Fluid Mechanics And Machinery - Weebly
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Copyright 2007, 1999, New Age International (P) Ltd., PublishersPublished by New Age International (P) Ltd., PublishersAll rights reserved.No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrievalsystem, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.comISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2558-1PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLDNEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
Preface to the Second EditionThis book Basic Fluid Mechanics is revised and enlarged by the addition of four chapterson Hydraulic Machinery and is now titled as Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. The authorshope this book will have a wider scope.This book will be suitable for the courses on Fluid Mechanics and Machinery of the various branches of study of Anna University and also other Indian universities and the Institutionof Engineers (India).Professor Obert has observed in his famous treatise on Thermodynamics that conceptsare better understood by their repeated applications to real life situations. A firm conviction ofthis principle has prompted the author to arrange the text material in each chapter in thefollowing order.In the first section after enunciating the basic concepts and laws, physical andmathematical models are developed leading to the formulation of relevant equations for thedetermination of outputs. Simple and direct numerical examples are included to illustrate thebasic laws. More stress is on the model development as compared to numerical problems.A section titled “SOLVED PROBLEMS” comes next. In this section more involved derivations and numerical problems of practical interest are solved. The investigation of the effectof influencing parameters for the complete spectrum of values is attempted here. Problemsinvolving complex situations are shown solved in this section. It will also illustrate the range ofvalues that may be expected under different situations. Two important ideas are stressed inthis section. These are (1) checking for dimensional homogeneity in the case of all equationsderived before these equations can be used and (2) The validation of numerical answers bycross checking. This concept of validation in professional practice is a must in all design situations.In the next section a large number of objective type questions with answers are given.These are very useful for understanding the basics and resolving misunderstandings.In the final section a large number of graded exercise problems involving simple to complex situations, most of them with answers, are included.The material is divided into sixteen chapters. The first chapter deals in great detail withproperties of fluids and their influence on the operation of various equipments. The next chapterdiscusses the determination of variation of pressure with depth in stationary and moving fluids.The third chapter deals with determination of forces on surfaces in contact with stationaryfluids. Chapter four deals with buoyant forces on immersed or floating bodies and the importanceof metacentric height on stability. In chapter five basic fluid flow concepts and hydrodynamicsare discussed.Energy equations and the variation of flow parameters along flow as well as pressureloss due to friction are dealt with in chapter six.(v)VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
(vi)In chapter seven flow in closed conduits including flow in pipe net work are discussed.Dimensional analysis and model testing and discussed in a detailed manner in chapterseight and nine. Boundary layer theory and determination of forces due to fluid flow on bodiesare dealt with in chapter ten.In chapter eleven various flow measuring methods and instruments are described. Flowin open channels is dealt with in detail in chapter twelve.Chapter thirteen deals with dynamics of fluid flow in terms force exerted on surface dueto change of momentum along the flow on the surface.Chapter fourteen deals with the theory of turbo machines as applied to the different typeof hydraulic turbines. The working of centrifugal and axial flow pumps is detailed in chapterfifteen. The last chapter sixteen discusses the working of reciprocating and other positive displacement pumps.The total number of illustrative worked examples is around five hundred. The objectivequestions number around seven hundred. More than 450 exercise problems with answers arealso included.The authors thank all the professors who have given very useful suggestions for theimprovement of the book.AuthorsVEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
