THE DIARY OF ANNE FRANK - Park Square Theatre
HISTORICAL CONTEXTON STAGE AT PARK SQUARE THEATREMarch 16 - May 22, 2020THE DIARY OF ANNE FRANKWritten by FRANCES GOODRICH & ALBERT HACKETTDirected by ELLEN FENSTERStudyGuidewww.parksquaretheatre.org page
HISTORICAL CONTEXTThe Diary of Anne FrankPark Square TheatreStudy Guide StaffEDITORMary Finnerty, Director of EducationCOPY EDITORMarcia Aubineau*CONTRIBUTORSTom Brandt*, Sam DiVita*, Amy HewettOlatunde*, Cheryl Hornstein*, RichardNicolai*, Anne Heath*, Laura Johnson*,Tim Marburger*, Matt Sciple, LeischenSopoci*, Lee Woolman*; imagescompiled by Ami ChristensenCOVER DESIGN AND LAYOUTQuinn Shadko (Education Sales andServices Manager)* Past or Present Member of thePark Square Theatre Teacher Advisory BoardContact UsPARK SQUARE THEATRE408 Saint Peter Street, Suite 110Saint Paul, MN 55102EDUCATION: ksquaretheatre.orgIf you have any questions or comments aboutthis guide or Park Square Theatre’s EducationProgram, please contactPark Square TheatreTeacher Advisory BoardMarcia AubineauUniversity of St. Thomas, retiredBen CarpenterMPLS Substitute TeacherLiz EricksonRosemount High School, retiredTheodore FabelSouth High SchoolCheryl HornsteinFreelance Theatre and Music EducatorAlexandra HowesTwin Cities AcademyHeather KlugPark Center High SchoolKristin NelsonBrooklyn Center High SchoolJennifer ParkerFalcon Ridge Middle SchoolMaggie QuamHmong College Prep AcademyKate SchillingMound Westonka High SchoolJack SchlukebierCentral High School, retiredSara SteinEden Prairie High SchoolTanya SponholzPrescott High SchoolJill TammenHudson High School, retiredCraig ZimanskeForest Lake Area High SchoolMary Finnerty, Director of EducationEMAILPHONE squaretheatre.org page 2
HISTORICAL CONTEXTThe Diary of Anne FrankStudy GuideContentsHistorical ContextA History of Anne Frank’s Diary . 4What Really Happened? The Play vs. History . 6From the Page to the Stage: Creating a Play from Anne Frank’s Diary . 9A Timeline of Events . 11Eight Stages of Genocide . 15Identifying Oppression in the Early Stages . 18Life in the AnnexWhat Was It Like to Live in the Annex? .A Diagram of the Dimensions and Layout of the Secret Annex .Floor Plans: Bloomgarden’s 1955 and Backlund’s 1999 set designs for Diary .Images of the Secret Annex .Through Anne’s Eyes: Annotated Video Resources .1921222324Understanding CultureJudaism and Jewish Culture in the Play . 25An Explanation of the Holiday of Hanukkah . 26Making Anne Universal: What Did We Lose by Secularizing Anne Frank? . 27Activities and ResourcesAnne Frank and Sadako Sasaki .Who is Responsible? Assessing Levels of Responsibility .Classroom Activity Ideas for The Diary of Anne Frank .Writing Topics for The Diary of Anne Frank .Annotated Bibliography of Resources .2831333536www.parksquaretheatre.org page 3
HISTORICAL CONTEXTA History of Anne Frank’s DiaryAnne Frank kept her diary from June 12, 1942 to August1, 1944. She received the diary for her 13th birthdayand started writing in it right away, unaware that in amonth she would be forced into hiding with her familybecause Hitler’s Nazis would try to imprison them for beingJewish. Anne recorded her innermost feelings in her diary,which she named “Kitty.”At first Anne wrote strictly for herself, but after hearing aradio broadcast calling for ordinary citizens to provide theirdiaries after the war for historical purposes, Anne rewroteit, editing and improving the text, omitting passages shedidn’t think were interesting enough, and at the same timeMiep Gieskeeping it up to date. She changed the names of the hidersand helpers for the rewrite. (Hiders: Mr. Pfeffer to Albert Dussel, Mr. and Mrs. Van Pels to Mr.and Mrs. Van Daan, and Peter Van Pels to Peter Van Daan. Helpers: Miep Gies to Miep VanSanten, Bep Voskuijl to Elli Vossen, Johannes Kleiman to Mr. Koophuis and Victor Kugler to Mr.Kraler.)On August 4, 1944, the eight people hiding in the Secret Annex