NOUNS, PRONOUNS, AND ADJECTIVES

Resource Book INOUNS,PRONOUNS,ANDADJECTIVESKMHS LATIN

Chapter 1NOUNSNouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specificvocabulary entry. It includes the nominative singularform, the genitive singular, and the gender, as well asanything that is unusual or specific to that noun.Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Eachdeclension is identified by the ending on the genitivesingular form. Each declension has its own group ofendings. The endings are added to the stem, which isfound by dropping the ending from the genitive singular.

SECTION 1The Latin NounNouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabulary entry. It includes the nominative singular form, the genitive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is unusual or specific to that noun.Examples:puer, puerī, m. boyurbs, urbis, genitive plural urbium, f. cityvis, ---, f. strength, force, power, violencecanis, canis, m./f. dogNouns are grouped into five declensions. Each declension isidentified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Eachdeclension has its own group of endings. The endings areadded to the stem, which is found by dropping the endingfrom the genitive singular.2

SECTION 2The First DeclensionThe first declension is identified by the -ae ending on thegenitive singular form. Most, but not all, first declensionnouns are feminine.Example: femina, feminae, f. womanstem: sVoc.-a-ae3

SECTION 3The Second DeclensionThe second declension is identified by the ending -ī on thegenitive singular form. Most second declension nouns are either masculine or neuter. Masculine and neuter second declension nouns have their own endings.SINGULARPLURALNom.-us (---) Voc.-e (---)**-ī** When a second declension noun has a nominative formthat ends in -us, the vocative ending is -e. When it has a variable form, the vocative ending is identical to the nominative.For second declension nouns that have an -i- before the -usending, that ending contracts with the -e, giving a vocativeending of -ī.MasculineExample:* Most second declension nouns have a nominative singularform that ends in -us. Some have a variable form, often ending in an er.4servus, -ī, m. stem: vīsVoc.serveservī

Example:raedarius, -ī, m.stem: puerumpuerōsAbl.puerōpuerīsVoc.puerpuerī5

Example:Neuterbaculum, -ī, n. - stickstem: bacul-Neuter nouns of the second declension use slightly different endings from those of masculine and feminine baculaThere are two helpful hints to remember with neuter nouns:1. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative endings are always the same.2. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative plural endingsalways end with -a, regardless of the declension.6

SECTION 4The Third DeclensionThird declension nouns are nouns that share an -is ending inthe genitive singular. All genders share this -is ending in thegenitive singular. When declining a third declension noun,the same endings are used for masculine and feminine nouns.As with the second declension, a slightly different paradigm isused for the neuter gender.Masculine and FeminineIn the third declension, the nominative and vocative formsare always Dat.-ī-ibusAcc.-em-ēsAbl.-e-ibusExample:There is no one consistent ending for the nominative singularform. The nominative singular for third declension should bememorized as a variable.7pater, patris, m.stem: patribus

NeuterThird Declension I-stem NounsNeuter nouns differ from masculine and feminine nouns intwo ways. In the accusative singular, instead of having the-em ending, they once again have the variable. In the nominative and accusative plural endings, they have an -a instead of-ēs.There is a subcategory of third declension nouns called Istem nouns. These nouns have slightly different endings.They actually resemble the endings of third declension adjectives. These nouns will be identified by the vocabulary entry.Dictionaries and books will include either (-ium) or the fullgenitive plural form written Acc.Abl.Example:SINGULAR M./F. (N.)PLURAL M./F. (N.)Nom./Voc.-----ēs em-ēs (-ia)Abl.-e (ī)-ibustempus, tempōris, n.stem: empōrisDat.Example:glis, gliris, (-ium) m.stem: glir-SINGULAR M./F. (N.)PLURAL M./F. gliregliribus8

Example:mare, maris, (-ium) n.stem: mar-SINGULAR M./F. (N.)PLURAL M./F. busAcc.maremariaAbl.marīmaribus9

SECTION 5The Fourth DeclensionFourth Declension nouns can be identified by the -ūs endingon the genitive singular form.Example:There are two sets of endings for the fourth declension: onefor masculine and feminine nouns and one for neuter nouns.Masculine and Femininemanus, manūs, f.stem: uī-ibusAcc.-um-ūsAbl.-ūs-ibus10

NeuterThere are three neuter fourth declension nouns:cornū, cornūs, n. - horngenū, genūs, n. - kneeverū, verūs, n. - broiling spitThere is a separate set of endings for these three .-ū-ibusAcc.-ū-uaAbl.-ū-ibusExample:genū, genūs, n.stem: 1

SECTION 6The Fifth DeclensionThe fifth declension is identified by the -ei ending on the genitive singular form. Most, but not all, fifth declension nounsare feminine.Example: res, rei, f. thing, matter, situation stem: Abl.-e-ebus12

Chapter 2PRONOUNS

SECTION 1Personal PronounsPersonal Pronouns are pronouns that replace a previouslymentioned noun in a sentence. In English the personal pronouns are I, we, you, he, she, it, and they. These words aresome of the few examples that we have of words that declinein English.First ivemeīnostrī/nostrumDativemihinōbīs1ST PERSON2ND PERSON3RD tsObjectivemeyouhim/her/itSecond PersonPLURALSINGULARPLURALNominativetūvōs1ST PERSON2ND PERSON3RD vetēvōbīs14

