New Energy In The Battery Infrastructure
New Energy In TheBattery Infrastructureby Maurice Johnson - Business Development Engineer, UL LLC
Introducing Maurice JohnsonBusiness Development, Energy Systems & e-Mobility at UL LLCBackground Business Development & Senior Engineer for Battery & Energy StorageSystems as well as Fuel Cell Systems and Ultra-Capacitors. Over 20 years of experience in product advising, certifying evaluating,testing, and validating with the last 15 years devoted to batteries, fuelcells and land vehicle converters and inverters. Responsible for enabling the market of ESS & developing strategies toovercome technical challenges. UL’s Regional Lead Reviewer for Fuel Cells and Land VehicleInverters/Converters.Energy & Power TechnologiesMaurice JohnsonBusiness Development& Senior Engineer
UL LLCWe Provide GlobalMarket AcceptanceOur marks are on nearly 22billion products worldwide, peryear, signaling peace of mind toconsumers, customers,businesses, and governments.
Lithium ion Battery Incidents Over the YearsSince its commercialization, there have been well publicizedsafety incidents involving lithium ion batteries used in consumerproducts 2005-2006 Notebook Computer Fires 2013-2015 E-cigarette Fires 2014-2015 Power Bank Fires 2015-2016 Hoverboard Fires 2016 Samsung Galaxy Note 7Cell Phone FiresUL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2018.4
PROTECTING AGAINSTFAILURE EVENTS Mitsubishi Materials Corporation (Japan2011)– 2 MWh Sodium Sulfur system, thermalrunaway Kahuku Wind farm (USA, 2012)– 15 MWh, Advanced lead acid battery The Landing Mall (USA, 2013)– 50 kWh Li-ion ESS system in a shoppingmall, thermal runaway Engie Electrabel (Belgium, 2017)– 20 MWh Li-ion facility, thermalrunaway
IMPORTANCE OFENERGYSTORAGEEnabling the Smart GridPeak Demand &EconomicsGrid Reliability & ResiliencyGrid Balancing & Load LevelingSupporting Renewables by MitigatingIntermittency
INSTALLATION OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMSEnergy storage systems (ESS) utilized for these various applications, may besubject to the local installation codes depending upon where they are installed.ESS may be located on commercial sites or other private property that aresubject to Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) inspections.The AHJs in these areas rely upon municipal building and fire codes basedupon model codes developed by organizations such as National FireProtection Agency (NFPA) and International Code Council (ICC).UL and the UL logo are trademarks of UL LLC 2018. Proprietary &Confidential.7
CODES IMPACTING ENERGY STORAGENFPA 70 (NEC)2017 Article 706Energy StorageEquipment:Monitors, controls,switches, fuses,circuit breakers,power conversionsystems, invertersand transformers,energy storagecomponents, andother componentsof the energystorage systemother than leadacid batteries,shall be listed.Alternatively, selfcontained ESSshall be listed as acomplete energystorage system.UL 9540 isreferenced.NFPA 1 (2018)Mirrors proposalsfor ICC IFC withregard to Listingof systems to UL9540.NFPA 855 (2019)Standard forInstallation ofEnergy StorageSystems (underdevelopment).Includes referenceto UL 9540 andidentifies areaswhere equipmentwill need to belisted.ICC IFC (2018)Listings. Storagebatteries andbattery storagesystems shallcomply with all ofthe following:Storage batteriesshall be listed inaccordance withUL 1973.Prepackaged andpre-engineeredstationary storagebattery systemsshall be listed inaccordance withUL 9540.
