Part I English Coursebook - Digital World
Higher Secondary CourseClass XIIPart IEnglish CoursebookGovernment of KeralaDepartment of EducationState Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Vidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thriuvananthapuram-12, Kerala2006
CONSTITUTION OF INDIAPart IV 89012123456789012FUNDAMENTALDUTIES OF 9012123456789012ARTICLE 51 AFundamental Duties- It shall be the duty of every citizen of India:(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and Institutions, the NationalFlag and the National Anthem;(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle forfreedom;(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;(e) To promote harmony and the spirt of common brotherhood amongst all the peopleof India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; torenounce practice derogatory to the dignity of women;(f)to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers,wild life and to have compassion for living creatures;(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;(i)to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;(j)to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity sothat the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievements.Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012, Kerala.Website www.scert.kerala.gov.in e-mail scertkerala@asianetindia.comTypeset and design by SCERT Computer Lab Government of Kerala Department of Education 2006AcknowledgementEfforts have been made to obtain permission from copyright owners for reproducing the passages includedin this book. Due acknowledgements will be made as and when necessary permissions are obtained.Director
PLEDGEIndia is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. Ishall always strive to be worthy of it.I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect, and treateveryone with courtesy.To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their wellbeing and prosperity alone lies my happiness.THE NATIONAL ANTHEMJana Gana Mana Adhinayaka Jaya HeBharatha Bhagya VidhataPunjab Sindhu Gujarata MarathaDravida Utkala BangaVindhya Himachala Yamuna GangaUchala Jaladhi TarangaTava Subha Name JageTava Subha Ashisa Mage,Gahe Tava Jaya GathaJana Gana Mangala Dayaka Jaya HeBharatha Bhagya VidhataJaya He Jaya He Jaya HeJaya Jaya Jaya Jaya He.
ForewordThe English Coursebook and its companion volume: the EnglishPractice Book developed by the SCERT Kerala for Standard XII markthe culmination of the learner-centred, activity -based and processoriented curriculum introduced from Std II onwards.The main objectives of this curriculum are construction of languageand development of language skills through increased opportunitiesfor communication and interaction in the classroom.As a text designed for the terminal stage of school education, theCoursebook refines and consolidates the language-developing andknowledge-building measures initiated at the lower level. The basicpremise behind the text is that the learners will read the materialsprovided, perform the various language learning activities (individuallyand in groups) and become equipped to use English appropriately inreal life situations.The Coursebook comprises five blocks which introduce the differentgenres of literature, encourage aesthetic appreciation, familiarisedifferent types of writing like profile, letters, notices, newspaper reports,review and literary appreciation and introduces translation and medialiteracy too. The Coursebook forms part of a package that includes aPractice Book that supplements the activities of the Coursebook andSource book for teachers. These have been developed in a series ofworkshops organised by the SCERT in which a team of teachers fromthe Higher Secondary sector, Colleges and Universities participated.Learning becomes an exciting and enjoyable experience throughinteraction between learners, between learner and teacher, andbetween learner and the learning materials. The present Coursebooklends itself to the interactive learning process and enriches the learner'slanguage resources and sharpens his skills.Creative criticism and suggestions for improvement are most welcome.Thiruvananthapuram24.05.2006Dr E Valsala KumarDirectorSCERT Kerala
ContentsBlock1Block2Block3Peaks of Excellence Oh! Public Performance.!08 Let’s Respond to India’s Call11 A Nice Citizen19 Goldmine of Indian Health Traditions23Heights of Glory Dreams of a Girl31 An Irish Rose35 Best Buys for Health42 The World Renowned Nose47Wings of Fancy The Open Window56 The Patriot63 The King who Limped67
Block4Block5Frames of Culture On Viewing the Television82 Interview: Adoor Gopalakrishnan86 The Making of a Film92 Screenplay: Pather Panchali94 Making of ‘The Kid’100Rhythm of Life Middle Age107 The Lottery Ticket111 The Dear Departed119Appendix140
The heights by great men reached and keptWere not attained by a sudden flight,But they, while their companions slept,Were toiling upward in the night.H.W. LongfellowBlock1Peaks of ExcellenceThis Block is intended to help you use various forms ofcommunication, which you use in your day-to-day life.A variety of related activities such as dialogue, speech,group discussion, interview, debate, seminar andwriting reports and letters have been included toachieve this objective.This Unit comprises a short piece by Richard Wright,containing autobiographical elements, a speech byDr APJ Abdul Kalam, with a powerful message to theyouth of India, a panel discussion on our rich healthtradition and a letter by Abraham Lincoln that evokesindependent thinking.