were arrested. Miep Gies andBep Voskuijl, the two secretaries working in the building, found Anne’s diary before the Nazisransacked the annex, and Miep hid it for safekeeping.Miep did not read the diary because she knew itincriminated the people who had helped those in hidingand that if she read it she would have to burn it in orderto protect their lives.Otto Frank, Anne’s father, returned to the annex afterthe war and found he was the only one of the eight tosurvive the concentration camps. Miep Gies gave himwhat was left of Anne, her diary.Otto Frank in the attic after the warAfter much deliberation, Otto Frank decided to publishAnne’s diary so that readers would learn about theeffects of the Nazi regime and its process ofdehumanization. However, in the immediate aftermathof the war, it wasn’t easy for Mr. Frank to find apublisher; he was told that no one wanted to readabout the Holocaust. When a newspaper finally printeda story about Anne’s diary, it captured the interest of aCONTINUED.www.parksquaretheatre.org page 4
HISTORICAL CONTEXTA History of Anne Frank’s DiaryCONTINUEDDutch firm, Contact Publishers, which published it in June of 1947 using Anne’s chosen title, TheSecret Annex. This edition included Anne’s rewritten version and parts of the original diary, butseveral passages dealing with Anne’s sexuality were omitted as it was not customary to writeopenly about sex at that time. Mr. Frank also omitted some unflattering passages about his wifeand the other people of the Secret Annex, the Van Pels family and Fritz Pfeffer, but he did retainthe fictional names that Anne had created for them. At first only 1,500 copies of the diary wereprinted, but demand was so great that another edition was quickly produced.After Otto Frank died in 1980, The Anne Frank Foundation in Switzerland, which was Otto Frank’ssole heir, inherited his daughter’s copyrights and published a new expanded edition of the diary in1986, containing all of the entries that Otto Frank and Contact Publishers had removed from theoriginal 1947 edition.Neo-Nazi groups have targeted Anne Frank’s diary, questioning its authenticity in order to denythe full implications of the Holocaust. In response to these claims, the Netherlands Institute forWar Documentation had tests performed on the paper, ink and glue used in the diary, proving thatit was written during the 1940s. Tests were also performed on Anne’s handwriting. The scientificstudy proved that the diary was indeed written by Anne Frank during the Holocaust. The 1986edition also includes transcripts of these tests which verify the authenticity of the diary.In 1995, on the 50th anniversary of Anne Frank’s death, The Diary of a Young Girl: The DefinitiveEdition was published. This edition restored the diary entries that Otto Frank and the originalpublishers had removed which dealt with Anne’s honest feelings toward her family, herburgeoning womanhood, and her reflections on her Judaism and the Holocaust. The ChicagoTribune wrote, “The new edition reveals a new depth to Anne’s dreams, irritations, hardship andpassions.”During the months Anne lived in hiding, her diary became her best friend and confidant. Sherewrote some diary entries into stories and also wrote some fantasy stories. All of her stories arenow published. Today Anne Frank’s diary has been translated into 55 languages and is one of themost widely read books in the world.By Matt SciplePark Square Theatre Literary Manager, 1995-2000www.parksquaretheatre.org page 5
