Guidelines For Resistance Spot Welding
003335E2018 08ProcessesResistance SpotWeldingDescriptionResistance Spot WelderGuidelines ForResistance SpotWeldingFor product information,Owner’s Manual translations,and more, visitwww.MillerWelds.com
TABLE OF CONTENTSSECTION 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS - READ BEFORE USING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1. Symbol Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2. Resistance Spot Welding Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3. Additional Symbols For Installation, Operation, And Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4. California Proposition 65 Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5. Principal Safety Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6. EMF Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTION 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1. Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2. Heat Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3. The Time Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4. Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5. Electrode Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6. Practical Uses Of Resistance Spot Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7. Electrode Tip Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8. Pressure Or Welding Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9. Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10. Surface Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11. Materials Data For Resistance Spot Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-12. Mild Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13. Low Alloy And Medium Carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14. Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-15. Steels, Dip Coated Or Plated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16. Aluminum And Aluminum Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18. Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTION 4 MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1. Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2. Dressing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-3. Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11123334444555666677777888899910
SECTION 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS - READ BEFORE USINGspotom 2018-01Protect yourself and others from injury — read, follow, and save these important safety precautions and operating instructions.1-1. Symbol UsageDANGER! Indicates a hazardous situation which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury. Thepossible hazards are shown in the adjoining symbolsor explained in the text.Indicates a hazardous situation which, if not avoided,could result in death or serious injury. The possiblehazards are shown in the adjoining symbols or explained in the text.NOTICE Indicates statements not related to personal injury. Indicates special instructions.This group of symbols means Warning! Watch Out! ELECTRICSHOCK, MOVING PARTS, and HOT PARTS hazards. Consult symbols and related instructions below for necessary actions to avoid thehazards.1-2. Resistance Spot Welding HazardsThe symbols shown below are used throughout this manualto call attention to and identify possible hazards. When yousee the symbol, watch out, and follow the related instructionsto avoid the hazard. The safety information given below isonly a summary of the more complete safety informationfound in the Safety Standards listed in Section 1-5. Read andfollow all Safety Standards.Only qualified persons should install, operate, maintain, andrepair this equipment. A qualified person is defined as onewho, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, orprofessional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated ability tosolve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, thework, or the project and has received safety training to recognize and avoid the hazards involved. ELECTRIC SHOCK can kill.Touching live electrical parts can cause fatal shocksor severe burns. The input power circuit andmachine internal circuits are also live when power ison. Incorrectly installed or improperly groundedequipment is a hazard. During operation, keep everybody, especially children, away.SPOT WELDING can cause fire or explosion.Sparks can fly off from the welding arc. The flyingsparks, hot workpiece, and hot equipment cancause fires and burns. Accidental contact of electrode to metal objects can cause sparks, explosion,overheating, or fire. Check and be sure the area is safe before doingany welding. Remove all flammables within 35 ft (10.7 m) of the weld. If this is notpossible, tightly cover them with approved covers.Do not spot weld where flying sparks can strike flammable material.Protect yourself and others from flying sparks and hot metal.Be alert that welding sparks can easily go through small cracks andopenings to adjacent areas.Watch for fire, and keep a fire extinguisher nearby.Do not weld on containers that have held combustibles, or onclosed containers such as tanks, drums, or pipes unless they areproperly prepared according to AWS F4.1 and AWS A6.0 (seeSafety Standards).Do not weld where the atmosphere can contain flammable dust,gas, or liquid vapors (such as gasoline).Remove any combustibles, such as a butane lighter or matches,from your person before doing any welding.After completion of work, inspect area to ensure it is free of sparks,glowing embers, and flames.Do not exceed the equipment rated capacity.Use only correct fuses or circuit breakers. Do not oversize orbypass them.Follow requirements in OSHA 1910.252 (a) (2) (iv) and NFPA 51Bfor hot work and have a fire watcher and extinguisher nearby.Wear body protection made from durable, flame resistant material(leather, heavy cotton, wool). Body protection includes oil-freeclothing such as leather gloves, heavy shirt, cuffless trousers, highshoes, and a cap. Do