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - EnglishDiscuss Have you ever faced an audience? Have you ever felt shy or embarassed in front of them? How did you feel when you were first called to give a shortspeech to your class?List out your experiences. Now read the extract given below. Make a list of the strange experiences of the boy in it.Oh! Public Performance.!Richard WrightBut I was still shy and half paralysed1when in the presence of a crowd, and myfirst day at the new school made me thelaughing stock of the classroom. I wassent to the blackboard to write my nameand address; I knew my name andaddress, knew how to write it, knew howto spell it; but standing at the blackboardwith the eyes of the many girls and boyslooking at my back made me freezeinside and I was unable to write a singleletter.'Write your name,' the teacher said.I lifted the white chalk to the blackboardand, as I was about to write, my mindwent blank, empty; I could not remembermy name, not even the first letter.Somebody giggled2 and I stiffened3.'Just forget us and write your name andaddress,' the teacher prompted 4. Animpulse5 to write would flash throughme, but my hand would refuse to move.1. paralysed : unable to move 2. giggled : laughed quietly and repeatedly 3. stiffened : became unable to move (beingterribly nervous) 4. prompted : helped to do something 5. impulse : a sudden wish to do something8
The children began to titter 6 and Iflushed7 hotly.'Don't you know your name?' the teacherasked me.I looked at her and could not answer. Theteacher rose and walked to my side,smiling at me to give me confidence. Sheplaced her hand tenderly upon myshoulder.'What's your name?' she asked.'Richard,' I whispered.'Richard what?''Richard Wright.''Spell it.'I spelled my name in a wild rush ofletters, trying desperately8 to redeem9 myparalysing shyness.'Spell it slowly so that I can hear it,' shedirected me.I did.'Now can you write?''Yes, ma'am.'Again I turned to the blackboard andlifted my hand to write, then I was blankand void10 within. I tried frantically11 tocollect my senses but I could remembernothing. A sense of the girls and boysbehind me filled me to the exclusion ofeverything. I realised how utterly I wasfailing and I grew weak and leaned myhot forehead against the cold blackboard.The room burst into a loud andprolonged12 laugh and my muscles froze.'You may go to your seat,' the teachersaid.I sat and cursed myself. Why did Ialways appear so dumb when I wascalled to perform something in a crowd?I knew how to write as well as any pupilin the classroom, and no doubt I couldread better than any of them, and I couldtalk fluently and expressively when Iwas sure of myself. Then why did strangefaces make me freeze? I sat with my earsand neck burning, hearing the pupilswhisper about me, hating myself, hatingthem.'Then write it.'6. titter : laugh quietly in a high voice 7. flushed : became red in the face 8. desperately : hopelessly 9. redeem : freesomebody from something 10. blank and void : empty or vacant 11. frantically : in an extremely worried and frightened way12. prolonged : that continued for a long time9
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - EnglishAbout the AuthorRichard Wright (1908-1960) was a Negro writer who gained immediatefame with his first novel Native Son (1940). His other novels include TheOutsider (1945) and The Long Dream (1958). He wrote his autobiography,Black Boy (1945) in the form of a novel. This work is considered importantfor an understanding of the life of blacks in America. His other publicationsinclude An American Hunger (1977), Black Power (1954), White Man,Listen! (1957) and The God that Failed (1949).Wright was born near Natchez Miss. After living with his relatives inseveral places he moved to Chicago in 1927 and then to New York Cityin 1937. His first published fiction was Uncle Tom's Children (1938), acollection of four long stories. He lived in Paris from 1946 until his death.DiscusszThe boy’s feelings when he was sent to the blackboard.zThe reaction of his classmates.zDo you appreciate the behaviour of the teacher?zCan you identify the real problem of the boy?zThe boy hated himself and his friends. Explain the reason.SpeechCompare the experiences you listed earlier with the experiences ofthe boy and prepare a short speech. Present it to your class.10
