Name(s): HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 14a Lab .

HASPI Medical Anatomy & Physiology 14aLab ActivityName(s):Period: Date:The Respiratory SystemA healthy respiratory system is crucial to an individual’soverall health, and respiratory distress is often one of thefirst indicators of a life-threatening illness. The function ofthe respiratory system is to exchange gases between theexternal air and the body. The lungs are the primary organof the respiratory system that performs this function.The lungs take up a large portion of the thoracic cavity andare actually attached to the surface of the thoracic cavity bya sticky pleural membrane. The pleural membrane producesa liquid called surfactant that allows the lung to stick to the ribs.On occasion, air gets caught in the space between the lungsand the thoracic cavity and can cause the lungs to collapse.This may be caused by trauma, infection, or can occurspontaneously.The amount of oxygen needed by the body, and carbondioxide produced by the body, can vary greatly dependingon an individual’s activity level. Exercise can increase theneed for energy produced by cellular respiration, andtherefore the oxygen demanded by the body, by 25 times.An increase in the rate of respiration can meet this demand.https://www.lung.ca/children/images/grades7 12/the respitatory system.gifProcess of RespirationStepProcessThe intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs up, and the diaphragm contracts and12345678910moves down, pulling air into the body through the mouth or nostrils.Air passes through the nasopharynx or oral pharynx through the epiglottis, which preventsfood from entering the trachea.The trachea contains tiny hair-like cilia and mucus that catch any particles in the air thatcould be harmful to the lungs, and moves them back up the trachea to be spit out.Air moves down the trachea, which branches into the right and left bronchi.Right and left bronchi continue to branch, much like an upside-down tree, into smaller limbscalled bronchioles.The bronchioles end in tiny clusters of air sacs called alveoli. where gas exchange will occur.Alveoli have extremely thin membranes surrounded by pulmonary capillaries from thecardiovascular system. An adult has approximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs for gasexchange.Oxygen that has been pulled into the alveoli diffuse through the alveoli membrane and intothe capillaries to be circulated throughout the body for cellular respiration.Carbon dioxide that has been created by the body through cellular respiration is brought bythe capillaries to the alveoli and diffuses into the alveoli.The diaphragm relaxes, moving up and causing air in the alveoli to be exhaled.543

Respiration ControlHow does the body recognize the need for more oxygen? Actually, it is the increase in the amount ofcarbon dioxide that signals the brain to increase the rate of respiration. A cluster of cells located inthe medulla oblongata of the brain quickly recognizes the drop in pH of the body that occurs whenthere is more carbon dioxide present. This causes the medulla oblongata to send nerve impulses toincrease the activity of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, which causes an increase inrespiration. Once the level of carbon dioxide decreases, and therefore the pH level, the medullaoblongata stops sending these impulses. A normal adult has a respiratory rate of 12-24 breaths perminute that can increase dramatically with heavy exercise.Respiratory DisordersOpen airways are important for overall health. Inflammation, swelling, excess mucus, and a variety ofother abnormalities caused by disease or disorders can affect the ability of the lungs to provideenough oxygen and/or remove carbon dioxide from the body. The following table summarizes only afew common disorders. Prevalence and mortality is based on annual numbers from rtalityRateCough, infections, dyspnea,wheezing, fatigue24 million120,9709.8 million10,87810,5285293.8 million6393 million60,000208,493158,59230,0003,70824.6 Disorder (COPD)Progressive disease that makes itmore difficult to breath; includesemphysema and chronic bronchitisEmphysemaAlveoli become weak and lose abilityto stretchTuberculosisBacterial infection by ng and inflammation of thebronchiPneumoniaInflammation and fluid in the lungsLung CancerMass of uncontrolled cell growth inthe lungsCystic FibrosisRecessive genetic disease thatcauses mucus to build up in thelungsAsthmaInflammation of the bronchial tubesDyspnea, chest pain,cough, wheezingCough with blood or mucus,fatigue, fever, chills, nightsweat, weight lossCough, mucus, fatigue,chills, fever, chest painCough, muscle ache,nausea, vomiting, dyspnea,chills, feverRecurrent cough, chestpain, dyspnea, wheezing,headache, weight lossSalty skin, infections,weight loss, cough, bowelabnormalitiesCough, dyspnea, chestpain, wheezingDiagnostic Tests for Respiratory DisordersThere are many tests that can be performed to assess and treat respiratory distress and/or disorders.The following list summarizes a few common procedures. Pulse Oximetry - Tests the percentage of oxygen in the blood. 95% or more is a normal level,and any less would indicate a lack of perfusion (oxygen circulating around the blood). Arterial Blood Gas Levels - A blood sample is taken and the amounts of oxygen and carbondioxide found in the blood are measured. Chest X-ray – Used to visualize any masses, congestion, or infection that has accumulated inthe lungs or thoracic cavity. Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) - Tests the lung capacity, volume, speed of airflow, andthe overall functioning of the lungs. Spirometry – Part of a PFT that specifically assesses lung capacity and volume.544

Station 1: Anatomy Posters (4)Station 2: Spirometers (3), alcohol wipesStation 3: Histology Posters (4)Station 4: Stethoscopes (3), TimerStation 5: Disease Posters (5)Station 6: Patient Question Cards (3 sets)This is a station lab activity. There are 6 stations set up around the classroom. Each station will takeapproximately 10-15 minutes.Station 1: The Respiratory SystemRespiratory System Anatomy – Using the “Respiratory System” chart, identify the labeled organs orparts of the organ A-S in Table 1 below. If there are any that you cannot identify, use a textbook oronline resource. A smaller version of the charts are included for later review.Table 1: The Respiratory -medical.com/photos/Respiratory-system.gifTable 2: The mages/part3/50.jpg545

