English B Handbook - El Camino College

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English BHandbookConstructingParagraphsFrom Sentence to ParagraphSixth EditionCreated byJennifer AnnickGene ArmaoSara BlakeBruce PeppardStephanie SchwartzThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of thislicense, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.Contributions byBriita HalonenLyman Hong

1Table of ContentsSection I Being a Successful StudentUnderstanding Expectations . 02Practicing Successful Learner Strategies . 13Studying Effectively . 24Section II Paragraph Development The Writing Process . 37The Paragraph 42Paragraph Types* Narration 45 Description . 48 Comparison/Contrast .51 Persuasion . 56 Exemplification/Illustration . 59 Process 62 Cause and Effect . 65 Responding to a Text.,.68Section III GrammarSentence Parts Verbs 74Standard English Verbs . 77Nouns 91Pronouns 95Adjectives . 102Adverbs 106Prepositions . 109Writing Clearly Subjects and Verbs 111 Clauses and Phrases 113 Fragments . 117This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, 3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

2 Run-ons 119Comma Splices 122Pronouns (antecedent and reference). 125Parallelism . 129Modifiers . 131Subject-Verb Agreement . 133Commonly Confused Words 135Section IV Punctuation and Mechanics Commas Apostrophes .Other Marks of Punctuation . .Capitalization Section V 138141145149AppendixSentence Combining . 152Transition Words . 153Active Verbs . 154Writing the Essay . 155Using Outside Sources (MLA) . 159* It is recommended you read and understand the chapter titled “The Paragraph” before moving on tothe various paragraph types.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, 3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

1Section IBeing aSuccessfulStudent

2Being a Successful Student:Understanding ExpectationsOverview: Understand the Set-up Preview the SyllabusUnderstand the Set-upThe first step to taking charge of your own learning is to understand how you ended up where you areand what you’ll be expected to do as a college student.Understand the Placement Test ResultsCourse PlacementIf you’re like most incoming students at El Camino College, you took a placement test—or series oftests—when you enrolled. These tests are called “Placement Tests” because they’re used to identify yourskill level in areas like reading and writing and math and to place you in a class designed for your skilllevel.To determine your English course placement, you probably took two computerized tests: ReadingComprehension and Sentence Skills. When you finished, you received your scores on a yellow form likethe one in Diagram 1. You can also find your scores online on your Student Homepage in the MyECClink of the El Camino College website in Grades, Tests & Ed Plan under “Test Summary.”TIP:Notice the labels in Diagram 1. Use them to help you understand your personal scores.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

3Diagram 1This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

4See the PathCourse SequenceThe English and math courses at El Camino College are set up in paths known as sequences, with onecourse following after another and building on the skills learned. Depending on what scores you get onyour placement tests, you’re placed in classes in the sequence that best match your incoming skills.Students who don’t take the placement test automatically start at the bottom classes in the sequence.Course Skill LevelsThe course skill levels are described by various terms: Basic Skills courses two or more levels before the “college” or “transfer” level Pre-Collegiate courses one level before the transfer level. These courses can apply to yourAA or AS degree, but they will not transfer to a university. Transfer Level courses that transfer to a university.As you can see from Diagram 2, English B is a Basic Skills course. So are English 80 and English 82.English A and English 84 are Pre-Collegiate courses. English 1A is considered a Transfer-Level course(also referred to as a College-Level course).Reading and Writing RequirementsThe English Course Sequence, as you can see in Diagram 2, has two strands: Reading and Writing.When you pass one class in a strand, you take the next class in that strand until you end up at English1A, which is the “college-level” class that transfers to a university and also fulfills the Englishrequirement for an Associate Degree from El Camino College.The title of English 1A is “Reading and Composition.” Because the course requires both reading andwriting (composition) skills, students need to increase their skills to college-level in both subjects beforethey’re eligible for English 1A. That means that both paths must be completed before a student can takeEnglish 1A. So, unless you scored 81 or above on the Reading Comprehension Test, you’ll need to takeboth reading and writing courses before you can enroll in English 1A. The best plan is to enroll in bothreading and writing courses each semester so that you end up completing all requirements for English1A at the same time.Identify the GoalAs a college student, your goal is to enroll and succeed in college-level courses that fulfill therequirements for an Associate Degree or a Certificate and/or for transfer to a university to pursue aBachelor’s degree. Studies show that the sooner you get to the transfer level, the more likely youare to graduate from a college or university!TIP:It’s a good idea to work on the math sequence along with the English sequence so that allyour basic skills and pre-collegiate coursework will be completed around the same time.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