Imagine you are attending a walk - in - interview You are well prepared You have a lot of ideas and you are boldBut when you walk into the room, Can you face the interview board? Will you feel afraid or shy to meet the interviewers?Don’t you want to overcome your fright and nervousness?Don’t you want to come out successful?Now, let’s learn to make a formal talk.Read the following speech and note down the main points.Let’s Respond to India’s CallDr APJ Abdul KalamFriends,I have three visions for India. In the past3000 years of our history people from allover the world have come and invaded1us, captured2 our lands, conquered3 ourminds. From Alexander onwards. TheGreeks, the Turks, the Moguls, thePortuguese, the British, the French, theDutch, all of them came and looted4 us,took over what was ours. Yet we havenot done this to any other nation. Wehave not conquered anyone. We have notgrabbed5 their land, their culture, theirhistory and tried to enforce6 our way oflife on them. Why? Because we respectthe freedom of others. That is why myfirst vision is that of FREEDOM. I believethat India got its first vision of this in1857, when we started the war ofindependence. It is this freedom that wemust protect and nurture7 and build on.If we are not free, no one will respect us.My second vision for India isDEVELOPMENT. For fifty years wehave been a developing nation. It is timewe saw ourselves as a developed nation.We are one among the top five nationsof the world in terms of GDP8. We haveten per cent growth rate in most areas.Our poverty levels are falling. Our1. invaded : attacked 2. captured : took by force 3. conquered : won control by force 4. looted : stole things during a war5. grabbed : took hold of something roughly 6. enforce : make people obey rules 7. nurture : bring up with care 8. GDP:Gross Domestic Product (Total market value of the goods and services produced in a country during a year)11
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - Englishachievements are being globallyrecognized today. Yet we lack the selfconfidence to see ourselves as adeveloped nation, self-reliant and selfassured9. Isn't this incorrect?I have a third vision. INDIA MUSTSTAND UP TO THE WORLD. Because Ibelieve that unless India stands up to theworld, no one will respect us. Onlystrength respects strength. We must bestrong not only as a military power butalso as an economic power. Both mustgo hand-in-hand.Why are we in India so embarrassed torecognize our own strengths, ourachievements? We are such a greatnation. We have so many amazing10success stories but we refuse toacknowledge them. Why? We are thefirst in milk production. We are numberone in Remote Sensing Satellites. We arethe second largest producer of wheat. Weare the second largest producer of rice.Look at Dr. Sudarshan, he hastransferred the tribal village into a selfsustaining, self-driving unit. There aremillions of such achievements but ourmedia is only obsessed with11 the badnews and failures and disasters. Why arethe media here so negative?I was in Tel Aviv once and I was readingthe Israeli newspaper. It was the day aftera lot of attacks and bombardments12 anddeaths had taken place. The Hamas13 hadstruck. But the front page of thenewspaper had the picture of a Jewishgentleman who in five years hadtransformed his desert land into anorchard and a granary. It was thisinspiring picture that everyone woke upto. The gory 14 details of killings,bombardments, deaths, were in thenewspaper, buried among other news.In India we only read about death,sickness, terrorism and crime. Why arewe so NEGATIVE? Another question:Why are we, as a nation, so obsessedwith foreign things? We want foreignTVs, we want foreign shirts. We wantforeign technology. Why this obsessionwith everything imported? Do we notrealize that self-respect comes with selfreliance?I was in Hyderabad giving this lecture,when a 14 year old girl asked me for myautograph. I asked her what herambition in life was. She replied, “I wantto live in a developed India”. For her,you and I will have to build thisdeveloped India. You must proclaim15,that India is not an under-developednation; it is a highly developed nation.Allow me to come back with avengeance16. Got ten minutes for yourcountry?9. self-assured : confident 10. amazing : very surprising 11. obsessed with : strongly and unreasonably interested in 12.bombardments : attacks with guns and bombs 13. Hamas : a particular creed of people 14. gory : involving a lot ofbloodshed and violence 15. proclaim : announce solemnly 16. vengeance : (here) with greater strength12