Preface to the First EditionThis book is intended for use in B.E./B.Tech. courses of various branches of specialisation like Civil, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering. The material is adequate for the prescribed syllabi of various Universities in India and the Institution of Engineers. SI system ofunits is adopted throughout as this is the official system of units in India. In order to giveextensive practice in the application of various concepts, the following format is used in all thechapters. Enunciation of Basic concepts Development of physical and mathematical models with interspersed numerical examples Illustrative examples involving the application and extension of the models developed Objective questions and exercise problemsThe material is divided into 12 chapters. The first chapter deals in great detail withproperties of fluids and their influence on the operation of various equipments. The next twochapters discuss the variation of pressure with depth in liquid columns, at stationary and ataccelerating conditions and the forces on surfaces exerted by fluids. The fourth chapter dealswith buoyant forces and their effect on floating and immersed bodies. The kinetics of fluid flowis discussed in chapter five.Energy equations and the determination of pressure variation in flowing fluids and lossof pressure due to friction are discussed in chapters six and seven.Dimensional analysis and model testing are discussed in a detailed manner in chapterseight and nine.Boundary layer theory and forces due to flow of fluids over bodies are discussed in chapter ten. Chapter eleven details the methods of measurement of flow rates and of pressure influid systems. Open channel flow is analyzed in chapter twelve.The total number of illustrative numerical examples is 426. The objective questionsincluded number 669. A total number of 352 exercise problems, mostly with answers are available.We wish to express our sincere thanks to the authorities of the PSG College of Technologyfor the generous permission extended to us to use the facilities of the college.Our thanks are due to Mr. R. Palaniappan and Mr. C. Kuttumani for their help in thepreparation of the manuscript.C.P. KothandaramanR. Rudramoorthy(vii)VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
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ContentsPreface to the Second Edition(v)Preface to the First Edition1(vii)Physical Properties of Fluids . ction . 1Three Phases of Matter. 2Compressible and Incompressible Fluids . 2Dimensions and Units . 3Continuum . 4Definition of Some Common Terminology . 4Vapour and Gas . 5Characteristic Equation for Gases . 6Viscosity . 71.8.1Newtonian and Non Newtonian Fluids. 101.8.2Viscosity and Momentum Transfer . 111.8.3Effect of Temperature on Viscosity . 111.8.4Significance of Kinematic Viscosity. 111.8.5Measurement of Viscosity of Fluids . 12Application of Viscosity Concept . 131.9.1Viscous Torque and Power—Rotating Shafts . 131.9.2Viscous Torque—Disk Rotating Over a Parallel Plate . 141.9.3Viscous Torque—Cone in a Conical Support . 16Surface Tension . 171.10.1Surface Tension Effect on Solid-Liquid Interface . 171.10.2Capillary Rise or Depression . 181.10.3Pressure Difference Caused by Surface Tension on a DoublyCurved Surface . 191.10.4Pressure Inside a Droplet and a Free Jet . 20Compressibility and Bulk Modulus . 211.11.1Expressions for the Compressibility of Gases . 22Vapour Pressure . 231.12.1Partial Pressure . 23Solved Problems . 24Objective Questions . 33Review Questions . 38Exercise Problems . 39(ix)VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
(x)2Pressure Distribution in Fluids . 422.02.12.22.32.42.52.62.73Forces on Surfaces Immersed in Fluids . 803.03.13.23.33.43.53.64Introduction . 42Pressure . 42Pressure Measurement . 43Pascal’s Law . 45Pressure Variation in Static Fluid (Hydrostatic Law) . 462.4.1Pressure Variation in Fluid with Constant Density . 472.4.2Pressure Variation in Fluid with Varying Density . 48Manometers . 492.5.1Micromanometer . 51Distribution of Pressure in Static Fluids Subjected to Acceleration, as . 532.6.1Free Surface of Accelerating Fluid . 542.6.2Pressure Distribution in Accelerating Fluids along HorizontalDirection . 55Forced Vortex . 58Solved Problems . 60Review Questions . 71Objective Questions . 71Exercise Problems . 74Introduction . 80Centroid and Moment of Inertia of Areas . 81Force on an Arbitrarily Shaped Plate Immersed in a Liquid . 83Centre of Pressure for an Immersed Inclined Plane . 843.3.1Centre of Pressure for Immersed Vertical Planes . 86Component of Forces on Immersed Inclined Rectangles . 87Forces on Curved Surfaces . 89Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids . 92Solved Problems . 93Review Questions . 111Objective Questions . 112Exercise Problems . 115Buoyancy Forces and Stability of Floating Bodies . 1194.04.14.24.3Archimedes Principle . 119Buoyancy Force . 119Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies . 121Conditions for the Stability of Floating Bodies . 123VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
