BRAIN-COMPUTER-INTERFACE: VARIOUS SIGNAL
[Soni, 3(8): August2016]DOI- 10.5281/zenodo.61155ISSN 2348 – 8034Impact Factor- 4.022GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHESBRAIN-COMPUTER-INTERFACE: VARIOUS SIGNAL ACQUISITIONAPPROACHESBrijesh K. Soni*1, Deepak Mishra2 and Mirza Samiulla Beg3*1Department of Computer Application, AKS University, Satna, MP, India.2Department of Bio-Technology, AKS University, Satna, MP, India.3Department of Computer Application, AKS University, Satna, MP, India.ABSTRACTThis article addresses to the fundamental approaches for signal acquisition in Brain-Computer-Interface technology.Signal acquisition approaches are broadly classified into three major categories as Invasive-Approach, SemiInvasive-Approach and Non-Invasive-Approach. In this context first of all we discussed the invasive approach inwhich electrical signals to be extracted from gray matter of the brain by neurosurgery, than semi invasive approachdiscussed in which electrical signals to be extracted from outside the gray matter by using electrocorticographytechnique. After that we discussed non invasive approach in detail including various techniques as EEG, MEG,EMG, MRI, TMS, PET, CT, NIRS, EROS, fNIRS, and fMRI.Keywords: Neurosurgery, Craniotomy, SQUID, Radioactive Tracer, Multivariate Calibration.I.INTRODUCTIONIn the world of brain research the philosophy of Brain Computer Interface initiated from the Hans Berger'sdiscovery of electroencephalography. Hans Berger recorded human brain activity by using electroencephalographyin 1924, first in the world, and he known as inventor of electroencephalography. He identifies oscillatory activity ofthe brain, such as the alpha wave by analyzing electroencephalography traces, and this alpha wave become popularby his name as Berger’s-Wave. However Berger's primary recording device was much unsophisticated as he usedsilver wires under the scalps of object, and later replaced by silver foils attached to the object’s head by rubberbandages for tracing electrical activities. Berger connected his device to a Lippmann capillary electrometer, whichproduce unexpected results. However from that time to till today various technologies emerged with their variance.Nowadays some popular techniques used for signal acquisition are MRI, PET, EMG, MEG etc. [1]The overall signal acquisition approaches may be invasive, semi-invasive, and non-invasive. As shown in the fig.-1,the first approach is invasive technique in which signal acquisition device can be directly implanted within the graymatter by neurosurgical procedure, second approach is semi-invasive technique in which signal acquisition devicecan be placed on the cortex surfaces under the scalp by using technique, and the third approach is non invasivetechnique in which no need of any kind of surgical procedure means signal acquisition devices are in the form of capwearable on the head. These approaches can be used alternatively as per there procedural variance. [2]90(C)Global Journal Of Engineering Science And Researches
[Soni, 3(8): August2016]DOI- 10.5281/zenodo.61155ISSN 2348 – 8034Impact Factor- 4.022II. VARIOUS re-1 Hierarchy of ApproachesIII. INVASIVE-APPROACHINVASIVENEUROSURGERYFig.2 Hierarchy of Invasive ApproachesNeurosurgery: Neurosurgery is the medical operation which is most probably applicable in invasive signalacquisition approach in brain computer interface technology. As shown in the fig.-2, signal acquisition device orsensor can be implanted within the gray matter during neurosurgery in invasive approach. In the signal acquisitionprocess signal acquisition device is array of electrodes which is actually implanted. Because they lie within the greymatter, invasive devices produce the highest quality signals but are prone to scar-tissue, causing the signal tobecome weaker. [3]IV. RAPHYFig.3 Hierarchy of Semi-Invasive Approaches91(C)Global Journal Of Engineering Science And Researches
[Soni, 3(8): August2016]DOI- 10.5281/zenodo.61155ISSN 2348 – 8034Impact Factor- 4.022Electrocorticography [ECoG]: ECoG is a semi-surgical operation which is applicable in semi-invasive signalacquisition approach. As shown in the fig.-3, signal acquisition device means array of electrodes can be implantedon the cerebral cortical surface by craniotomy process, removing a part of the skull to expose the cortical surface ofthe brain unlike within the gray matter in invasive approach. Signal acquisition device may either be placed inepidural region or in the subdural region. Signal recording is performed from array of electrodes implanted on thesecortical regions. [4]V. MSPETCTNIRSfNIRSEROSFig.4 Hierarchy of Non-Invasive ApproachesElectroencephalography [EEG]: EEG is a non-surgical operation which is applicable in non invasive signalacquisition approach. An EEG is a process to examine the electrical activity in the brain. Brain cells communicatewith each other through electrical impulses. An EEG can be used to detect potential problems associated with thisactivity. An EEG measures the electrical impulses in brain by using several electrodes that are attached to scalp. Anelectrode is a conductor device through which an electric signal enters or leaves. The electrodes transfer informationfrom brain to a device that measures and records the data. The electrical impulses in an EEG recording look likewavy lines with peaks and