions to allow for fair comparisons.Flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), which canuse gasoline and E85, have estimates forboth fuels. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles(PHEVs) have estimates for (1) electriconly or blended electric and gasolineoperation and (2) gasoline-only operation.PHEVs are discussed in more detail onpage 30. For answers to frequently askedquestions about fuel economy estimates,visit www.fueleconomy.gov.Annual Fuel Cost EstimatesThis Guide provides annual fuel costestimates, rounded to the nearest 50,for each vehicle. The estimates arebased on the assumptions that you travel15,000 miles per year (55% under citydriving conditions and 45% under highwayconditions) and that fuel costs 2.89/gallon for regular unleaded gasoline and 3.56/gallon for premium. Cost-per gallonassumptions for vehicles that use otherfuel types are discussed at the beginningof those vehicle sections. The fuel costswere determined in advance to allow timefor printing fuel economy labels; thus theGuide may not reflect current fuel prices.Visit www.fueleconomy.gov topersonalize fuel costs based on currentfuel prices and your driving habits.Your Fuel Economy Will VaryEPA’s fuel economy values are goodestimates of the fuel economy a typicaldriver will achieve under average drivingconditions and provide a good basis tocompare one vehicle to another. Still,your fuel economy may be slightly higheror lower than EPA’s estimates. Fueleconomy varies, sometimes significantly,based on driving conditions, driving style,and other factors.To ensure that estimates are consistentacross different makes and models,the EPA estimates are based ona standardized, repeatable testingprocedure. These tests model an"average" driver’s environment andbehavior based on real world conditions,such as stop-and-go traffic.However, it is impossible for a singletest to predict fuel economy preciselyfor all drivers in all environments. Forexample, the following factors can loweryour vehicle’s fuel economy: Aggressive driving (hard accelerationand braking) Excessive idling, accelerating, andbraking in stop-and-go traffic Cold weather (engines are moreefficient when warmed up). This has agreater effect for short trips. Driving with a heavy load or with the airconditioner running Improperly tuned engine orunderinflated tires Driving on mountainous or hilly terrain High-performance or snow tires Use of remote startersIn addition, small variations in vehiclemanufacturing can cause fuel economyvariations in the same make and model,and some vehicles don’t attain maximumfuel economy until they are "brokenin" (around 3,000–5,000 miles).With fuel-efficient driving techniques,drivers may also achieve better fueleconomy than the EPA estimates. See"Improve Your Fuel Economy" on page 4for tips on maximizing your fuel economy.Overall, the EPA ratings are a useful toolfor comparing vehicles because theyare always done in precisely the sameway under the same set of conditions.However, they may not accurately predictthe fuel economy you will get. This is alsotrue for annual fuel cost estimates. Formore information on fuel economy ratingsand factors that affect fuel economy, visitwww.fueleconomy.gov.
