Indian Polity - For Civil Services And Other State .
INDIAN POLITY
For Civil Services and Other StateExaminations
Sixth Edition
ABOUT THE AUTHORM Laxmikanth obtained his postgraduate degree in PoliticalScience from Osmania University in 1989. He is the formerfounder and director of an erstwhile coaching institute calledLaxmikanth’s IAS Academy, Hyderabad. Other books authored byhim include Governance in India, Objective Indian Polity,Public Administration and Constitution of India.
INDIAN POLITY
For Civil Services and Other StateExaminations
Sixth EditionM LaxmikanthFormer Founder-DirectorLaxmikanth’s IAS Academy (Closed)HyderabadMcGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai 600 116Indian Polity, 6/eCopyright 2020, 2017, 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004, McGraw Hill Education(India) Private Limited.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the priorwritten permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may beentered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not bereproduced for publication.This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7101351 23 22 21 20 19Printed and bound in IndiaISBN (13): 978-93-89538-47-2ISBN (10): 93-89538-47-5Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw HillEducation (India), from sources believed to be reliable. However, neitherMcGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy orcompleteness of any information published herein, and neither McGrawHill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors,omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work ispublished with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education (India) andits authors are supplying information but are not attempting to renderengineering or other professional services. If such services are required,the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.Typeset at TNQ Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 4/600, Phase II, Dr VikramSarabhai Instronics Estate, Kottivakkam, Chennai 600 041 and printed atRajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. No. 2, Phase-IV, Kundli, Haryana.Cover Designer: Creative Designer
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DedicatedtoMy WifeMamadgi VidyaandMy DaughtersMamadgi AnjaliMamadgi AishwaryaandMy Native PlaceDhanasiri (Zaheerabad – Telangana)
Preface to theSixth EditionIam pleased to place before the readers a thoroughly revised,enlarged and updated edition of this widely read book on IndianPolity.In 2011 and 2013, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabusof the preliminary and main examinations, respectively. Bothtimes, the scope of Indian Polity has been considerably increased.Hence, this new edition of the book is more relevant now and isaimed to meet the expanded needs of the aspirants.In the course of revision and updation of this edition of thebook, various new developments related to the subject, like recentconstitutional amendments, parliamentary legislations, executivedecisions and supreme court judgments, have been taken intoaccount.Changes in this Edition:1. Addition of 6 new chapters.2. Inclusion of 2017, 2018 and 2019 preliminary questions withanswers.3. Inclusion of 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 mains questions.4. Updation of the year-wise break-up of the UPSC questionsin the preliminary and main examinations.5. Inclusion of additional updated information on a number oftopics.6. New items included in various chapters.New Chapters:1. Goods and Services Tax Council2. National Commission for Backward Classes3. National Investigation Agency4. National Disaster Management Authority5. Role of Regional Parties6. Coalition Government
I firmly believe that this is now a very comprehensive andupdated manual. It is a matter of immense satisfaction that theprevious five editions of this book have received an overwhelmingresponse from readers. I am confident that readers wouldcontinue to repose their faith in this edition as well.Constructive comments and concrete suggestions to furtherimprove the book are welcome and shall be gratefullyacknowledged.M. LAXMIKANTH
Preface to theFirst EditionIhave great pleasure in placing this book before the aspirants ofthe top administrative services. The book has been written tomeet the growing requirements of the candidates appearing forthe Civil Services Examinations (Preliminary and Main) conductedby the Union Public Service Commission. It directly and fullycovers the Indian Polity section of the paper on General Studiesand is also useful for certain optional subjects like PublicAdministration, Political Science, Law, Sociology andAnthropology.This comprehensive volume would enable the readers toacquire a complete and detailed understanding of the subject. Itcovers all dimensions (constitutional, non-constitutional, politicaland administrative) of the subject. My first-hand experience ofcoaching the candidates for the Civil Services Examinations hasbeen a great source of inspiration and has helped me immenselyin writing this book.An effort has been made to make the contents of the bookrelevant, authentic, and up-to-date. The constitutional provisionsare explained in the light of the debates of the ConstituentAssembly of India as well as the judgements of the SupremeCourt and the high courts. I have also used tables to make thepresentation more clear. The Appendices, provided at the end ofthe book, serve as a reference section.I welcome all constructive comments and concrete suggestionsfrom the readers of this book.M. LAXMIKANTH
AcknowledgementsDuring the course of writing this book, I have received help,encouragement and assistance from my teachers, students,family members, colleagues, friends, library staff and others.I am thankful to all of them.I am particularly grateful to my wife, Smt. M. Vidya, for theencouragement and support that she provided during thepreparation of the book.I am deeply indebted to the eminent political scientists andconstitutional experts (Granville Austin, Moris Jones, K.C.Wheare, Rajni Kothari, Paul Appleby, K. Santhanam, N.A.Palkhivala, Soli Sorabji, D.D. Basu, V.N. Shukla, M.P. Jain,Subhash Kashyap) and other scholars of repute whose valuableworks have been highly useful in the writing of this book.My thanks are also due to Mr. Tanmoy Roychowdhury, Mr.Deepak Singh, Ms. Shukti Mukherjee, Ms. Shalini Jha, Ms.Shreya Soni and Ms. Anjali Chakravarty of McGraw Hill IndiaPrivate Limited for their unstinted cooperation in bringing out thisupdated edition on time.M. LAXMIKANTH
Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSCQuestions on Indian Polity(General 720182019No. of Questions Asked1212191922101312131410122018131506221515Note I: In 2011, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus ofthe Preliminary Examination. In the new scheme, the Indian Politysection has been renamed as “Indian Polity and Governance”. Itcovers Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, PublicPolicy, Rights Issues, etc. Also, now each question carries twomarks (previously one mark).Note II: In the above table, the number of questions asked on“Governance” (since 2011) are also included.
Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSCMarks on Indian Polity(General 0182019No. of Questions 12110125125Note I: In 2013, the UPSC changed the pattern and syllabus ofthe Main Examination. In the new scheme, a separate and fullpaper on “Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice andInternational Relations” has been introduced. It carries 250 marks.Note II: In the above table, the number of marks allotted to thequestions relating to the “Governance Social Justice andInternational Relations” (since 2013) are not included.
About the Civil ServicesExaminationThe Civil Services examination comprises two successivestages:(i) Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination (Objective Type) forthe selection of candidates for Main Examination; and(ii) Civil Services (Main) Examination (Written and Interview) forthe selection of candidates for the various services and posts.Scheme andExamination.subjectsforthePreliminaryandMainA. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONThe Examination shall comprise two compulsory Papers of 200marks each.Note:(i) Both the question papers will be of the objective type (multiplechoice questions).(ii) The question papers will be set both in Hindi and English.However, questions relating to English LanguageComprehension Skills of Class X level will be tested throughpassages from English language only without providing Hinditranslation thereof in the question paper.B. MAIN EXAMINATIONThe written examination will consist of the following papers:Qualifying Papers:Paper A: (One of the Indian Language to be selected by thecandidate from the Languages included in the Eighth Schedule tothe Constitution).300 MarksPaper B: English300 Marks
The papers on Indian Languages and English (Paper A and PaperB) will be of Matriculation or equivalent standard and will be ofqualifying nature. The marks obtained in these papers will not becounted for ranking.Papers to be counted for meritPaper I: Essay250 MarksPaper II: General Studies–I(Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the Worldand Society)250 MarksPaper III: General Studies –II250 Marks(Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and InternationalRelations)Paper IV: General Studies –III250 Marks(Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment,Security and Disaster Management)Paper V: General Studies –IV250 Marks(Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)Paper VI: Optional Subject – Paper 1250 MarksPaper VII: Optional Subject – Paper 2250 MarksSub Total (Written test):1750 MarksPersonality Test:275 MarksGrand Total:2025 MarksCandidates may choose any one of the optional subjectsfrom amongst the list of subjects given below:
List of optional subjects for Main Animal Husbandry and Veterinary ScienceAnthropologyBotanyChemistryCivil EngineeringCommerce and AccountancyEconomicsElectrical hematicsMechanical EngineeringMedical SciencePhilosophyPhysicsPolitical Science and International RelationsPsychologyPublic AdministrationSociologyStatisticsZoologyLiterature of any one of the followingAssamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada,Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali,Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu andEnglish.