valleys. These lines allow to quickly assessing whether there are abnormal patterns. Anyirregularities may be a sign of seizures or other brain disorders. EEG is used to detect problems in the electricalactivity of the brain that may be associated with some brain disorders. The measurements generated by an EEG areused to confirm various conditions, including: seizure disorders like epilepsy, a head injury, an inflammation of thebrain, a brain tumor, encephalopathy, memory problems, sleep disorders, stroke, and dementia. [5]Electromyography [EMG]: EMG is a non invasive diagnostic approach that evaluates the health condition ofmuscles and the nerve cells that control them. These nerve cells are treated as motor neurons, they transmit electricalsignals that cause muscles to contract and relax. EMG translates these signals into visual graphs, for makingdiagnosis. Abnormal result of EMG diagnosis usually indicates nerve or muscle damage. EMG results can help todiagnose muscle disorders, nerve disorders, and disorders on connection between nerves and muscles. EMGprocedure has two categories: first is nerve conduction examination and the second is needle EMG. A nerveconduction examination evaluates the nerves that control on muscle movement by placing small sensors that issurface electrodes on the skin to assess the ability of the motor neurons to send electrical signals. The needle EMGassesses nerve activity within the muscles by using sensors to evaluate electrical signals, and they are directlyinserted into muscle tissue to evaluate muscle activity when at rest and when contracted. In each procedure oneelectrode releases a very sensitive signal and the other electrodes measure how long it takes for the signal to reachthem. An abnormal speed often represents muscle or nerve disorder in specific region of brain. [6]Magnetoencephalography [MEG]: MEG a non-invasive signal acquisition approach that measures the magneticfields generated by neural activity of the brain. The distributions of the magnetic fields are analyzed to determine thesources of the neural activity within the brain, and the locations of the sources are represented, to provide thestructural and functional information of the brain. Since the neuronal activity is detected by sensors over the head, itis possible to identify where the information is produced with reasonable accuracy. Synaptic input to a neuronresults in a small post synaptic signal that involve a very small magnetic field. When a large amount of neuronsreceiv
2Department of Bio-Technology, AKS University, Satna, MP, India. 3Department of Computer Application, AKS University, Satna, MP, India. ABSTRACT This article addresses to the fundamental approaches for s
1 KEY BRAIN Brain Gross Anatomy Terms 1) Explain each of the following in terms of structure of the brain a) Central sulcus- shallow groove that runs across brain sagitally b) Lateral fissure-deep groove that runs anterior to posterior on lateral side of brain c) Precentral gyri- ridge anterior to the the central sulcus d) Temporal lobe- rounded region of brain on lateral aspect
Sheep Brain Dissection Guide 4. Find the medulla (oblongata) which is an elongation below the pons. Among the cranial nerves, you should find the very large root of the trigeminal nerve. Pons Medulla Trigeminal Root 5. From the view below, find the IV ventricle and the cerebellum. Cerebellum IV VentricleFile Size: 751KBPage Count: 13Explore furtherSheep Brain Dissection with Labeled Imageswww.biologycorner.comsheep brain dissection questions Flashcards Quizletquizlet.comLab 27- Dissection of the Sheep Brain Flashcards Quizletquizlet.comSheep Brain Dissection Lab Sheet.docx - Sheep Brain .www.coursehero.comLab: sheep brain dissection Questions and Study Guide .quizlet.comRecommended to you b
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executor is needed (here the executor is a computer) and "without any physical effort" means that a direct interface between the human brain and the computer is required. To make the computer interpret what the brain intends to communicate necessitates monitoring of the brain activity. 2. TYPES OF BCIs 2.1. INVASIVE BCI
Virtual brain is an artificial brain, which does not actually the natural brain, but can act as the brain. It can think like brain, take decisions based on the past experience, and response as the natural brain can. It is possible by using a super computer, with a huge amount of storage capacity, processing power and an interface between the
A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device. BCIs are often aimed at assisting, augmenting or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. Wolpaw et al. 2002.
The non-invasive Berlin Brain-Computer Interface: Fast Acquisition of Effective Performance in Untrained Subjects Benjamin Blankertz, Guido Dornhege, Matthias Krauledat, Klaus-Robert Müller, Gabriel Curio AbstractŠBrain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems establish a direct communication channel from the brain to an output device.
A DSP System A/D DSP D/A Analog signal Analog signal Sampled data signal Analog signal Cts-time dst-amp staricase signal Digital signal Digital signal DSP System Antialiasing Filter Sample and Hold Reconstruction Filter A/D: Iconverts a sampled data signal value into a digital number, in part, through quantization of the amplitude