not touch live electrical parts.Wear dry, hole-free insulating gloves and body protection.Additional safety precautions are required when any of the followingelectrically hazardous conditions are present: in damp locations orwhile wearing wet clothing; on metal structures such as floors, gratings, or scaffolds; when in cramped positions such as sitting,kneeling, or lying; or when there is a high risk of unavoidable or accidental contact with the workpiece or ground. For these conditions,see ANSI Z49.1 listed in Safety Standards. And, do not work alone!Disconnect input power before installing or servicing this equipment. Lockout/tagout input power according to OSHA 29 CFR1910.147 (see Safety Standards).Properly install, ground, and operate this equipment according tothis manual and national, state, and local codes.Always verify the supply ground check and be sure that input power cord ground wire is properly connected to ground terminal indisconnect box or that cord plug is connected to a properlygrounded receptacle outlet.When making input connections, attach the grounding conductorfirst double-check connections.Keep cords dry, free of oil and grease, and protected from hot metaland sparks.Frequently inspect input power cord and ground conductor for damage or bare wiring replace immediately if damaged bare wiringcan kill.Turn off all equipment when not in use.For water-cooled equipment, check and repair or replace any leaking hoses or fittings. Do not use any electrical equipment if you arewet or in a wet area.Use only well-maintained equipment. Repair or replace damagedparts at once.Wear a safety harness if working above floor level.Keep all panels, covers, and guards securely in place.003335 Page 1
FLYING SPARKS can injure.FUMES AND GASES can be hazardous.Very often sparks fly off from the joint area.Welding produces fumes and gases. Breathingthese fumes and gases can be hazardous to yourhealth. Wear approved face shield or safety goggleswith side shields.Wear body protection made from durable, flame resistant material(leather, heavy cotton, wool). Body protection includes oil-freeclothing such as leather gloves, heavy shirt, cuffless trousers, highshoes, and a cap.Protect others in nearby areas by using approved flame-resistant ornoncombustible fire curtains or shields. Have all nearby personswear safety glasses with side shields. HOT PARTS can burn. Do not touch hot parts bare handed. Allow cooling period before working onequipment.To handle hot parts, use proper tools and/or wear heavy, insulated welding gloves and clothing to prevent burns.MOVING PARTS can injure.The tong tips, tongs, and linkages move duringoperation. Keep away from moving parts. Keep your head out of the fumes. Do not breathe the fumes.Ventilate the work area and/or use local forced ventilation at the arcto remove welding fumes and gases. The recommended way to determine adequate ventilation is to sample for the composition andquantity of fumes and gases to which personnel are exposed.If ventilation is poor, wear an approved air-supplied respirator.Read and understand the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) and the manufacturer’s instructions for adhesives, coatings, cleaners,consumables, coolants, degreasers, fluxes, and metals.Work in a confined space only if it is well ventilated, or while wearingan air-supplied respirator. Always have a trained watchpersonnearby. Welding fumes and gases can displace air and lower theoxygen level causing injury or death. Be sure the breathing air issafe.Do not weld in locations near degreasing, cleaning, or spraying operations. The heat and rays of the arc can react with vapors to formhighly toxic and irritating gases.Do not weld on coated metals, such as galvanized, lead, orcadmium plated steel, unless the coating is removed from the weldarea, the area is well ventilated, and while wearing an air-suppliedrespirator. The coatings and any metals containing these elementscan give off toxic fumes if welded.Keep away from pinch points.Do not put hands between tips.Keep all guards and panels securely in place.OSHA and/or local codes can require additional guarding to suit theapplication.1-3. Additional Symbols For Installation, Operation, And MaintenanceFIRE OR EXPLOSION hazard. Do not install or place unit on, over, or nearcombustible surfaces. Do not install or operate unit near flammables. Do not overload building wiring be sure power supply system isproperly sized, rated, and protected to handle this unit.FALLING EQUIPMENT can injure. Use correct procedures and equipment of adequate capacity to lift and support unit. Follow the guidelines in the Applications Manualfor the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation (Publication No. 94 110) when manually lifting heavy parts or equipment. Secure unit during transport so it cannot tip or fall.READ INSTRUCTIONS. Read and follow all labels and the Owner’sManual carefully before installing, operating, orservicing unit. Read the safety information atthe beginning of the manual and in eachsection. Use only genuine replacement parts from the manufacturer. Perform installation, maintenance, and service according to theOwner’s Manuals, industry standards, and national, state, andlocal codes.003335 Page 2FLYING METAL or DIRT can injure eyes. Wear approved safety glasses with sideshields or wear face shield.ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (EMF)can affect Implanted Medical Devices. Wearers of Pacemakers and other ImplantedMedical Devices should keep away. Implanted Medical Device wearers should consult their doctorand the device manufacturer before going near arc welding, spotwelding, gouging, plasma arc cutting, or induction heatingoperations.OVERUSE can cause OVERHEATING. Allow cooling period; follow rated duty cycle. Reduce duty cycle before starting to weldagain.BATTERY EXPLOSION can injure. Do not use welder to charge batteries or jumpstart vehicles unless it has a battery chargingfeature designed for this purpose.