(xi)4.45Metacentric Height . 1244.4.1Experimental Method for the Determination of MetacentricHeight . 125Solved Problems . 125Review Questions . 136Objective Questions . 137Exercise Problems . 139Fluid Flow—Basic Concepts—Hydrodynamics . .145.155.165.175.18Introduction . 142Lagrangian and Eularian Methods of Study of Fluid Flow . 143Basic Scientific Laws Used in the Analysis of Fluid Flow . 143Flow of Ideal / Inviscid and Real Fluids . 143Steady and Unsteady Flow . 144Compressible and Incompressible Flow . 144Laminar and Turbulent Flow . 144Concepts of Uniform Flow, Reversible Flow and ThreeDimensional Flow . 145Velocity and Acceleration Components . 145Continuity Equation for Flow—Cartesian Co-ordinates . 146Irrotational Flow and Condition for Such Flows . 148Concepts of Circulation and Vorticity . 148Stream Lines, Stream Tube, Path Lines, Streak Lines and Time Lines . 149Concept of Stream Line . 150Concept of Stream Function . 151Potential Function . 153Stream Function for Rectilinear Flow Field (Positive X Direction) . 154Two Dimensional Flows—Types of Flow . 1545.17.1Source Flow . 1555.17.2Sink Flow . 1555.17.3Irrotational Vortex of Strength K . 1555.17.4Doublet of Strength Λ . 156Principle of Superposing of Flows (or Combining of Flows) . 1575.18.1Source and Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Half Body) . 1575.18.2Source and Sink of Equal Strength with Separation of 2aAlong x-Axis . 1575.18.3Source and Sink Displaced at 2a and Uniform Flow(Flow Past a Rankine Body) . 1585.18.4Vortex (Clockwise) and Uniform Flow . 1585.18.5Doublet and Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Cylinder) . 1585.18.6Doublet, Vortex (Clockwise) and Uniform Flow . 158VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
(xii)5.18.75.18.85.18.95.196Bernoulli Equation and Applications . 1806.06.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.87Source and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise) . 159Sink and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise) . 159Vortex Pair (Equal Strength, Opposite Rotation,Separation by 2a) . 159Concept of Flow Net . 159Solved Problems . 160Objective Questions . 174Exercise Problems . 178Introduction . 180Forms of Energy Encountered in Fluid Flow. 1806.1.1Kinetic Energy . 1816.1.2Potential Energy . 1816.1.3Pressure Energy (Also Equals Flow Energy) . 1826.1.4Internal Energy. 1826.1.5Electrical and Magnetic Energy . 183Variation in the Relative Values of Various Forms of EnergyDuring Flow . 183Euler’s Equation of Motion for Flow Along a Stream Line . 183Bernoulli Equation for Fluid Flow . 184Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line . 187Volume Flow Through a Venturimeter . 188Euler and Bernoulli Equation for Flow with Friction . 191Concept and Measurement of Dynamic, Static and Total Head . 1926.8.1Pitot Tube . 193Solved Problems . 194Objective Questions . 213Exercise Problems . 215Flow in Closed Conduits (Pipes). 2197.07.17.27.37.47.57.67.77.8Parameters Involved in the Study of Flow Through Closed Conduits . 219Boundary Layer Concept in the Study of Fluid Flow . 220Boundary Layer Development Over A Flat Plate . 220Development of Boundary Layer in Closed Conduits (Pipes) . 221Features of Laminar and Turbulent Flows . 222Hydraulically “Rough” and “Smooth” Pipes . 223Concept of “Hydraulic Diameter”: (Dh) . 223Velocity Variation with Radius for Fully Developed LaminarFlow in Pipes . 224Darcy–Weisbach Equation for Calculating Pressure Drop . 226VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
Dimensional Analysis . 2638.08.18.28.38.48.59Hagen–Poiseuille Equation for Friction Drop . 228Significance of Reynolds Number in Pipe Flow . 229Velocity Distribution and Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow in Pipes . 230Minor Losses in Pipe Flow . 231Expression for the Loss of Head at Sudden Expansion in Pipe Flow . 232Losses in Elbows, Bends and Other Pipe Fittings . 234Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line in Conduit Flow . 234Concept of Equivalent Length . 235Concept of Equivalent Pipe or Equivalent Length . 235Fluid Power Transmission Through Pipes . 2387.18.1Condition for Maximum Power Transmission . 238Network of Pipes . 2397.19.1Pipes in Series—Electrical Analogy . 2407.19.2Pipes in Parallel . 2417.19.3Branching Pipes . 