Table 3: The lveoli.jpgInhalation and Exhalation – Using the “Inhalation and Exhalation” chart, fill in the muscles involvedin inhalation and exhalation as well as the movements they perform in Table 4.Table 4.InhalationAccessory MuscleFunctionPrincipal MuscleFunctionExhalationActive Muscles546Function

Station 2: SpirometryMeasuring the capacity of the lungs isan important indication of possiblerespiratory distress. A pulmonaryfunction test (PFT) measures lungfunction, and one of the most commontools to measure volume and capacityis the spirometer. The capacity andvolume of the lungs differ according tosex, age, body type, and fitness level.For regular day-to-day activities onlyabout 30-40% of the lung capacity is %20spirogram.jpgWith regular aerobic exercise, it is possible to increase the overall capacity of the lungs. Throughdisease, environmental factors, or lifestyle choices it is also possible to reduce the capacity of thelungs. For example, asthma, emphysema, air pollution, altitude, weather, and/or smoking can allreduce lung capacity and volume.Directions1. There are three spirometers located at this station. Use an alcohol wipe to clean off themouthpiece on one of the spirometers.2. Using Table 5 below, determine your tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratoryreserve volume, and vital capacity using the spirometer. The “How is it Measured?” columngives directions on how to conduct each measurement.3. Calculate the residual volume and total lung capacity from the measurements you collect.4. Record your measurements in the “Your Results” column.SpirometerMeasurementHow is itMeasured?Tidal VolumeExhale normally into theAmount of air exhaled orspirometerinhaled in a normal breathExpiratory Reserve Volume Inhale normally and exhaleAmount of air that can beALL of your breath into theexhaled forcefullyspirometerInspiratory ReserveInhale as much air as possibleVolumeand exhale ALL of your breathAmount of air that can beinto the spirometer. Subtractinhaled forcefullyyour tidal volume from thisamount.Vital CapacityAdd your tidal volume,The total usable capacity ofexpiratory reserve volume,the lungsand inspiratory reserve volumetogetherResidual VolumeCannot be measured throughAmount of air left in lungsspirometry; if you are femaleafter you forcefully exhalewrite 900 ml in your results, ifyou are male write 1200 ml inyour resultsTotal Lung CapacityVital capacity residualThe total capacity of thevolumelungsAverageYourResults500 ml1000-1200 ml2000-3000 ml4800 mlfemale 900 mlmale 1200 ml5000-6000 ml547

Station 3: Respiratory System HistologyThe cell and tissue structure of respiratory organs is suited for the functions they perform. Using thecharts, draw and label Image B for the following respiratory organs below. Image A on each chart isfor reference!AlveoliBronchusUsing colored pens/pencils, draw the histologyImage B from the “The Alveoli” chart in the spacebelow. Using Image A as a reference, label yourdrawing with the lumen of blood vessel, alveolarcells, and air space of alveolus.Using colored pens/pencils, draw the histologyImage B from the “The Bronchus” chart in thespace below. Using Image A as a reference,label your drawing with the alveolus, muscle,and terminal bronchiole.TracheaTracheal Cross-sectionUsing colored pens/pencils, draw the histologyImage B from the “The Trachea” chart in thespace below. Using Image A as a reference,label your drawing with the tracheal lumen,respiratory epithelium, mucosal serous glands,and hyaline cartilage.Using colored pens/pencils, draw the histologyImage B from the “Tracheal Cross-section” chartin the space below. Using Image A as areference, label your drawing with theesophagus, folded mucosa, posterior cartilage,trachealis muscle, trachea, mucosa,submocosa, and thyroid gland.548

Station 4: Lung Sounds & Respiratory RateAnalysis of the lungs and respiration is important when determining general respiratory health and thepossibility of respiratory distress. Auscultation of the lungs and measuring the respiratory rate arecommon steps when taking vital signs of a patient. Practice these procedures using the directionsbelow.Lung Sounds DirectionsStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7 when completeInfection or injury can be isolated to a singlelobe or portion of the lung, so it is important tolisten to multiple lobes. During an actualexam, auscultation would be performed onthe skin, but for this activity ONLY use thestethoscope on the outside of any clothing.Select a partner of the same sex. Onepartner will be listening to lung sounds andthe other partner will be the patient.Have the patient sit quietly and breathenormally.Place the stethoscope on the upper rightchest and ask the patient to take a deepbreath and release. You should hear anormal “swishing” sound of air moving in/out,indicating clear lungs.Record in Table 6 whether the lungs wereclear, or whether any abnormal sounds wereheard.Figure A shows all of the positions that needto be auscultated. Listen to each lobe andrecord the results in Table 6.Switch roles and repeat steps 3 – irway/images/lung lobes.gifFigure ATable 6. Lung SoundsLungNormalSoundsFrontUpper Left LobeUpper Right LobeMiddle Right LobeLower Left LobeLower Right LobeUpper RightYourResultsClearClearClearClearClearUpper LeftMiddle RightLower RightUpper LeftLower LeftUpper RightLower RightLower LeftBackUpper Left LobeUpper Right LobeLower Left LobeLower Right blankbodymap.gif549