1-4. California Proposition 65 WarningsWARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals including lead, which are known to the state of California tocause cancer and birth defects or other reproductiveharm.For more information, go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.1-5. Principal Safety StandardsSafety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, ANSI Standard Z49.1,is available as a free download from the American Welding Society athttp://www.aws.org or purchased from Global Engineering Documents(phone: 1-877-413-5184, website: www.global.ihs.com).OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 1910.177 SubpartN, Part 1910 Subpart Q, and Part 1926, Subpart J, from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954,Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 (phone: 1-866-512-1800) (there are 10 OSHA Regional Offices—phone for Region 5, Chicago, is 312-353-2220,website: www.osha.gov).National Electrical Code, NFPA Standard 70, from National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA 02169 (phone: 1-800-344-3555, website:www.nfpa.org and www. sparky.org).Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, CSA StandardW117.2, from Canadian Standards Association, Standards Sales, 5060Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L4W 5NS(phone: 800-463-6727, website: www.csagroup.org).Safe Practices for Welding and Cutting Containers that have Held Combustibles, American Welding Society Standard AWS A6.0, from GlobalEngineering Documents (phone: 1-877-413-5184,website: www.global.ihs.com).Safe Practice For Occupational And Educational Eye And Face Protection, ANSI Standard Z87.1, from American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036 (phone: 212-642-4900, website: www.ansi.org).Standard for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other HotWork, NFPA Standard 51B, from National Fire Protection Association,Quincy, MA 02169 (phone: 1-800-344-3555, website: www.nfpa.org).1-6. EMF InformationElectric current flowing through any conductor causes localized electricand magnetic fields (EMF). The current from arc welding (and allied processes including spot welding, gouging, plasma arc cutting, andinduction heating operations) creates an EMF field around the weldingcircuit. EMF fields can interfere with some medical implants, e.g. pacemakers. Protective measures for persons wearing medical implantshave to be taken. For example, restrict access for passers by or conduct individual risk assessment for welders. All welders should use thefollowing procedures in order to minimize exposure to EMF fields fromthe welding circuit:1. Keep cables close together by twisting or taping them, or using acable cover.2. Do not place your body between welding cables. Arrange cablesto one side and away from the operator.4. Keep head and trunk as far away from the equipment in thewelding circuit as possible.5. Connect work clamp to workpiece as close to the weld aspossible.6. Do not work next to, sit or lean on the welding power source.7. Do not weld whilst carrying the welding power source or wirefeeder.About Implanted Medical Devices:Implanted Medical Device wearers should consult their doctor and thedevice manufacturer before performing or going near arc welding, spotwelding, gouging, plasma arc cutting, or induction heating operations.If cleared by your doctor, then following the above procedures is recommended.3. Do not coil or drape cables around your body.003335 Page 3