UL STANDARDS
UL 9540Energy Storage System and Equipment
UL 9540Energy Storage Systems andEquipment Safety Standard Includes energy storage systemsthat are: Standalone to provide energyfor local loads In parallel with an electricpower system / electric utilitygrid Able to perform multipleoperational modes For use in utility-interactiveapplications in compliance withIEEE 1547 and IEEE 1547.1 For use in other applicationsintended to provide gridsupport functionality(May include balance of plantand other ancillary equipmentof the system)
UL 9540Scope Safety Standard Energy StorageSystemsintended for connectionto a localor utility grid or for astandby application Electrochemical,Chemical, Mechanical,and Thermal ANSI/CAN UL 9540: Binational (USA &Canada)Energy StorageSystem (ESS):Stores energy in some formand provides electrical energyfor use when needed
Technologies CoveredThe scope of UL 9540 covers multiple technologies: Electrochemical, Chemical, Mechanical, ThermalTechnologyInput EnergyConversionMechanismEnergy StorageMechanismOutput teryConverterChemicalWater Electrolysis H2GeneratorHydrogen StorageFuel CellMechanicalAir CompressorFlywheelMotor GeneratorThermalHeat PumpThermal StorageHeat Generator
Typical Applications by TechnologyTechnologyLithium IonCompressed AirFlow BatteriesApplication Power quality Frequency regulation Energy management Backup and seasonal reserves Renewable integration Demand Charge Reduction Peak Shaving Time Shifting Frequency regulation Power qualitySodium Beta Power quality Renewables SupportElectrochemical Capacitors Power quality Frequency regulationThermal Energy Storage Load leveling and regulation Grid stabilization
UL 9540Utility Grid Interaction UL 1741 including itsSupplement SAorThe Standard for General UsePower Supplies, C22.2 No.107.1, including: IEEE 1547, 1547.1, 1547A,1547.1A NERC PRC-024-1 asapplicable
UL 1973Batteries for use in Stationary, Vehicle AuxiliaryPower and Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications
UL 1973Scope Safety Standard forCells,Modules and BatterySystems Non-technology specificand includes specificcriteria for: Lithium ion Nickel Lead Acid Sodium Beta Flow Batteries ElectrochemicalCapacitors(ultracaps) Construction & testing(type and routine)criteria
UL 1973UL 1973 Construction Materials Enclosures Electrical Spacings, Insulationand Grounding Wiring and ElectricalComponents Safety Analysis/FMEA Controls and Functional Safety Cells/Stack Technology SpecificCriteria Lithium ion, Nickel, LeadAcid, Sodium Beta, FlowBatteries, Ultracapcitors
UL 1973 TESTSElectrical Overcharge Short Circuit Over discharge Protection Imbalanced Charging Temperature Dielectric Voltage Withstand Continuity Failure of Cooling/Thermal StabilitySystem Strain Relief TestsEnvironmental Resistance to Moisture Salt Fog External Fire ExposureSingle Cell Failure Tolerance(formerly Internal FireExposure)Mechanical Static ForceImpactDrop ImpactWall Mount Fixture/HandleMold Stress19
UL 9540AThermal Runaway Fire Propagation WithinBattery Energy Storage Systems
UL 9540AScope Provide fire test dataand acceptancethresholds to meetfire safety objectivesincluded in the modelfire and other codes(large scale fault andfire testing)Status Outline of investigationstandard Published in September2017After Publication of ULSubject 9540A Include as Appendix inUL 9540
UL 9540A ADDRESSES KEY FIRE SAFETYCONCERNSBESS Installation Parameters Enables determination ofseparation distances between unitsto minimize unit-to-unit firepropagation Enables determination ofseparation distances between unitsand enclosure walls Enables determination of potentialof fire spread to overhead cablingFire Protection (Integral or External) Evaluates fire protection strategiesInstallation Ventilation Requirements Quantifies deflagration potential Quantifies heat generationFire Service Strategy and Tactics Characterizes magnitude of potentialfire event Documents re-ignitions within a BESSunit under test Documents gases generated
UL 9540ACell Level TestModule LevelTestUnit Level TestInstallationLevel Test Whether cell can exhibit thermal runaway Thermal runaway characteristics Gas composition (flammability) Propensity for propagation of thermalrunaway Heat and gas release rates (severity/duration) Flaming/deflagration hazards Evaluation of fire spreadHeat and gas release rates (severity/duration)Deflagration hazardsRe-ignition hazards Effectiveness of fire protection system(s)Heat and gas release rates (severity/duration)Deflagration hazardsRe-ignition hazards
UL 9540A – USE IN INDUSTRYEnergy Storage SystemUL 9540A Test MethodFire Test nsorFire ProtectionConsultantBuildingOwnerOther AHJFireDepartment
IEC STANDARDS ACTIVITY
IEC STANDARDSEnergy Storage System Standards - IEC 62933 series are either published orunder development:1. IEC 62933-1, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems - Part 1:Vocabulary2. IEC 62933-2-1, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems - Part 2-1: Unitparameters and testing methods - General specification3. IEC 62933-3-1, Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems - Part 3-1:Planning and installation- General specifications4. IEC TS 62933-4-1, Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 4-1:Guidance on environmental issues - General specification5. IEC TS 62933-5-1, Electrical energy storage (EES) systems - Part 5-1:Safety considerations for grid-integrated EES systems - Generalspecification6. IEC 62933-5-2, Safety considerations related to the integrated electricalenergy storage (EES) systems – Batteries - publishedUL and the UL logo are trademarks of ULLLC 2018. Proprietary & Confidential.26
Key Energy Storage IECStandardsStandard No.TitleScope SummaryIEC 62933-5-1Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) SystemsPart 5-1: Safety considerations for gridintegrated EES systemsIEC 62933-5-2Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) SystemsSafety of batteryPart 5-2: Safety considerations related to gridenergy storageintegrated electrical energy storage (EES)systemssystems - electrochemical based systems(under development)General safety TSfor energy storage
IEC 62933-5-1 & IEC 62933-5-2Scope (IEC 62933-5-1) Technical specification thatspecifies safety considerations(e.g. hazards identification,risk assessment,risk mitigation) applicable toEES systems integrated withthe electrical grid Provides criteria to foster thesafe application and use ofelectric energy storagesystems of any type or sizeintended for grid-integratedapplicationsScope (IEC 672933-5-2) Safety standard for ESSs thatuse electrochemical storagetechnologies Provides technology specificsafety criteria in addition to thegeneral safety criteria of thePart 1 TS.