UNDERSTANDING THEGUIDE LISTINGSWe hope you’ll find the Fuel EconomyGuide easy to use! Fuel economy andannual fuel cost data are organized byvehicle class (see page 2 for a list ofclasses). Within each class, vehicles arelisted alphabetically by manufacturer andmodel.Vehicle models with different features,such as engine size or transmission type,are listed as different vehicles. Engine andtransmission attributes are shown in thefirst column under the model name.Additional attributes needed to distinguishamong vehicles (e.g., fuel type orsuggested fuel grade) are listed inthe “Notes” column. A legend forabbreviations is provided on page 6.A “P” in the “Notes” column indicates thatthe manufacturer recommends that thevehicle be fueled with premium-gradegasoline, and a “PR” indicates that themanufacturer requires premium. Thehigher price of premium fuel is reflected inthe annual fuel cost of these vehicles.The most fuel-efficient vehicles in eachclass and alternative fuel vehicles areindicated with special markings (seediagram below). Vehicles that can usemore than one kind of fuel have an entryfor each fuel type.Interior passenger and cargo volumesare located in the index at the back of theGuide. Other vehicles with a GVWR of 8,500pounds or more or a curb weight over6,000 poundsTherefore, manufacturers do not haveto estimate their fuel economy, and fueleconomy labels are not posted on theirwindows.Also, fuel economy information on somevehicles was not available in time tobe printed in the Guide. However, youcan find more up-to-date information atwww.fueleconomy.gov.WHY SOME VEHICLESARE NOT LISTEDLight-duty fuel economy regulations do notapply to Sport utility vehicles (SUVs) andpassenger vans with a gross vehicleweight rating (GVWR) of more than10,000 pounds—GVWR is the vehicleweight plus carrying capacity1
VEHICLE CLASSES USED IN THIS GUIDETAX INCENTIVES ANDDISINCENTIVES(percentage of city and highway driving)to obtain the most accurate fuel costinformation for your vehicle.Federal Tax CreditsReduce Oil DependenceCostsYou may be eligible for a federal incometax credit of up to 7,500 if you purchase aqualifying electric or plug-in hybrid vehiclein 2014-15.Visit www.fueleconomy.gov for moreinformation on qualifying models, creditamounts, and phase-out dates.Gas Guzzler TaxThe Energy Tax Act of 1978 requires autocompanies to pay a “gas guzzler” tax onthe sale of cars with exceptionally low fueleconomy. Such vehicles are identified inthe Guide by the word “Tax” in the "Notes"column. In the dealer showroom, thewords "Gas Guzzler" and the tax amountare listed on the vehicle’s fuel economylabel. The tax does not apply to lighttrucks.WHY CONSIDER FUELECONOMY?Save MoneyYou could save as much as 1,400 in fuelcosts each year by choosing the mostfuel-efficient vehicle in a particular class.This can add up to thousands of dollarsover a vehicle’s lifetime. Fuel-efficientmodels come in all shapes and sizes, soyou need not sacrifice utility or size.Each vehicle listing in the Fuel EconomyGuide provides an estimated annual fuelcost (see page i). The Find and CompareCars tool at www.fueleconomy.govfeatures an annual fuel cost calculator thatallows you to insert your local gasolineprices and typical driving conditions2vehicle that gets 20 miles per gallon(MPG) to one that gets 25 MPG canreduce GHG emissions by 1.8 tons peryear.Buying a more fuel-efficient vehiclecan help reduce our dependence onpetroleum. About one-third of the oilused to produce the gasoline you put inyour tank is imported. The United Statesuses about 19 million barrels of oil perday, of which over two-thirds is used fortransportation. Oil dependence cost theU.S. economy around 194 billion in 2013alone.Reduce Climate ChangeClimate change is widely viewed as themost significant long-term threat to theglobal environment, and human-madeemissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs)are very likely the cause of most of theobserved global warming over the last 50years.You can also reduce your contribution toclimate change by Getting the best fuel economy outof your car (see "Improve Your FuelEconomy" on page 4) Using a low-carbon fuel, such aselectricity, from a renewable resourcesuch as wind or hydropowerBurning fossil fuels such as gasolineand diesel releases GHGs into theatmosphere, contributing to global climatechange. Highway vehicles account forabout 24% (1.7 billion tons) of U.S. GHGemissions each year. Walking, biking, or taking public transitThe average recent-model vehicle causesthe release