YOU say that our government isinefficient. YOU say that our laws are tooold. YOU say that the municipality doesnot pick up the garbage17. YOU say thatthe phones don't work, the railways area joke, the airline is the worst in theworld, mails never reach theirdestination18. YOU say that our countryhas gone to the dogs and is the absolutepits19. YOU say, say and say so.What do YOU do about it? Take a personon his way to Singapore. Give him aname --- YOURS. Give him a face --YOURS. YOU walk out of the airport andyou are at your International best. InSingapore you don't throw cigarette buttson the roads or eat in the stores. YOUare as proud of their Underground Linksas they are. You pay 5 (approx. Rs 60)to drive through Orchard Road(equivalent of Mahim Causeway orPedder Road) between 5 pm and 8 pm.YOU comeback to the parking lot topunch your parking ticket if you haveoverstayed in a restaurant or a shoppingmall20 irrespective of your status oridentity. In Singapore you don't sayanything, DO YOU? YOU wouldn't dareto eat in public during Ramadan, inDubai. YOU would not dare to go outwithout your head covered in Jeddah.YOU would not dare to buy an employeeof the telephone exchange in London at10 pounds (Rs 650) a month to, ‘see to itthat my STD and ISD calls are billed tosomeone else’s’. YOU would not dare tospeed beyond 55 mph (88 kph) inWashington and then tell the traffic cop21,‘Jaanta hai sala main kaun hoon (Do youknow who I am?). I am so and so's son.Take your two bucks and get lost.’ YOUwouldn't chuck22 an empty coconut shellanywhere other than the garbage pail onthe beaches in Australia and NewZealand. Why don't YOU spit Paan onthe streets of Tokyo? Why don't YOU useexamination jockeys or buy fakecertificates in Boston? We are still talkingof the same YOU. YOU who can respectand conform23 to a foreign system in othercountries but cannot in your own. Youwho will throw papers and cigarettes onthe road the moment you touch Indiansoil. If you can be an involved andappreciative citizen in an alien24 country,why cannot you be the same here inIndia? Once in an interview, the famousEx-municipal commissioner of BombayMr Tinaikar had a point to make. ‘Richpeople's dogs are walked on the streetsto leave their affluent25 droppings26 allover the place,’ he said. ‘And then thesame people turn around to criticize andblame the authorities for inefficiency and17. garbage : waste material 18. destination : (here) the place to which something is sent 19. absolute pits : extremely bad20. shopping mall : shopping complex 21. cop : policeman 22. chuck : throw something in a careless way 23. conform: obey 24. alien : foreign 25. affluent : posh (used satirically) 26. droppings : solid waste of animals13
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - Englishdirty pavements27. What do they expectthe officers to do? Go down with abroom every time their dog feels thepressure in his bowels? In America everydog owner has to clean up after his pethas done the job. Same in Japan. Will theIndian citizen do that here?’ He'sright. We go to the polls to choose agovernment and after that forfeit28 allresponsibility. We sit back wanting to bepampered29 and expect the governmentto do everything for us whilst ourcontribution is totally negative. Weexpect the government to clean up butwe are not going to stop chuckinggarbage all over the place nor are wegoing to stop to pick up a stray30 pieceof paper and throw it in the bin. Weexpect the railways to provide cleanbathrooms but we are not going to learnthe proper use of bathrooms. We wantIndian Airlines and Air India to providethe best of food and toiletries but we arenot going to stop pilfering31 at the leastopportunity. This applies even to thestaff who is known not to pass on theservice to the public.When it comes to burning social issueslike those related to women, dowry, girlchild and others, we make loud drawingroom protestations32 and continue to dothe reverse33 at home. Our excuse? ‘It'sthe whole system which has to change,how will it matter if I alone forego34 mysons' rights to a dowry’? If so, who'sgoing to change the system? What doesa system consist of? Very convenientlyfor us it consists of our neighbours,other households, other cities, othercommunities and the government. Butdefinitely not me and YOU. When itcomes to us actually making a positivecontribution 35 to the system we lockourselves along with our families into asafe cocoon36 and look into the distanceat countries far away and wait for a MrClean to come along and work miracles37for us with a majestic38 sweep of his hand.Or we leave the country and run away.Like lazy cowards hounded 39 by ourfears we run to America to bask40 in theirglory and praise their system. WhenNew York becomes insecure41 we run toEngland. When England experiencesunemployment, we take the nextflight out to the Gulf. When the Gulf iswar struck, we demand to be rescued42and brought home by the IndianGovernment. Everybody is out to abuse43and rape44 the country. Nobody thinks27. pavements : sides of roads for pedestrians 28. forfeit : lose something valuable 29. pampered : looked after 30. stray:wandering 31. pilfering : stealing small amount of things 32. protestations : disagreements 33. reverse : opposite34. forego : decide not to have; give up 35. contribution : help 36. cocoon : (here) place of safety 37. miracles : wonders38. majestic : impressive 39. hounded : followed; threatened 40. bask : enjoy 41. insecure : not safe42: rescued : saved 43. abuse : say rude things 44. rape : (here) exploit; spoil14