IEC 62933-5-2 References IEC 62933-5-1 for general safety considerations Identifies hazards specific to battery energy storage systems (BESS)– e.g. potential hazards when working on energized electrical circuits &equipment– e.g. potential hazards associated with chemical systems such aselectrolyte spills, off gassing, etc. Groups electrochemical technologies of BESS into categories– Identifies hazards specific to the groups that need to be addressed in therisk and hazard assessmentBattery Chemistry CategoriesGroup ABESS using non-aqueous electrolyte battery (e.g. Li-based)Group BBESS using aqueous electrolyte battery (e.g. Lead acid, Ni -based)Group CBESS using high temperature battery (e.g. NaS, NaNiCl)Group DBESS using flow batteryGroup EOthersNote 1: Chemical based supercapacitors are included in Group E.Note 2: Combinations of two or more Groups of battery chemistry are included in Group E.
Pulling Them All Together - Global Adoption andHarmony of UL Standards That Address ESSUL Standard toAddress theSafety of EnergyStorage SystemsUL Standard toAddress The Safetyof Battery StorageUL 1973UL 1741UL Standard toAddress Safety ofEquipment Usedwith DistributedEnergy ResourcesUL 9540International FireCode ReferencesUL9540/ UL9540AUL 9540AUL Standard toAddress FirePropagation ofESSICC/IFC/NFPA Performance Mar. 7Mar. 8Due DiligenceActivitiesSo not only does UL consider safety and sustainability ofESS, but also are interested in the performance over the lifeof the system30
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APPENDIX - IEC STANDARDS
IEC STANDARDSLithium ion Batteries:1. IEC 62619, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acidelectrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use inindustrial applications2. IEC 62620, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acidelectrolytes for use in industrial applications3. IEC 63056, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acidelectrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use inelectrical energy storage systems4. IEC 62485-5, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations - Part- 5 : Lithium-ion batteries for stationary applicationsSodium High Temperature Batteries1. IEC 62984-1, High temperature secondary batteries - Part 1: General aspects, definitionsand tests2. IEC 62984-2, High Temperature secondary Batteries – Part 2: Safe operation of hightemperature batteries3. IEC 62984-3-1, High Temperature secondary Batteries – Part 3: Sodium-based batteries– Section 1: Safety requirements and tests of cells and batteries4. IEC 62984-3-2, High Temperature secondary Batteries – Part 3: Sodium-based batteries– Section 2: Performance requirements and tests5. - PublishedUL and the UL logo are trademarks of ULLLC 2018. Proprietary & Confidential.35
IEC STANDARDSFlow Batteries1. IEC 62932-1Flow Battery Systems for Stationary applications - Part 1 GeneralAspects, Terminology and Definition2. IEC 62932-2-1, Flow Battery Systems for Stationary applications - Part 2-1Performance general requirement & method of test3. IEC 62932-2-2, Flow Battery Systems for Stationary applications - Part 2-2 SafetyrequirementsLead Acid1. IEC 60896-11, Stationary lead-acid batteries - Part 11: Vented types - Generalrequirements and methods of test2. IEC 60896-21, Stationary lead-acid batteries - Part 21: Valve regulated types Methods of test3. IEC 60896-22, Stationary lead-acid batteries - Part 22: Valve regulated types –Requirements4. IEC 62485-1, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations- Part 1: General safety information5. IEC 62485-2, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations- Part 2: Stationary batteries - PublishedUL and the UL logo are trademarks of ULLLC 2018. Proprietary & Confidential.36
IEC STANDARDSNickel Batteries1. IEC 60622, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other nonacid electrolytes - Sealed nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells2. IEC 60623, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other nonacid electrolytes - Vented nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells3. IEC 62675, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other nonacid electrolytes - Sealed nickel-metal hydride prismatic rechargeable singlecells4. IEC 63115-1, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other nonacid electrolytes - Sealed nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cells and modulesfor use in industrial applications - Part 1: Performance5. IEC 63115-2, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other nonacid electrolytes - Sealed nickel-metal hydride rechargeable cells and modulesfor use in industrial applications - Part 2: Safety6. IEC 62485-1, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and batteryinstallations - Part 1: General safety information7. IEC 62485-2, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and batteryinstallations - Part 2: Stationary batteries - PublishedUL and the UL logo are trademarks of ULLLC 2018. Proprietary & Confidential.37
IEC STANDARDS Lithium ion Batteries: 1. IEC 62619, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications 2. IEC 62620, Secondary
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