HISTORICAL CONTEXTWhat Really Happened?A COMPARISON OF EVENTS IN THE PLAY TO THE DIARYBased on and including many of the actualwords contained in Anne Frank’s Diary of aYoung Girl, Goodrich and Hackett’s play, The Diaryof Anne Frank, is a theatrical adaptation. It altersand selectively omits several entries and eventsfrom its source material. All the changes wereapproved by Anne’s father, Otto Frank, who wasan advisor for the original production. Examinethe changes and discuss the reasons they mighthave been made.Pages from Anne’s DiaryIn the PlayIn HistoryAnne receives the diary for the firsttime in the Secret Annex. Its first entryis dated July 6, 1942.The diary was a birthday present. The first entry isdated June 12, 1942 when the Franks were stillliving in their home and Anne was still in school.The Franks go into hiding because ofthe general danger of their situation.In the entries dated July 8 and July 9, 1942, it isexplained that the Franks have to go into hidingearlier than originally planned because Margotreceived a “call-up notice from the SS.”The Van Daans are in the annex first,impatiently awaiting the Franks’ arrival.The Franks entered the annex on July 9 and the VanDanns (Van Pels) arrived on July 12.The arrival of Dussel is a surprise to theFranks; Mr. Kraler brings him, saying,“It’s just a night or two, until I find someother space. This happened so suddenlythat I didn’t know where to turn.” (ActI, Scene 3).Mr. Dussel’s (Fritz Pfeffer’s) arrival was wellplanned: “We always thought there was enoughroom and food for one more we chose adentist” (11/10/42).Dussel says, “I’m a man who has alwayslived alone. I haven’t had to adjustmyself to others” (Act I,Scene 3).Fritz Pfeffer, “Alfred Dussel” in Anne’s Diary, hadone son, Peter, and a fiancée, Charlotta Kaletta,who was a Christian. Fritz and Charlotta could notwed because under the Nazi’s Nuremberg Laws,intermarriage was considered a criminal offense.CONTINUED.www.parksquaretheatre.org page 6
HISTORICAL CONTEXTWhat Really Happened?In the PlayIn HistoryThere is only oneoccasion where theattic inhabitantsfear discovery.There were several instances whenAnne and the others feared discovery:“Our German visitors were back lastSaturday ” (4/27/43).“Mr. Kugler thinks this burglar belongsto the same gang as the one whomade an unsuccessful attempt sixweeks ago to open all threedoors” (5/16/43).“Mr. Van Maaren, the man who worksin the warehouse, is getting suspiciousabout the Annex ” (9/16/43).Anne expresseslittle curiosity aboutthe act of sex or thephysical changes inher body.Anne’s interest inPeter is moreromantic thansexual and remainsvery innocentexcept for a briefkiss on the cheek,which he initiates.The only physicalact they discuss iskissing.Anne’s personal feelings about herblossoming sexuality were edited outof the original diary:Anne at her school desk in“I think what’s happening to me is soAmsterdam, 1940wonderful, and I don’t just mean thechanges taking place on the outside ofmy body, but those on the inside. When I lie awake at night I feel aterrible urge to touch my breasts and listen to the quiet, steadybreathing of my heart Every time I see a female nude, such as theVenus in my art history book, I go into ecstasy ” (1/6/44).“Soon after I turned eleven, they told me about menstruation. But eventhen, I had no idea where theblood came from or what it wasfor” (3/18/44).Anne and Peter compare sexualknowledge and she quizzes himabout the male body: “[Peter]told me a lot about what hecalled Prasentivmitteln[prophylactics]” (3/23/44).“I don’t know how I suddenlymade the right movement, butbefore we went downstairs he[Peter] gave me akiss” (4/16/44).The Frank FamilyCONTINUED.www.parksquaretheatre.org page 7
HISTORICAL CONTEXTWhat Really Happened?In the PlayIn HistoryAnne’s recorded voicein the play is heardsaying, “I still believe,in spite of everything,that people are reallygood at heart,” towhich Mr. Frankresponds, “She puts meto shame.”Anne’s diary actually reads, “It’sdifficult in times like these: ideals,dreams and cherished hopes risewithin us, only to be crushed bygrim reality. It’s a wonder I haven’tabandoned all my ideals; theyseem so absurd and impractical.Yet I cling to them because I stillbelieve, in spite of everything, thatpeople are truly good at heart. It’sutterly impossible for me to buildmy life on a foundation of chaos,suffering and death. I see theThe view from the attic windowworld as slowly being transformedinto a wilderness, I hear thatapproaching thunder that, one day, will destroy us too, I hear thesuffering of millions. And yet, when I look up at the sky, I somehowfeel that everything will change for the better ” (7/15/44).