Chapter 1: DESCRIPTION OF TRANSGENIC RODENT MODELS
ENV/JM/MONO(2008)XXREFERENCESAbu-Shakra, A., E.T. McQueen and M.L. Cunningham (2000) Rapid analysis of base-pairsubstitutions induced by mutagenic drugs through their oxygen radical or epoxidederivatives. Mutat. Res., 470(1): 11–18.Adams, W.T. and T.R. Skopek (1987) Statistical test for the comparison of samples frommutational spectra. J. Mol. Biol., 194(3): 391–396.Adler, I.D. et al. (1997) In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity of the butadiene metabolitesbutadiene diolepoxide, butadiene monoepoxide and diepoxybutane. Mutagenesis,12(5): 339–345.Aidoo, A. et al. (1991) Induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in Fischer 344 ratsfollowing in vivo exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and cyclophosphamide. Environ.Mol. Mutagen., 17(3): 141–151.Aidoo, A. et al. (2005) Effects of daidzein, genistein, and 17β-estradiol on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mutagenicity and uterine dysplasia in ovariectomized rats.Nutr. Cancer, 53(1): 82–90.Allay, E., M. Veigl and S.L. Gerson (1999) Mice over-expressing human O6 alkylguanine–DNA alkyltransferase selectively reduce O6 methylguanine mediated carcinogenicmutations to threshold levels after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Oncogene, 18(25): 3783–3787.Andrew, S.E. et al. (1996) A novel lacI transgenic mutation-detection system and its application to establish baseline mutation frequencies in the scid mouse. Mutat. Res., 357(1–2): 57–66.Anisimov, V.N. (1981) Carcinogenesis and aging. I. Modifying effects of aging on N-methylN-nitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis in female rats. Exp. Pathol., 19(2): 81–90.Arlt, V.M. et al. (2004) DNA adducts and mutagenic specificity of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone in Muta Mouse. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 43(3):186–195.Arrault, X. et al. (2002) Comparison of kinetics of induction of DNA adducts and genemutations by a nitrofuran compound, 7-methoxy-2-nitronaphtho(2,1-b)furan (R7000),in the caecum and small intestine of Big Blue mice. Mutagenesis, 17(4): 353–359.Arrouijal, F.Z. et al. (1990) Genotoxic activity of nickel subsulphide α-Ni3S2. Mutagenesis,5(6): 583–589.Ashby, J. (1995) Transgenic germ cell mutation assays: a small collaborative study. Environ.Mol. Mutagen., 25(1): 1–3.Ashby, J. and H. Tinwell (1994) Use of transgenic mouse lacI/Z mutation assays in genetictoxicology. Mutagenesis, 9(3): 179–181.Ashby, J., N.J. Gorelick and M.D. Shelby (1997) Mutation assays in male germ cells fromtransgenic mice: overview of study and conclusions. Mutat. Res., 388(2–3): 111–122.Ashby, J. et al. (1993) Correlation of carcinogenic potency with mouse-skin 32P-postlabelingand Muta Mouse lac Z mutation data for DMBA and its K-region sulphur isostere:comparison with activities observed in standard genotoxicity assays. Mutat. Res.,292(1): 25–40.Ashby, J. et al. (1994) Mutagenicity of o-anisidine to the bladder of lacI transgenic B6C3F1mice: absence of 14C or 32P bladder DNA adduction. Carcinogenesis, 15(10): 2291–2296.Ashby, J. et al. (1997) Lack of activity of estradiol in rodent bone marrow micronucleusassays. Mutat. Res., 395(1): 83–88.192
ENV/JM/MONO(2008)XXAutrup, H., E.C. Jorgensen and O. Jensen (1996) Aflatoxin B1 induced lacI mutation in liverand kidney of transgenic mice C57BL/6N: effect of phorone. Mutagenesis, 11(1): 69–73.Bergman, K., L. Muller and S.W. Teigen (1996) Series: current issues in mutagenesis andcarcinogenesis, No. 65. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of paracetamol: aregulatory (re)view. Mutat. Res., 349(2): 263–288.Bielas, J.H. and J.A. Heddle (2000) Proliferation is necessary for both repair and mutation intransgenic mouse cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97(21): 11391–11396.Bishop, A.J. et al. (2000) Benzo(a)pyrene and X-rays induce reversions of the pink-eyedunstable mutation in the retinal pigment epithelium of mice. Mutat. Res., 457(1–2):31–40.Bjeldanes, L.F. and H. Chew (1979) Mutagenicity of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds: maltol,kojic acid, diacetyl and related substances. Mutat. Res., 67(4): 367–371.Blakey, D.H. et al. (1995) Cytogenetic mapping of lambda gt10 lacZ sequences in thetransgenic mouse strain 40.6 (Muta Mouse). Mutagenesis, 10(2): 145–148.Bodenstein, L. and R.L. Sidman (1987) Growth and development of the mouse retinalpigment epithelium. I. Cell and tissue morphometrics and topography of mitoticactivity. Dev. Biol., 121(1): 192–204.Boerrigter, M.E. (2004) Mutagenicity of the peroxisome proliferators clofibrate, Wyeth14,643 and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in the lacZ plasmid-based transgenic mousemutation assay. J. Carcinog., 3(1): 7.Boerrigter, M.E. et al. (1995) Plasmid-based transgenic mouse model for studying in vivomutations. Nature, 377(6550): 657–659.Bol, S.A. et al. (2000) Mutational analysis of the liver, colon and kidney of Big Blue ratstreated with 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline. Carcinogenesis, 21(1): 1–6.Bolt, H.M. and B. Gansewendt (1993) Mechanisms of carcinogenicity of methyl halides. Crit.Rev. Toxicol., 23(3): 237–253.Boorman, G.A. et al. (1986) Regression of methyl bromide–induced forestomach lesions inthe rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 86(1): 131–139.Bottin, M.C. et al. (2003) Man-made mineral fiber hazardous properties assessment usingtransgenic rodents: example of glass fiber testing. Inhal. Toxicol., 15(10): 1017–1027.Bottin, M.C. et al. (2006) Genotoxic effects of bitumen fumes in Big Blue transgenic ratlung. Mutat. Res., 596(1–2): 91–105.Boyiri, T. et al. (2004) Mammary carcinogenesis and molecular analysis of in vivo cII genemutations in the mammary tissue of female transgenic rats treated with the environmental pollutant 6-nitrochrysene. Carcinogenesis, 25(4): 637–643.Brault, D. et al. (1996) Tissue-specific induction of mutations by acute oral administration ofN-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and β-propiolactone to the Muta Mouse:preliminary data on stomach, liver and bone marrow. Mutat. Res., 360(2): 83–87.Brault, D. et al. (1999) Kinetics of induction of DNA damage and lacZ gene mutations instomach mucosa of mice treated with β-propiolactone and N-methyl-N′-nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine, using single-cell gel electrophoresis and MutaMouse models.Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 34(2–3): 182–189.Brooks, T.M. and S.W. Dean (1996) Detection of gene mutation in skin, stomach and liver ofMutaMouse following oral or topical treatment with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine or 1-chloromethylpyrene: some preliminary observations. Mutagenesis,11(5): 529–532.Brooks, T.M. et al. (1995) The detection of gene mutation in transgenic mice (Muta Mouse)following a single oral dose of 2-acetylaminofluorene. Mutagenesis, 10(2): 149–150.193
ENV/JM/MONO(2008)XXBuettner, V.L. et al. (1997) Spontaneous mutation frequencies and spectra in p53 / andp53 / mice: a test of the “guardian of the genome” hypothesis in the Big Bluetransgenic mouse mutation detection system. Mutat. Res., 379(1): 13–20.Buettner, V.L. et al. (1999) Tandem-base mutations occur in mouse liver and adipose tissuepreferentially as G:C to T:A transversions and accumulate with age. Environ. Mol.Mutagen., 33(4): 320–324.Burlinson, B. et al. (2007) Fourth International Workgroup on Genotoxicity testing: results ofthe in vivo comet assay workgroup. Mutat. Res., 627(1): 31–35.Butterworth, B.E. et al. (1998) Long-term mutagenicity studies with chloroform and dimethylnitrosamine in female lacI transgenic B6C3F1 mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,31(3): 248–256.Carr, G.J. and N.J. Gorelick (1994) Statistical tests of significance in transgenic mutationassays: considerations on the experimental unit. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 24(4): 276–282.Carr, G.J. and N.J. Gorelick (1995) Statistical design and analysis of mutation studies intransgenic mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 25(3): 246–255.Carr, G.J. and N.J. Gorelick (1996) Mutational spectra in transgenic animal research: dataanalysis and study design based upon the mutant or mutation frequency. Environ.Mol. Mutagen., 28(4): 405–413.Cattley, R.C., J.G. Conway and J.A. Popp (1987) Association of persistent peroxisomeproliferation and oxidative injury with hepatocarcinogenicity in female F-344 rats feddi(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate for 2 years. Cancer Lett., 38(1–2): 15–22.Chang, P.Y. et al. (2001a) HZE particle radiation induces tissue-specific and p53-dependentmutagenesis in transgenic animals. Phys. Med., 17(Suppl. 1): 189–191.Chang, P.Y. et al. (2001b) p53 deficiency alters the yield and spectrum of radiation-inducedlacZ mutants in the brain of transgenic mice. Mutagenesis, 16(1): 7–15.Chang, P.Y. et al. (2003) Genotoxicity and toxicity of the potential cancer-preventive agentpolyphenon E. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 41(1): 43–54.Chang, P.Y. et al. (2005) Proton-induced genetic damage in lacZ transgenic mice. Radiat.Res., 164(4 Pt. 2): 481–486.Chang, P.Y. et al. (2007) Evaluation of the impact of shielding materials in radiation protection in transgenic animals. Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 46(2): 113–118.Chen, L. et al. (2006) Mutations induced by carcinogenic doses of aristolochic acid in kidneyof Big Blue transgenic rats. Toxicol. Lett., 165(3): 250–256.Chen, T. et al. (1998) Comparison of mutant frequencies and types of mutations induced bythiotepa in the endogenous Hprt gene and transgenic lacI gene of Big Blue rats.Mutat. Res., 403(1–2): 199–214.Chen, T. et al. (2001a) Comparison of hprt and lacI mutant frequency with DNA adductformation in N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-treated Big Blue rats. Environ. Mol.Mutagen., 37(3): 195–202.Chen, T. et al. (2001b) Gene- and tissue-specificity of mutation in Big Blue rats treated withthe hepatocarcinogen N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,37(3): 203–214.Chen, T. et al. (2002) Mutations induced by α-hydroxytamoxifen in the lacI and cII genes ofBig Blue transgenic rats. Carcinogenesis, 23(10): 1751–1757.Chen, T. et al. (2005a) Endogenous estrogen status, but not genistein supplementation,modulates 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mutation in the liver cII gene oftransgenic Big Blue rats. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 45(5): 409–418.194
ENV/JM/MONO(2008)XXChen, T. et al. (2005b) 4-Aminobiphenyl induces liver DNA adducts in both neonatal andadult mice but induces liver mutations only in neonatal mice. Int. J. Cancer, 117(2):182–187.Cheng, L., S. Liu and K. Dixon (1998) Analysis of repair and mutagenesis of chromiuminduced DNA damage in yeast, mammalian cells, and transgenic mice. Environ.Health Perspect., 106(Suppl. 4): 1027–1032.Cheng, L. et al. (2000) Chromium(VI)-induced mutagenesis in the lungs of Big Blue transgenic mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 19(3): 239–249.Cohen, J. (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas., 20(1):37–46.Collaborative Study Group for the Transgenic Mouse Mutation Assay (1996) Organ variationin the mutagenicity of ethylnitrosourea in Muta Mouse: results of the collaborativestudy on the transgenic mutation assay by JEMS/MMS. The Collaborative StudyGroup for the Transgenic Mouse Mutation Assay Mammalian Mutagenesis StudyGroup of the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan. Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,28(4): 363–375.Cosentino, L. and J.A. Heddle (1996) A test for neutrality of mutations of the lacZ transgene.Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 28(4): 313–316.Cosentino, L. and J.A. Heddle (1999a) A comparison of the effects of diverse mutagens at thelacZ transgene and Dlb-1 locus in vivo. Mutagenesis, 14(1): 113–119.Cosentino, L. and J.A. Heddle (1999b) Effects of extended chronic exposures on endogenousand transgenic loci: implications for low-dose extrapolations. Environ. Mol.Mutagen., 34(2–3): 208–215.Cosentino, L. and J.A. Heddle (2000) Differential mutation of transgenic and endogenousloci in vivo. Mutat. Res., 454(1–2): 1–10.Crawford, L. and B. Myhr (1995) A preliminary assessment of the toxic and mutagenicpotential of steroidal alkaloids in transgenic mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 33(3): 191–194.Cruz-Munoz, W. et al. (2000) ENU induces mutations in the heart of lacZ transgenic mice.Mutat. Res., 469(1): 23–34.Culp, S.J. et al. (2002) Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in relation to DNA adduct formation in rats fed leucomalachite green. Mutat. Res., 506–507: 55–63.Cunningham, M.L. et al. (1996) Distinction of mutagenic carcinogens from a mutagenicnoncarcinogen in the Big Blue transgenic mouse. Environ. Health Perspect.,104(Suppl. 3): 683–686 [see comments].Cunningham, M.L. and H.B. Matthews (1995) Cell proliferation as a determining factor forthe carcinogenicity of chemicals: studies with mutagenic carcinogens and mutagenicnoncarcinogens. Toxicol. Lett., 82–83: 9–14.da Costa, G.G. et al. (2002) Induction of lacI mutations in Big Blue rats treated withtamoxifen and α-hydroxytamoxifen. Cancer Lett., 176(1): 37–45.Daniel, F.B., G.R. Olson and J.A. Stober (1991) Induction of gastrointestinal tract nuclearanomalies in B6C3F1 mice by e and 3,4-(dichloro)-5-hydroxy-2[5H]-furanone, mutagenic byproducts ofchlorine disinfection. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 17(1): 32–39.Danse, L.H., F.L. van Velsen and C.A. van der Heijden (1984) Methylbromide: carcinogeniceffects in the rat forestomach. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 72(2): 262–271.Davies, R. et al. (1996) Mutational spectra of tamoxifen-induced mutations in the livers oflacI transgenic rats. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 28(4): 430–433.Davies, R. et al. (1997) Tamoxifen causes gene mutations in the livers of lambda/lacItransgenic rats. Cancer Res., 57(7): 1288–1293.195
ENV/JM/MONO(2008)XXDavies, R. et al. (1999) Tamoxifen induces G:C T:A mutations in the cII gene in the liverof lambda/lacI transgenic rats but not at 5′-CpG-3′ dinucleotide sequences as found inthe lacI transgene. Carcinogenesis, 20(7): 1351–1356.Davis, C.D. et al. (1996) In vivo mutagenicity and DNA adduct levels of heterocyclic aminesin Muta mice and c-myc/lacZ double transgenic mice. Mutat. Res., 356(2): 287–296.Dean, S.W. et al. (1998) Benzo(a)pyrene site of contact mutagenicity in skin of Muta Mouse.Mutagenesis, 13(5): 515–518.Dean, S.W. et al. (1999) Transgenic mouse mutation assay systems can play an importantrole in regulatory mutagenicity testing in vivo for the detection of site-of-contactmutagens. Mutagenesis, 14(1): 141–151.de Boer, J.G., J.C. Mirsalis and B.W. Glickman (1999) Mutational spectrum of dimethylnitrosamine in the liver of 3- and 6-week-old lacI transgenic mice. Environ. Mol.Mutagen., 34(2–3): 80–83.de Boer, J.G. et al. (1996) Spectrum of mutations in kidney, stomach, and liver from lacItransgenic mice recovered after treatment with tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate.Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 28(4): 418–423.de Boer, J.G. et al. (1997) Spectrum of spontaneous mutations in liver tissue of lacI transgenic mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 30(3): 273–286.de Boer, J.G. et al. (1998) Spontaneous mutation in lacI transgenic mice: a comparison oftissues. Mutagenesis, 13(2): 109–114.de Boer, J.G. et al. (2000) Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate causes a gradient of mutationsin the cortex and outer and inner medullas of the kidney of lacI transgenic rats.Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 36(1): 1–4.de Boer, J.G. et al. (2004) Chemoprotection against N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-inducedmutation in the rat esophagus. Nutr. Cancer, 50(2): 168–173.DeMarini, D.M. et al. (2000) Mutagenicity in lung of Big Blue mice and induction oftandem-base substitutions in Salmonella by the air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN): predicted formation of intrastrand cross-links. Mutat. Res., 457(1–2): 41–55.Deubel, W. et al. (1996) Age dependent selection against HPRT deficient T lymphocytes inthe HPRT / heterozygous mouse. Mutat. Res., 351(1): 67–77.de Vries, A. et al. (1997) Spontaneous liver tumors and benzo(a)pyrene-induced lymphomasin XPA-deficient mice. Mol. Carcinog., 19(1): 46–53.Dobrovolsky, V.N., D.A. Casciano and R.H. Heflich (1996) Development of a novel mousetk / embryonic stem cell line for use in mutagenicity studies. Environ. Mol.Mutagen., 28(4): 483–489.Dobrovolsky, V.N., D.A. Casciano and R.H. Heflich (1999) Tk / mouse model for detectingin vivo mutation in an endogenous, autosomal gene. Mutat. Res., 423(1–2): 125–136.Dobrovolsky, V.N., T. Chen and R.H. Heflich (1999) Molecular analysis of in vivo mutationsinduced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in the autosomal Tk and the X-linked Hprt genes ofmouse lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 34(1): 30–38.Dobrovolsky, V.N., J.G. Shaddock and R.H. Heflich (2000) 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mutation in the Tk gene of Tk( / ) mice: automated scoring of lymphocyte clones using a fluorescent viability indicator. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 36(4):283–291.Dobrovolsky, V.N., J.G. Shaddock and R.H. Heflich (2002) Mutagenicity of gammaradiation, mitomycin C, and etoposide in the Hprt and Tk genes of Tk( / ) mice.Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 39(4): 342–347.Dolle, M.E. et al. (1996) Evaluation of a plasmid-based transgenic mouse model for detectingin vivo mutations. Mutagenesis, 11(1): 111–118.196
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Ashby, J. and H. Tinwell (1994) Use of transgenic mouse lacI/Z mutation assays in genetic toxicology. Mutagenesis, 9(3): 179–181. . Carr, G.J. and N.J. Gorelick (1995) Statistical design and analysis of mutation studies in transgenic mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 25(3): 246–255. Carr
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
cell pluripotency, tolerance of in vitro cell manipulation, and capacity for homologous recombination make ES cells an excellent method for creating transgenic animals (Primrose and Twyman, 2006). ES cell manipulation has been successful in creating transgenic mice but has not been used to create other larger mammals (Garvin et al., 1998).
Science-Based Concerns Associated with Products from Animal Biotechnology 2002). Although Australian and New Zealand researchers are actively involved in the development of transgenic animals, the major proportion of all transgenic animals are developed outside these countries.
About the husband’s secret. Dedication Epigraph Pandora Monday Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Tuesday Chapter Six Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen
18.4 35 18.5 35 I Solutions to Applying the Concepts Questions II Answers to End-of-chapter Conceptual Questions Chapter 1 37 Chapter 2 38 Chapter 3 39 Chapter 4 40 Chapter 5 43 Chapter 6 45 Chapter 7 46 Chapter 8 47 Chapter 9 50 Chapter 10 52 Chapter 11 55 Chapter 12 56 Chapter 13 57 Chapter 14 61 Chapter 15 62 Chapter 16 63 Chapter 17 65 .
Academic literary criticism prior to the rise of “New Criticism” in the United States tended to practice traditional literary history: tracking influence, establishing the canon of major writers in the literary periods, and clarifying historical context and allusions within the text. Literary biography was and still is an important interpretive method in and out of the academy; versions of .