Third eaAblativeeīseīseīs15

SECTION 2Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns are used when an object in the predicaterefers to the same person or thing as the subject.First Person Reflexive PronounsIn the first and second person, the reflexive pronoun uses thesame forms as the personal pronoun, except that it does notexist in the nominative ōbīsSecond Person Reflexive etēvōbīs

Third Person Reflexive PronounsIn the third person, a different set of forms is used. The sameforms are used for all three genders in both the singular andplural. The gender and number of the object can be determined by the gender and the number of the ivesēAblativesē17

SECTION 3Demonstrative Pronouns and AdjectivesA demonstrative is something that indicates, or points out aparticular item or person. It can be used as an adjective, inwhich case it modifies a noun and agrees with it in gender,number, and case. It can also be used as a pronoun. As a pronoun it would agree in gender and number with its antecedent, which is the noun that it replaces.SINGULARHic, Haec, Hoc and Ille, Illa, IlludHic, haec, hoc means “this,” or in the plural, “these.” Ille,illa, illud means “that”, or in the plural, hōshāshaecAblativehīshīshīsSINGULARHic is used to point out a noun that is nearby. Ille is used topoint out a noun that is far away or distant. They can also betranslated as “the latter” and “the former.”18

Iste, Ista, IstudSINGULARM.F.N.NominativeilleillailludIste also means “that” or “those”, but it has an additionalmeaning of “that thing of yours”, “that thing near you”. Itsometimes carries a negative iveistīsistīsistīssPLURAL19

Is, Ea, IdIn addition to being the forms of the third person personalpronoun, is, ea, id can also be used as a demonstrative adjective. In that case it is translated as “that” or “those.” You canidentify this use because it will agree with an accompanyingnoun in gender, number, and case.20

SECTION 4The Relative PronounThe relative pronoun is used to begin a relative, or adjective,clause. The relative pronoun in all cases whether singular orplural is translated as “who,” “which,” or “that.” In the genitive the relative pronoun is translated as “whose” or “ofwhich/whom.” In the dative it is translated as “to/for which/whom.” Some of the forms of the relative pronoun are similar to those of the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc.The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender and number, but not necessarily case.PLURALQui, Quae, bus

SECTION 5Interrogative Pronouns and AdjectivesInterrogative PronounsAn interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that asks a question.It is translated as “who, whom, or what.” The vocabulary entry for the interrogative adjective is quis, quis, quid. Many ofthe singular forms of the interrogative pronoun are similar tothose of the relative pronoun, qui, quae, quod. In the pluralquis and quī are usquibusquibusInterrogative AdjectivesAn interrogative adjective is an adjective that asks a question.It is translated as “which” or “what.” As an adjective, itagrees with a noun in gender, number, and case.The forms are identical to those of the relative pronoun, qui,quae, quod.22

Chapter 3ADJECTIVES

SECTION 1The Latin AdjectiveLatin adjectives are declined in a very similar way to Latinnouns. Like nouns there are different categories of adjectives,each with different endings for the six cases. Unlike nouns,each word has different forms for the three different genders.A Latin adjective must agree with the noun in modifies ingender, number, and case. It does not need to agree in declension.24

SECTION 2First-Second Declension AdjectivesFirst-second declension adjectives, sometimes called 2-1-2 adjectives, follow the same paradigm as first and second declension nouns. Masculine adjectives use the endings of seconddeclension masculine nouns, feminine adjectives use the firstdeclension endings, and neuter ones use the endings of second declension neuter adjectives.SINGULARFirst-second declension adjectives can be identified by the -aending on the feminine nominative singular. This ending isremoved to form the stem used for declining the ive-ōs-ās-aAblative-īs-īs-īsPLURALMost first-second declension adjectives have masculine nominative singular forms that end in -us, like bonus, a, um,“good.” There are some, like miser, misera, miserum, “unhappy, miserable,” that have a variable ending for the masculine nominative singular instead.25

Example:bonus, a, um, goodstem: bonExample:pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautifulstem: ulchrīspulchrīsVocativepulchrīpulchraepulchra26

SECTION 3Third Declension AdjectivesThird declension adjectives are adjectives that use third declension noun endings. There are three types of vocabularyentries for third declension adjectives.Third Declension Adjectives of Two TerminationsThese adjective share nominative singular endings betweenthe masculine and feminine genders, with a separate endingfor the neuter. The stem for these adjectives can be found bydropping the -is from either the masculine or feminine nominative singular form.Third Declension Adjectives of Three TerminationsThese adjectives have different nominative singular forms foreach gender. The stem can be found by dropping the -is ending from the feminine nominative singular.Examples:incolumis, incolumis, incolume unhurt, safe and soundExamples:omnis, omnis, omne all, the whole, every, eachceler, celeris, celere swift, fastceleber, celebris, celebre famousBecause the stem stays the same for all three genders, the vocabulary entries for these adjectives may be abbreviated as follows:incolumis, -is, -eomnis, -is, -e27

Third Declension Adjectives of One TerminationSINGULARThese adjectives use the same nominative singular form forall three genders. The vocabulary entry for these adjectivesincludes the nominative and genitive singular forms, like anoun. The stem is found by removing the -is ending from thegenitive singular ēs-ēs-iaAblative-ibus-ibus-ibusingens, ingentis hugeaudax, audacis boldPLURALThe third declension adjective endings are almost identical tothe third declension noun endings. There are a few exceptions:1. The blative singular of 3rd declension ends in letter -i (note).2. The genitive plural of 3rd declension adjectives ends in-ium.3. The neuter nominative and accusative plural end in -ia.28