“There’s a destructive urge in people, the urge to rage, murder andkill” (5/3/44).Anne idealizes herfather and squabblesoccasionally with hermother.In several entries, Anne discussesher parents’ marital difficulties.Anne says, “We’re notthe only people thathave had to suffer.There’ve always beenpeople that have hadto sometimes onerace sometimesanother.”“In the eyes of the world, we’redoomed, but if after all thissuffering, there are still Jews left,Tombstone for Anne and Marthe Jewish people will be held up asgot at the Bergen-Belsen Memorial sitean example. Who knows, maybe ourreligion will teach the world and allthe people in it about goodness, and that’s the reason, the onlyreason we have had to suffer. We can never be just Dutch, or justEnglish, or whatever, we will always be Jews as well. And we’ll haveto keep on being Jews, but then, we’ll want to be. God has neverdeserted our people. Through the ages Jews have had to suffer, butthrough the ages they’ve gone on living, and the centuries ofsuffering have only made them stronger” (4/11/44).By Matt SciplePark Square Theatre Literary Manager, 1995-2000www.parksquaretheatre.org page 8
HISTORICAL CONTEXTFrom the Page to the Stage:CREATING A PLAY FROM ANNE FRANK’S DIARYDiary of a Young Girl: An Instant ClassicIn 1952, Doubleday published the first American edition of AnneFrank: The Diary of a Young Girl; this translation included cuts thatOtto Frank and the original European publishers had made. Thenovelist, Meyer Levin, wrote a front page essay, “The Child Behindthe Secret Door,” for The New York Times Book Review proclaimingthe importance of the work: "Anne Frank's diary is too tenderlyintimate a book to be frozen with the label 'classic' and yet no otherdesignation serves . Anne Frank's voice becomes the voice of sixmillion vanished Jewish souls." The response was enormous, and45,000 copies were sold within a short time.The Road to the StageWith the instant success of the book, producers and theatricalagents were anxious to gain rights to produce a play or film basedon Anne Frank’s diary. Meyer Levin, who had done so much toAnne Frankpromote the book, wrote a play based on Anne’s diary and broughtit to Otto Frank and Doubleday to produce. Through a series ofcomplicated events, which are still in dispute, Levin was turneddown. For decades, Levin continued to argue that his play, because it was less sanitized than theBroadway version and because it kept Anne’s Jewishness central to the story, was a moreauthentic adaptation of the diary. When Levin’s version of the script was rejected by severalproducers, it strengthened Otto Frank’s determination to accentuate the universal elements ofAnne’s story.Hollywood Screenwriters Hired to Adapt the Diary“It is not a Jewish book. So do notmake a Jewish play out of it.”—Otto FrankSince the original Diary of a Young Girl was first published, it hasbeen surrounded by controversy. Otto Frank’s decision to stressthe story’s optimism and its universality left many Jewishreaders feeling cheated. This feeling grew with the diary’stheatrical adaptation. In addition to being non-Jews, Goodrichand Hackett, the husband and wife playwriting team assigned todramatize Anne’s story, were the screenwriters of popularHollywood fare like The Thin Man and It’s a Wonderful Life.Goodrich and Hackett worked with playwright Lillian Hellman,Garson Kanin (the production’s director), and Otto Frank ontheir adaptation. Among other changes, their play removedmany details about the Frank family’s Jewishness. “The fact thatin this play the symbols of persecution are Jews is incidental,”CONTINUED.www.parksquaretheatre.org page 9