of 7 to 10 tons of tailpipe andupstream GHGs each year, most of whichis carbon dioxide (CO2). Unlike otherforms of vehicle pollution, CO2 emissionscannot be reduced by pollution controltechnologies. They can only be reducedby burning less fuel or by burning fuel thatcontains less carbon.Ethanol is a domestically produced,renewable fuel made primarily fromstarch-based crops such as corn. It mayalso be made from “cellulosic biomass,”such as crop residues and wood, but thisis not yet done on a large scale. The useof ethanol as a vehicle fuel can reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions andU.S. dependence on petroleum.You can reduce your contribution toclimate change by buying a vehicle withbetter fuel economy. Switching from aE10 is a blend of 10% ethanol and 90%gasoline and is legal for use in anygasoline-powered vehicle. More thanmore oftenFUELING OPTIONSEthanol Blends—E85 and E10
95% of U.S. gasoline contains up to10% ethanol to boost octane, meet airquality requirements, or satisfy the federalRenewable Fuel Standard. Vehicleswill typically go 3%–4% fewer mileson E10 compared to 100% gasolinebecause ethanol contains less energythan gasoline.E85 is a high-level ethanol-gasolineblend containing 51%–83% ethanol,depending on the season and geographiclocation. Drivers can use E85 in flexiblefuel vehicles (FFVs), which are speciallydesigned to run on gasoline, E85, orany mixture of the two. FFVs are offeredby several vehicle manufacturers. Todetermine whether your vehicle is anFFV, check the inside of your car’s fuelfiller door for an identification sticker orconsult your owner’s manual. More than2,300 filling stations in the United Statescurrently sell E85. Visit afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations to find stations near you.FFVs typically experience a 15%–30%drop in fuel economy when operatingon E85 instead of regular gasoline dueto ethanol's lower energy content andother factors, assuming gasoline typicallycontains about 10% ethanol. However,drivers should notice no degredation inperformance.BiodieselBiodiesel is a domestically producedrenewable fuel manufactured fromvegetable oils or animal fats for use indiesel vehicles. Using biodiesel in placeof petroleum diesel can reduce GHGemissions and contributes to nationalenergy security.Biodiesel can be blended with petroleumdiesel at any percentage. The mostcommon biodiesel blend is B20, whichcontains 20% biodiesel and 80%petroleum diesel. B5 (5% biodiesel and95% petroleum diesel) is another commonblend. All vehicle manufacturers haveapproved biodiesel blends up to andincluding B5 for use in all diesel engines,and some have approved the use ofblends up to B20 in a few recent modelyear vehicles. Keep in mind that usinghigher-level biodiesel blends may affectyour vehicle warranty. Check your owner’smanual or with your vehicle manufacturerto determine the right blend for yourvehicle.Purchase commercial-grade biodieselfrom a reputable dealer. Never refuelwith recycled grease or vegetableoil that has not been converted tobiodiesel. It will damage your engine.Almost 300 stations currently dispenseB20. Visit afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations to find service stations sellingbiodiesel near you.Premium- vs Regular-GradeGasolineRegular unleaded is the recommendedgasoline for most cars. Using a higheroctane gasoline than recommended bythe owner’s manual does not improveperformance or fuel efficiency; it only costsmore money. Check your owner’s manualto determine the lowest grade of fuel youcan use.FUEL ECONOMY AND ANNUAL FUEL COST RANGES FOR VEHICLE CLASSESThe graph below provides the fuel economy and annual fuel cost ranges for the vehicles in each class so you can see where a givenvehicle’s fuel economy and cost fall within its class. The graph uses combined city and highway MPG estimates, which assumes youwill drive 55% in the city and 45% on the highway. Annual fuel costs assume that you travel 15,000 miles each year and that fuelcosts 2.89/gallon for regular unleaded gasoline, 3.56/gallon for premium, 3.14/gallon for diesel, and .13/kWh for electricity. Visitwww.fueleconomy.gov to calculate the annual fuel cost for a specific vehicle based on your own driving conditions and fuel prices.3