2437.19.4Pipe Network . 245Solved Problems . 245Objective Questions . 256Exercise Problems . 259Introduction . 263Methods of Determination of Dimensionless Groups . 264The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity . 265Buckingham Pi Theorem . 2658.3.1Determination of π Groups. 265Important Dimensionless Parameters . 270Correlation of Experimental Data . 2708.5.1Problems with One Pi Term . 2718.5.2Problems with Two Pi Terms . 2718.5.3Problems with Three Dimensionless Parameters . 273Solved Problems . 273Objective Questions . 291Exercise Problems . 293Similitude and Model Testing . 2969.09.19.2Introduction . 296Model and Prototype . 296Conditions for Similarity Between Models and Prototype . 2979.2.1Geometric Similarity . 2979.2.2Dynamic Similarity . 2979.2.3Kinematic Similarity . 298VEDP-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
(xiv)9.39.49.510Boundary Layer Theory and Flow Over Surfaces . 32110.010.110.210.311Types of Model Studies . 2989.3.1Flow Through Closed Conduits . 2989.3.2Flow Around Immersed Bodies. 2999.3.3Flow with Free Surface . 3009.3.4Models for Turbomachinery . 301Nondimensionalising Governing Differential Equations . 302Conclusion . 303Solved Problems . 303Objective Questions . 315Exercise Problems . 317Introduction . 321Boundary Layer Thickness . 32110.1.1Flow Over Flat Plate . 32210.1.2Continuity Equation . 32210.1.3Momentum Equation . 32410.1.4Solution for Velocity Profile . 32510.1.5Integral Method . 32710.1.6Displacement Thickness . 33010.1.7Momentum Thickness . 331Turbulent Flow . 332Flow Separation in Boundary Layers . 33410.3.1Flow Around Immersed Bodies – Drag and Lift . 33410.3.2Drag Force and Coefficient of Drag . 33510.3.3Pressure Drag . 33610.3.4Flow Over Spheres and Cylinders . 33710.3.5Lift and Coefficient of Lift . 33810.3.6Rotating Sphere and Cylinder .
on Hydraulic Machinery and is now titled as Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. The authors hope this book will have a wider scope. This book will be suitable for the courses on Fluid Mechanics and Machinery of the vari-ous branches of study of Anna University and also other Indian universities a
Fluid Mechanics Fluid Engineers basic tools Experimental testing Computational Fluid Theoretical estimates Dynamics Fluid Mechanics, SG2214 Fluid Mechanics Definition of fluid F solid F fluid A fluid deforms continuously under the action of a s
Fluid Mechanics 63 Chapter 6 Fluid Mechanics _ 6.0 Introduction Fluid mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics concerned with the static and dynamics of fluid - both liquids and gases. . Solution The relative density of fluid is defined as the rate of its density to the density of water. Thus, the relative density of oil is 850/1000 0.85.
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and Bernoulli's Equation 7. General Energy Equation 8. Reynolds Number, Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow and Energy Losses Due to Friction
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 1 F. UNDAMENTALS OF . F. LUID . M. ECHANICS . 1.1 A. SSUMPTIONS . 1. Fluid is a continuum 2. Fluid is inviscid 3. Fluid is adiabatic 4. Fluid is a perfect gas 5. Fluid is a constant-density fluid 6. Discontinuities (shocks, waves, vortex sheets) are treated as separate and serve as boundaries for continuous .
L M A B CVT Revision: December 2006 2007 Sentra CVT FLUID PFP:KLE50 Checking CVT Fluid UCS005XN FLUID LEVEL CHECK Fluid level should be checked with the fluid warmed up to 50 to 80 C (122 to 176 F). 1. Check for fluid leakage. 2. With the engine warmed up, drive the vehicle to warm up the CVT fluid. When ambient temperature is 20 C (68 F .
Chapter 06 Fluid Mechanics _ 6.0 Introduction Fluid mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics concerned with the static and dynamics of fluid - both liquids and gases. The analysis of the behavior of fluids is based on the fundamental laws of mechanics, which relate continuity of
Motion of a Fluid ElementMotion of a Fluid Element 1. 1. Fluid Fluid Translation: The element moves from one point to another. 3. 3. Fluid Fluid Rotation: The element rotates about any or all of the x,y,z axes. Fluid Deformation: 4. 4. Angular Deformation:The element's angles between the sides Angular Deformation:The element's angles between the sides
‘Tom Sawyer!’ said Aunt Polly. Then she laughed. ‘He always plays tricks on me,’ she said to herself. ‘I never learn.’ 8. 9 It was 1844. Tom was eleven years old. He lived in St Petersburg, Missouri. St Petersburg was a town on the Mississippi River, in North America. Tom’s parents were dead. He lived with his father’s sister, Aunt Polly. Tom was not clean and tidy. He did not .