5Diagram 2:The English Course Sequence at El Camino CollegeEnglish 1A4 unitsReading andCompositionEnglish 843 unitsDevelopmentalReading and WritingorTransfer glish A3 unitsWriting theCollege EssayPre-CollegiateLevel CourseEnglish 73 unitsSpeed and Power ReadingEnglish 823 unitsIntroduction toReading SkillsEnglish 803 unitsBasic LanguageSkillsEnglish B3 unitsIntroduction tothe College lYou arehereBasic SkillsLevel CourseLearn the TermsAs a college student, you’ll encounter a lot of terms that may be new to you. Knowing the meanings ofthese terms can help you navigate the college environment. Some of these terms will be familiar becausethey’ve already been used in this chapter or you’ve heard them before, whereas others are ones you’relikely to read or hear as a student at El Camino College.Final: This term is often used as a short form for “final exam.” It refers to the very last test at the end ofthe semester. In some classes, this exam will cover everything learned in the entire course. In otherclasses, it may cover only the second half of the course information. It’s often worth more points towardyour class grade than other exams. Some courses may not have a final exam but may have a lastassignment that’s worth more points that the previous ones. Many colleges and universities have a“finals week” that consists of a separate test-taking schedule different from the rest of the semester’sThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

6class schedule. El Camino College doesn’t have a formal finals week, but you should expect many ofyour professors to give tests during the last week or two of the semester.Mid-Term: This word describes an exam given halfway through the semester. It usually covers theentire first half of the course material. It’s often an important factor in your end-of-semester grade,though maybe not as much as the final exam.Major: This word describes the subject area you want to focus on in your studies. Degrees are issuedfor each major. For example, you can get an Associate Degree in a subject like English or history.Different majors require taking different classes, so once you fulfill the general requirements that arerequired of everyone getting a degree, you’ll take classes designed for your major field of study.Pass/No Pass: The terms “Pass” and “No Pass” refer to a type of grading in which students aren’tassigned a letter grade of A,B,C,D, or F. Instead, they either pass or do not pass the course. Basic skillsand pre-collegiate courses like English B and English A often have this type of grade because they’refocused on skill mastery. The criterion for passing is usually the equivalent of a “C” grade or better.Another term for this grading system is “Credit/No Credit,” so you might hear it called that as well.Prerequisite: The prefix pre means “before” and requisite means “requirement.” This term refers to aclass or other requirement that must be completed successfully before enrollment in another course.Each course in a sequence is considered the prerequisite for the next course in the sequence. Forexample, either successful completion of English B or a grade of 63 on the writing placement test is aprerequisite for enrollment in English A.Quiz: This term refers to a type of test that’s usually worth fewer points than an “exam” and may begiven frequently to check for understanding or to encourage students to attend regularly and completehomework. For example, if your instructor asks the class to read an article, there might be a quiz on thecontent of the article during the next class.Transfer: This term refers most generally to the process of going from one school to another, usually toa more advanced institution, but not always. It’s also used to designate a course that can transfer fromone school to another. For example, if you complete English 1A at El Camino College and then transferto UCLA, the units you earned for the class will transfer with you and count toward satisfyinggraduation requirements at UCLA. That’s why courses that will be accepted by a university aredescribed as “transfer-level” courses.Units: This term refers to the college credits you can earn by taking various courses. The number ofunits for a class usually equals the number of hours that the class meets every week, but that’s notalways the case. For example, in Diagram 2, notice that English 1A is worth 4 units while English B isworth 3 units. The number of units for each class can be found in the class schedule and in the collegecatalog.Preview the SyllabusAt the first class meeting, your instructor will hand out a document called a “syllabus.” This documentcontains at least 5 kinds of important information:This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