of feeding the system. Our conscience45is mortgaged46 to money.Dear Indians, The article is highlythought inductive, calls for a greatdeal of introspection and pricksone's conscience too. I am echoingJF Kennedy's words to his fellowAmericans to relate them to Indians.‘ask what we can do for India and do whathas to be done to make India whatAmerica and other western countries aretoday’.Let’s do what India calls on us to do.(slightly adapted)About the authorDr Avul Pakir Jainulubdeen Abdul Kalam, the presentPresident of India, was born on 15 October, 1931 atRameswaram in Tamil Nadu. He specialized in AeroEngineering from Madras Institute of Technology. Hebegan his career in DRDO in 1958 and then joined ISROin 1963. Dr Kalam has made a significant contributionto shaping the Indian Satellite and launch vehicles ofISRO and also to the missile programme of DRDO. Hewas also the Scientific Advisor to Defence Minister and the Secretary,Department of Defence Research and Development, from July 1992to Dec. 1999. Dr Kalam has served as the Principal Scientific Advisorto the Govt. of India with the rank of Cabinet Minister from Nov.1999 to Nov. 2001. He then took up academic pursuit as Professor,Technology and Societal Transformation, at Anna University,Chennai. Above all, he is on his mission to ignite young minds fornational development by meeting students across the country. Hehas been awarded Padma Bhushan in 1981, Padma Vibhushan in1990 and Bharath Ratna in 1997.The speech given here was made in Hyderabad where he addressedthe students.Notes and ReferencesDr Hannumappa Reddy Sudarshan was born in 1950 and graduatedas a doctor in 1973. He turned his back on the possibility of lucrativeurban practice in favour of working with poor communities and in1979 he arrived in the Biligiri Rangana Hills to work among the Soligatribals. He founded Vivekannda Girijana Kalyana Kendra in 1981.It is based on a respect for tribal culture and a determination toperpetuate it, even while developing the requisite skills andcapabilities among the tribal people to enable them to become selfreliant in today's India, which is Sudarshan's eventual goal.45. conscience : part of the mind that tells you what is wrong and right 46. mortgaged : (here) pledged as security15
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - EnglishBased on your reading of the speech, prepare notes in the followingformat.1.Dr Kalam’s visions1.1.1.2.1.2.1 .1.2.2 .1.3.1.3.1 .1.3.2 .2.India’s strengths and achievements2.1.2.2.2.3.2.4.SpeechIn the light of the notes you prepared, develop a speech on Yourdreams of a Developed India.DiscussPick out the salient features of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam’s speech. Youmay make use of the following hints.zzzzzz16the way he addressesopeningemphasising with current examplesposing issues and raising challengesquotations usedconclusion
Group DiscussionAn extract from a newspaper report (The Hindu, March 2006) is givenbelow. Read and compare it with paragraph 5 of the speech givenand conduct a group discussion.Topic : Media Sensationalise; they don’t Sensitise.zEven the media, I realised, was largelyexploiting the suffering of people for‘story material’ and catering to theelite; what actually matters is‘sensitisation’ but the media largely‘sensationalise’. Awareness can becreated not through witty sound bytesor crisp headlines but only throughcareful documentation of events andpersistent social activism.zzzzWhat does Dr APJ Abdul Kalamtalk about in paragraph 5?What do the media exploit for storymaterial?What do they aim at?Are they able to describe thesituation?Are they going after catchyheadlines and news stories?ReportYou have read the speech of Dr Kalam, which should have awakenedyour civic sense. Imagine that you are the Chief Editor of your schoolmagazine. You want to communicate this to your friends. Write areport focusing on the last part of Dr Kalam’s speech.DebateDr A PJ Abdul Kalam concludes his speech with the statement ‘Askwhat we can do for India and do what has to be done to make Indiawhat America and other western countries are like today’.Conduct a debate in your class.Topic : ‘We should follow the west for development and need not think ofour rich tradition’.17