ADVANCED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIESManufacturers are using advancedtechnologies to improve fuel economyin many of their vehicles. Along withhybrids, plug-in hybrids, and allelectric vehicles, new technologiesare being used to make conventionalvehicles more efficient as well. Someof these fuelsaving technologies aredescribed below. For more informationon these and other technologies, visitwww.fueleconomy.gov.Start-Stop SystemsStart-stop systems (sometimes called idlestop, smart start, or other manufacturerspecific names) save fuel by turning offthe engine when the vehicle comes toa stop and automatically starting it backup when you step on the accelerator.Start-stop can improve fuel economyby 4%–5% and provides the biggestbenefit in conditions where the enginewould otherwise be idling, such as stopand-go city driving. These systemsare currently available on about 100conventional vehicle models from severalmanufacturers.Cylinder DeactivationCylinder deactivation "turns off" some ofthe engine’s cylinders when they are notneeded. This temporarily and seamlesslyturns an 8- or 6-cylinder engine into amore efficient 4- or 3-cylinder engine.of gears. Transmissions with moregears allow the engine to run at its mostefficient speed more often, improving fueleconomy.Improved AerodynamicsTurbocharging increases engine power,allowing a smaller, more fuel-efficientengine to be used in place of a larger one.Replacing an 8-cylinder engine with aturbocharged 6-cylinder or a 6-cylinderengine with a turbocharged 4-cylinder cansave fuel and still provide extra powerwhen needed.Reducing a vehicle’s aerodynamicdrag (wind resistance) improves fueleconomy, especially at higher speeds.Many manufacturers are improvingaerodynamics by refining vehicle shapesor by employing external moving partssuch as “shutters” that close off the grill,allowing air to flow smoothly aroundthe vehicle instead of into the enginecompartment, where it produces moredrag.Advanced TransmissionsLighter VehiclesThe advanced electronics in today’svehicles can optimize gear shifting forimproved fuel efficiency. Six-, 7-, and8-speed automatic transmissions arebecoming common, and some haveeven more gears. Continuously variabletransmissions (CVTs) can changeseamlessly through an infinite numberReducing vehicle weight improves fueleconomy, so manufacturers are beginningto redesign vehicles to weigh less whilemaintaining performance and safety. Forexample, replacing a steel body with onemade from a lighter-weight material, suchas aluminum, can reduce vehicle weightby hundreds of pounds.TurbochargingIMPROVE YOUR FUEL ECONOMYDrive More Efficiently Aggressive driving (speeding and rapidacceleration/braking) can lower your gasmileage by as much as 33% at highwayspeeds and 5% around town.Driver feedback devices can help youdrive more efficiently, improving fueleconomy by up to 10%. Observe the speed limit. Each 5 MPHyou drive over 60 MPH can reduceyour fuel economy by 7%. For apersonalized estimate of the effect ofspeeding on your fuel economy, visitwww.fueleconomy.gov.Using cruise control on the highwayhelps you maintain a constant speedand, in most cases, will save gas.Keep Your Car in Shape Fixing a car that is noticeably out of tunecan improve your gas mileage by about4%. Keeping tires inflated to therecommended pressure and using therecommended grade of motor oil canimprove fuel economy by up to 5%.The manufacturer’s recommendedtire pressure can be found on the tireinformation placard and/or vehiclecertification label located on the vehicledoor edge, doorpost, glove-box door, orinside the trunk lid. Keep your tires aligned and balanced. Replacing a clogged air filter canimprove gas mileage on older cars withcarbureted engines.Plan and Combine Trips A warmed-up engine is moreAvoid idling. Idling gets 0 miles pergallon and costs as much as 0.04 perminute.4fuelefficient than a cold one. Many shorttrips taken from a cold start can usetwice as much fuel as one multipurposetrip covering the same distance.Note: Letting your car idle to warmup doesn’t help your fuel economy; itactually uses more fuel and createsmore pollution.Other Solutions Avoid carrying unneeded items. Anextra 100 pounds can decrease fueleconomy by 1%–2%. Avoid carrying cargo on your roof. Alarge, blunt roof-top cargo box, forexample, can reduce fuel economy by2%–8% in city driving, 6%–17% on thehighway, and 10%–25% at Interstatespeeds (65 mph to 75 mph).Rear-mount cargo boxes or trays reducefuel economy by much less—1%–2% incity driving and 1%–5% on the highway. Use the "economy mode" feature if yourvehicle has one.For more tips on improving fuel economy,such as cold-weather tips, hot-weathertips, and tips for hybrids, plug-inhybrids, and all-electric vehicles, visitwww.fueleconomy.gov.