HISTORICAL CONTEXTFrom the Page to the StageCONTINUEDsaid Garson Kanin. Otto Frank himself was quoted as saying, “Itis not a Jewish book. So do not make a Jewish play out of it.”Though their first drafts emphasized the mischievous side ofAnne’s personality, the final version emphasized her optimismand idealism. Goodrich and Hackett, along with Kanin, visitedthe annex with Otto Frank, who answered their manyquestions about the annex and those who had hidden there.The Diary of Anne Frank: 1955On October 5, 1955, The Diary of Anne Frank opened onBroadway starring Joseph Schildkraut as Otto Frank and SusanStrasberg as Anne. Praise for the production was widespread.The play went on to win the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, aswell as three Tony Awards, including Best Play of the 1955-56Season. The Diary of Anne Frank eventually played a total of717 performances on Broadway before being producedAnne Frankthroughout America and the world in professional and amateurtheaters. Brooks Atkinson in The New York Times called theplay a “tender, rueful, moving drama. It’s strange how the shining spirit of a young girl now deadcan filter down through the years and inspire a group of theatrical professionals in a foreign land.”New York Herald Tribune drama critic Walter Kerr wrote, “Frances Goodrich and Albert Hacketthave fashioned a wonderfully sensitive narrative out of the real life legacy left us by a spirited andstraightforward Jewish girl. A play that is—for all its pathos—as bright and shining as a banner.”Anne’s Legacy: A “Universal, Idealistic Figure”“As bright and shining as a banner,” “warm,” “tender”—these became descriptions not only of theplay, but of Anne Frank. The words, “In spite of everything, I still believe that people are good atheart” (lifted out of context), encapsulate the image of Anne Frank as a universal, idealistic figure.The play was the first popularization of the events of the Holocaust. As such, it was very much aproduct of its time; it embraced a sense of assimilation and universalism. In 1959, the film versionstarring Millie Perkins as Anne Frank was directed by George Stevens.(See Meyer Levin, The Obsession, 1973). For two differing analyses of this controversy and the roleof playwright Lillian Hellman and others, see An Obsession with Anne Frank, Meyer Levin and theDiary, Lawrence Graver, (Univ. of Ca. Press, 1996) and The Stolen Legacy of Anne Frank: MeyerLevin, Lillian Hellman, and The Staging of the Diary, Ralph Melnick, (Yale Univ. Press, 1997).By Matt SciplePark Square Theatre Literary Manager, 1995-2000www.parksquaretheatre.org page 10
HISTORICAL CONTEXTA Timeline of EventsIN EUROPE AND IN THE LIFE OF THE FRANK FAMILYNovember 11, 1918End of World War I.January 1923The Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party,known as the Nazi Party, holds its first rally inMunich.May 12, 1925Otto Frank and Edith Hollander are married inAachen, Germany.Fall 1925Mein Kampf, Hitler’s autobiography and antiSemitic plan, is published.February 16, 1926The Franks’ first daughter, Margot, is born inFrankfurt, Germany.June 12, 1929October 29, 192
approved by Anne’s father, Otto Frank, who was an advisor for the original production. Examine the changes and discuss the reasons they might have been made. Pages from Anne’s Diary In the Play Anne receives the diary for the first time in the Secret Annex. Its first entry is
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Oct 14, 2013 · The Diary of a Young Girl “Paper has more patience than people” The reworking of the diary of Anne Frank o f all of the interesting aspects of Anne’s diary, one of the most significant is the changes which the diary has undergone since it was originally written. Did you know
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