SECTION 2 INTRODUCTIONResistance welding is one of the oldest of the electric weldingprocesses in use by industry today. The weld is made by acombination of heat, pressure, and time. As the name resistancewelding implies, it is the resistance of the material to be welded tocurrent flow that causes a localized heating in the part. The pressureexerted by the tongs and electrode tips, through which the currentflows, holds the parts to be welded in intimate contact before, during,TRANSFORMERand after the welding current time cycle. The required amount of timecurrent flows in the joint is determined by material thickness andtype, the amount of current flowing, and the cross-sectional area ofthe welding tip contact surfaces. In the illustration below a completesecondary resistance spot welding circuit is illustrated. For clarity, thevarious parts of the resistance spot welding machine are identified.TONGST1PSELECTRODE TIPSWORKPIECETONGSResistance Spot Welding Machine With WorkpieceSECTION 3 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESISTANCE SPOTWELDING3-1. PrincipleResistance welding is accomplished when current is caused to flowthrough electrode tips and the separate pieces of metal to be joined.The resistance of the base metal to electrical current flow causeslocalized heating in the joint, and the weld is made.The resistance spot weld is unique because the actual weld nuggetis formed internally in relation to the surface of the base metal.Figure 3-1 shows a resistance spot weld nugget compared to a gastungsten-arc (TIG) spot weld.RESISTANCE SPOTÉÉÉÉÉÉTUNGSTEN ARC SPOTFigure 3-1. Resistance And TIG Spot WeldComparisonworkpiece holds the part in close and intimate contact during themaking of the weld. Remember, however, that resistance spotwelding machines are NOT designed as force clamps to pull theworkpieces togethe
from your person before doing any welding. After completion of work, inspect area to ensure it is free of sparks, glowing embers, and flames. Do not exceed the equipment rated capacity. Use only correct fuses or circuit breakers. Do not oversize or bypass them. Follo
Unit 9 – Resistance Welding Spot Welding Lap Joint Duration – 3.5 Hours Learning Outcome: By the end of this unit each apprentice will be able to: Read drawing and interpret weld symbol Prepare material for spot welding Set-up spot welding machine Spot weld mild steel lap joi
6.3 Mechanised/automatic welding 114 6.4 TIG spot and plug welding 115 7 MIG welding 116 7.1 Introduction 116 7.2 Process principles 116 7.3 Welding consumables 130 7.4 Welding procedures and techniques 135 7.5 Mechanised and robotic welding 141 7.6 Mechanised electro-gas welding 143 7.7 MIG spot welding 144 8 Other welding processes 147 8.1 .
seam butt welding resistance butt welding flash butt welding resistance butt welding shielded unshielded other process plasma laser resistance butt welding inert gas welding submerged arc welding atomic hydrogen shielded metal arc welding (coated electrode) esepl w w w . e u r e k a e l e c t r o d e s .
Resistance Spot Welder Resistance Spot Welding 003 335A July 2005 Visit our website at www.MillerWelds.com HANDBOOK FOR Resistance Spot Welding WARNING This document contains general information about the topics discussed herein. This document is not an application manual and does not cont
butt seam welding 6-14 resistance cutting 6-16 section 2 materials low carbon steels 7a_ introduction 7-1 general principles 7-1 spot welding 7-3 projection welding 7-11 seam welding 7-12 roll spot welds 7-13 mash seam welds 7-13 flash welding 7-13 upset welding 7-16 resistance welds in scaly stock 7-17 high carbon and low alloy steels 6 .
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needed for spot welding aluminum al- loys are the driving forces for the study of cracking in resistance spot welding AA5754 sheets. Because single spot welds are rarely used in welded struc- tures, multispot welds were chosen for this investigation. The influence of metallurgical interaction among spot
Keywords: Hybrid Joining, Aluminium, UHSS, Resistance spot welding, Process tape I. INTRODUCTION Although joining steel to aluminium with different thermal welding processes has been investigated [1-3], resistance spot welding of these two materials is still not fully explored. Joining of aluminium with steel using an