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - EnglishHints:Forzzzzzzzzdevelopment importanthave a sense of our achievementstand up to the worldtake a detached look at other countriesaccept what is good in otherstalking alone will not do any gooddo what is needed for developmentdo not be lazy -- tradition will notbring us everythingzAgainstzzzzzzzzzzconserve our traditionself-respectself-assuranceshould realise our positionstop abusing one anotherwe are to build up our countryshould not imitateobey rules as we do in other countriesdevelop our own technologyyou and I are to work for developmentand safeguard our traditionzYou have won the prize for the best debater in your class. Write aletter to your friend to share with him the joy of winning the prize.You wrote a letter sharing your joy of winning the prize in the debate,didn’t you?Now, let's think of other letters. What letters do we write often?Do your parents write letters? Do they write to your teachers?What do they write?What do they often talk about, when they meet your teachers?zYour performance in the classzYour character and conductz.Imagine that you are the parent of a student. You write a letter tothe teacher of your ward. What would you write? Note down thepoints you would like to include.18z.z.
Here is a letter written by Abraham Lincoln to his son’s teacher.Read it carefully.A Nice CitizenAbraham LincolnHe will have to learn, I know,that all men are not just1,all men are not true.But teach him also thatfor every scoundrel there is a hero;that for every selfish politician,there is a dedicated2 leader.Teach him for every enemy there is a friend,steer him away from envy,if you can,teach him the secret ofquiet laughter.Let him learn early thatthe bullies3 are the easiest to lick4.Teach him, if you can,the wonder of books.But also give him quiet timeto ponder5 the eternal6 mystery of birds in the sky,bees in the sun,and the flowers on a green hillside.In the school teach himit is far honourable to failthan to cheat.Teach him to have faithin his own ideas,even if everyone tells himthey are wrong.Teach him to be gentlewith gentle people,and tough with the tough.1. just : morally right and fair 2. dedicated : spending one's time and effort for a cause 3. bullies : those who use their powerto frighten others 4. lick :(here) defeat 5. ponder : think about 6. eternal : everlasting19
Higher Secondary [Std XII] Coursebook - EnglishTry to give my sonthe strength not to follow the crowdwhen everyone is getting on the bandwagon.Teach him to listen to all men.but teach him also to filterall he hears on a screen of truth,and take only the goodthat comes through.Teach him if you can,how to laugh when he is sad.Teach him there is no shame in tears,Teach him to scoff 7 at cynics8and to beware of too much sweetness.Teach him to sell his brawn9and brain to the highest bidders10but never to put a price-tagon his heart and soul.Teach him to close his earsto a howling moband to stand and fightif he thinks he's right.Treat him gently,but do not cuddle11 him,because only the testof fire makes fine steel.Let him have the courageto be impatient.let him have the patience to be brave.Teach him alwaysto have sublime12 faith in himself,because then he will havesublime faith in mankind.This is a big order,but see what you can do.He is such a fine fellow,my son!7. scoff : laugh at 8. cynics : those who believe that people are not good, honest or sincere 9. brawn: physical health10. bidders : those who are ready to pay a particular price for goods; auctioneer 11. cuddle : hold someone very close12. sublime : noble20
About the AuthorAbraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was one of the truly great men of alltime. As President he preserved the American Union during the CivilWar and proved to the world that democracy can be a lasting formof government. In 1834, Lincoln was elected to the legislature. Hehad become better known by this time. He worked to make thenation’s ideals come true.He became the 16th President of the United States on 4 March 1861.By late summer of 1862, President Lincoln was convinced that timehad come for a change in policy towards slavery. He abolished
The English Coursebook and its companion volume: the English Practice Book developed by the SCERT Kerala for Standard XII mark the culmination of the learner-centred, activity -based and process-oriented curriculum introduced from Std II onwards. The main objectives of File Size: 895KB
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