MODEL YEAR 2015 FUEL ECONOMY LEADERSListed below are vehicles with the highest fuel economy in the most popular classes. For each vehicle class, we list themost fuel-efficient plug-in hybrid (PHEV) or all-electric (EV) and the most fuel-efficient conventional vehicle. Rankings arebased on combined city and highway fuel economy estimates, which assume 55% city driving and 45% highway driving.Please note that many vehicle models come in a range of engine sizes and trim lines, resulting in different fuel economyvalues. If there is only one vehicle in the class, we do not list a fuel economy leader.Trans Type /SpeedsEng Size /CylindersMPGCombinedTrans Type /SpeedsTWO-SEATER CARSEng Size /CylindersMPGCombinedMIDSIZE STATION WAGONSSMARTTOYOTAfortwo electric drive convertible (EV)fortwo electric drive coupe PACT CARSFIATPrius vAV1.8L/4cyl42SMALL PICKUP TRUCKSCHEVROLETColorado 2WDColorado /4cyl2222M-52.7L/4cyl22GMC500e (EV)A-1116*SCIONiQAV1.3L/4cyl37Canyon 2WDCanyon 2WDTOYOTATacoma 2WDSUBCOMPACT CARSSTANDARD PICKUP TRUCKSBMWi3 BEV (EV)A-1124*RAM1500 HFE 2WD (diesel)FORDFiesta SFE FWDM-51.0L/3cyl36COMPACT ��2.5L/4cyl24VANS, CARGOCHEVROLETVOLKSWAGENe-Golf (EV)A-8A-1116*TOYOTAExpress 2500 2WD C
Model Year 2015 Fuel Economy Leaders / 5 2015 Model Year Vehicles / 6 Diesel Vehicles / 29 Electric Vehicles / 31 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 33 Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles / 35 Fuel Cell Vehicles / 35 Hybrid Electric Vehicles / 36 Ethanol Flexible Fuel Vehicles / 38
Fuel transfer pump (35) is mounted on the back of unit injector hydraulic pump (1). The fuel transfer pump pushes pressurized fuel out of the outlet port and the fuel transfer pump draws new fuel into the inlet port. Fuel is drawn from fuel tank (12) and flows through two micron fuel filter (11) . Fuel flows from fuel filter (11) to the inlet .
5-6 FUEL SYSTEM AND THROTTLE BODY FUEL TANK LIFT-UP Remove the front seat. ( 7-4) Remove the fuel tank mounting bolts. Lift and support the fuel tank with its prop stay. FUEL TANK REMOVAL Lift and support the fuel tank with its prop stay. (L7above) Disconnect the fuel pump lead wire coupler 10. Pla
Fuel Pressure: Fuel Pressure Regulator and System Pressure. Fuel System: Pumps, Relays . significant volume of fuel may come out. Be ready to catch all the gas in the filter . The 3 main things to check in the fuel circuit are the fuel pump relay, and the 2 fuel pumps. 1. Fuel Injection Relay Test
ATJ/F-24 fuel blend appears to result in accelerated wear in fuel-lubricated rotary fuel injection pumps. At various fuel inlet temperatures, the use of maximum concentration CI/LI in a 30% ATJ/F-24 fuel blend appears to retard the accelerated wear observed in prior fuel -lubricated rotary fuel injection pump studies.
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higher price of premium fuel is reected in the annual fuel cost of these vehicles. The most fuel-efficient vehicles in each class and alternative fuel vehicles are indicated with special markings (see the diagram below). Vehicles that can use more than one kind of fuel have an entry for each fuel type.
fuel pressure to the fuel injection pump. The pressure regulator regulates the fuel at an absolute pressure of 150 kPa (22 psi) when the engine is at idle speed. The fuel injection pump increases the fuel to a maximum pressure of 200 MPa (2900 psi). The fuel injection pump delivers the fuel to the high-pressure manifold (Rail). The fuel .
The main difference between Carburetor and Fuel injection system {CarburetorzFuel is atomized by processes relying on the air speed greater than fuel speed at the fuel nozzle, zThe amount of fuel drawn into the engine depends upon the air velocity in the venturi {Fuel Injection SystemzThe fuel speed at the point of delivery is greater than the air speed to atomize the fuel.File Size: 2MB