71. Instructor contact and course material information2. Course objectives for student learning3. Instructor and college policies4. Information about assignments and grading5. A daily or weekly course schedule with important due datesIt may also contain a statement about the instructor’s philosophy of teaching or motivational statements.You’ll want to refer to the syllabus frequently throughout the semester, so be sure to keep it in a handyplace. Even if your instructors do not go over the entire syllabus at the first or second classmeeting, they will hold you responsible for the information it contains.Instructor Contact InformationIf you need to contact the instructor during the semester, you can find the instructor’s telephone numberand email address on the syllabus. Full-time instructors (teachers who teach a full load of 4-5 classes atEl Camino College) will have office numbers and office hours on the syllabus. On the days and timeslisted, your instructor will be available to meet with you personally in his or her office. Part-timeinstructors, also called adjunct instructors, are not required to keep office hours because they may teacha class or two at several different colleges. You can sometimes make an appointment to meet a part-timeinstructor before or after class.Course DescriptionThe course description is usually taken from the course catalog, which is available on the ECC website.It gives you a general idea of what will be covered in the class. Here is the description from the collegecatalog for English B:English BIntroduction to College Writing3 units; 2 hours lecture, 2 hours labRecommended Preparation: qualificationby testing (English Placement Test) andassessmentCredit, not degree applicableThis course introduces students to theprocesses of creating, developing, andrevising paragraphs and a short essay basedon personal experiences, observations, andreactions to short reading selections. Studentslearn basic rules of grammar,mechanics, and usage. Students practice avariety of sentence types and paragraphstructures. Students revise their writingwith the assistance of weekly one-on-onetutorials.CourseDescriptionNote: Pass/no pass only.Textbooks and MaterialsRequired and recommended books, along with other materials, are listed on the syllabus. Print bookswill often specify a particular edition and may include a long ISBN number. Be sure the book you buymatches these numbers. Save your bookstore receipts until you’re sure you have the right books.Required texts are those books that you must have. Recommended books, like dictionaries, are optional.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

8In other words, they’re nice to have, but not essential for success in the class. Materials may includeitems like a class binder, scantron forms, or passcodes for web-based programs your instructor willexpect you to use. Some of these materials may be optional; others may be required.TIPS: If you can’t afford to buy all of the texts and materials at once, ask theinstructor which ones you’ll need to begin the class. Some of them may not beused until later in the semester. Sometimes you can also find less expensive used copies of textbooks from onlinebooksellers or in the campus bookstore. Also, ask your instructor if a copy of the textbook is available online or in the libraryfor student use.Course ObjectivesEvery course at ECC has a list of course objectives. An objective is a skill you will learn by taking acourse. After successfully passing English B, for example, you should be able to do the things listedbelow.English B Course Objectives: Write 5-7 paragraphs with topic sentences and supporting details, 2of these paragraphs to be written in class.Apply appropriate strategies from the writing process to create,compose, revise, and edit drafts, incorporating feedback from one-onone tutorials.Read and respond to short readings or one book-length work ofappropriate lexile (900 to 1000).In assigned writing, use a variety of sentence types and edit them forcorrect grammar, appropriate word choice, and accurate spelling.Compose a short, thesis-driven multi-paragraph essay, with anintroductory paragraph, 2-3 body paragraphs, and a concludingparagraph.Follow basic MLA formatting for heading, title, pagination, margins,indentation, spacing, and font.This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.

9Student Learning Outcome(s)Every course at ECC has at least one Student Learning Outcome, often referred to as an SLO. The SLOis a way to measure student learning that’s occurring in all sections of a particular course. The SLO forEnglish B describes an assignment that students should be able to complete successfully by the end ofthe semester.Every 3 years, English B students’ end-of-semester writings are collected randomly, student names areremoved, and the essays are graded by a group of instructors based on specified criteria. The informationgained from this process is used to improve teaching and course design. The college requires that everyinstructor include this information on the course syllabus.Because SLOs change periodically to better reflect the goals of the course, the SLOs for English B arenot listed in this text. To find the latest version of the SLOs, look on your course syllabus.Policy StatementsOne of the most important parts of a syllabus contains instructor and college rules about the followingitems: Attendance Plagiarism and Cheating Accommodations for Students with Special Needs Late Work Use of Electronic Devices Classroom BehaviorHere’s where you can find out things like whether or not your instructor accepts late work or how manyabsences you can have before being dropped from the course or having your grade lowered.TIP:Don’t assume that all instructors will have the same policies! Read them carefully.Course Requirements and GradingEach instructor has specific requirements for the course. These include assignments, homework, quizzes,journals, mid-term exams and final exams. How these requirements will be graded and how those gradeswill translate into your final course grade of “Pass” or “No Pass” are spelled out in this section. Someinstructors use points and others use letter grades throughout the semester. Here are some samples:This work is licensed under the Creative Commo

requirement for an Associate Degree from El Camino College. The title of English 1A is “Reading and Composition.” Because the course requires both reading and writing (composition) skills, students need to increase their skills to college-level in

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