ContentsPreface to the Sixth EditionPreface to the First EditionAcknowledgementsYear-Wise Break-up of the UPSC Questions on Indian Polity(General Studies—Prelims)Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC Marks on Indian Polity (GeneralStudies—Mains)About the Civil Services ExaminationList of TablesPART-IConstitutional Framework1Historical BackgroundThe Company Rule (1773–1858)The Crown Rule (1858–1947)Notes and References2Making of the ConstitutionDemand for a Constituent AssemblyComposition of the Constituent AssemblyWorking of the Constituent AssemblyCommittees of the Constituent AssemblyEnactment of the ConstitutionEnforcement of the ConstitutionExperts Committee of the CongressCriticism of the Constituent AssemblyImportant FactsHindi Text of the ConstitutionNotes and References
3Salient Features of the ConstitutionSalient Features of the ConstitutionCriticism of the ConstitutionNotes and References4Preamble of the ConstitutionText of the PreambleIngredients of the PreambleKey Words in the PreambleSignificance of the PreamblePreamble as Part of the ConstitutionAmendability of the PreambleNotes and References5Union and its TerritoryUnion of StatesParliament’s Power to Reorganise the StatesExchange of Territories with BangladeshEvolution of States and Union TerritoriesNotes and References6CitizenshipMeaning and SignificanceConstitutional ProvisionsCitizenship Act, 1955Single CitizenshipOverseas Citizenship of IndiaNotes and References7Fundamental RightsFeatures of Fundamental RightsDefinition of StateLaws Inconsistent with Fundamental RightsRight to EqualityRight to Freedom
Right Against ExploitationRight to Freedom of ReligionCultural and Educational RightsRight to Constitutional RemediesWrits—Types and ScopeArmed Forces and Fundamental RightsMartial Law and Fundamental RightsEffecting Certain Fundamental RightsPresent Position of Right to PropertyExceptions to Fundamental RightsCriticism of Fundamental RightsSignificance of Fundamental RightsRights Outside Part IIINotes and References8Directive Principles of State PolicyFeatures of the Directive PrinciplesClassification of the Directive PrinciplesNew Directive PrinciplesSanction Behind Directive PrinciplesCriticism of the Directive PrinciplesUtility of Directive PrinciplesConflict Between Fundamental Rights and DirectivePrinciplesImplementation of Directive PrinciplesDirectives Outside Part IVNotes and References9Fundamental DutiesSwaran Singh Committee RecommendationsList of Fundamental DutiesFeatures of the Fundamental DutiesCriticism of Fundamental DutiesSignificance of Fundamental Duties
Verma Committee ObservationsNotes and References10 Amendment of the ConstitutionProcedure for AmendmentTypes of AmendmentsCriticism of the Amendment ProcedureNotes and References11 Basic Structure of the ConstitutionEmergence of the Basic StructureElements of the Basic StructureNotes and ReferencesPART-IISystem of Government12 Parliamentary SystemFeatures of Parliamentary GovernmentFeatures of Presidential GovernmentMerits of the Parliamentary SystemDemerits of the Parliamentary SystemReasons for Adopting Parliamentary SystemDistinction between Indian and British ModelsNotes and References13 Federal SystemFederal Features of the ConstitutionUnitary Features of the ConstitutionCritical Evaluation of the Federal SystemNotes and References14 Centre–State RelationsLegislative RelationsAdministrative Relations
Financial RelationsTrends in Centre–State RelationsNotes and References15 Inter-State RelationsInter-State Water DisputesInter-State CouncilsPublic Acts, Records and Judicial ProceedingsInter-State Trade and CommerceZonal CouncilsNotes and References16 Emergency ProvisionsNational EmergencyPresident’s RuleFinancial EmergencyCriticism of the Emergency ProvisionsNotes and ReferencesPART-IIICentral Government17 PresidentElection of the PresidentQualifications, Oath and ConditionsTerm, Impeachment and VacancyPowers and Functions of the PresidentVeto Power of the PresidentOrdinance-Making Power of the PresidentPardoning Power of the PresidentConstitutional Position of the PresidentNotes and References18 Vice-PresidentElection
Qualifications, Oath and ConditionsTerm and VacancyPowers and FunctionsIndian and American Vice-Presidents ComparedNotes and References19 Prime MinisterAppointment of the Prime MinisterOath, Term and SalaryPowers and Functions of the Prime MinisterRole DescriptionsRelationship with the PresidentChief Ministers who became Prime MinistersNotes and References20 Central Council of MinistersConstitutional ProvisionsNature of Advice by MinistersAppointment of MinistersOath and Salary of MinistersResponsibility of MinistersComposition of the Council of MinistersCouncil of Ministers vs CabinetRole of CabinetRole DescriptionsKitchen CabinetNotes and References21 Cabinet CommitteesFeatures of Cabinet CommitteesList of Cabinet CommitteesFunctions of Cabinet CommitteesGroups of MinistersNotes and References
22 ParliamentOrganisation of ParliamentComposition of the Two HousesSystem of Elections to Lok SabhaDuration of Two HousesMembership of ParliamentPresiding Officers of ParliamentLeaders in ParliamentSessions of ParliamentDevices of Parliamentary ProceedingsLegislative Procedure in ParliamentJoint Sitting of Two HousesBudget in ParliamentMultifunctional Role of ParliamentIneffectiveness of Parliamentary ControlPosition of Rajya SabhaParliamentary PrivilegesSovereignty of ParliamentNotes and References23 Parliamentary CommitteesMeaningClassificationFinancial CommitteesDepartmental Standing CommitteesCommittees to InquireCommittees to Scrutinise and ControlCommittees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of theHouseHouse-Keeping CommitteesConsultative CommitteesNotes and References24 Parliamentary Forums
Establishment of the ForumsObjectives of the ForumsComposition of the ForumsFunctions of the ForumsNotes and References25 Parliamentary GroupRationale of the GroupComposition of the GroupObjectives of the GroupFunctions of the GroupThe Group and IPUThe Group and CPANotes and References26 Supreme CourtComposition and AppointmentQualifications, Oath and SalariesTenure and RemovalActing, Adhoc and Retired JudgesSeat and ProcedureIndependence of Supreme CourtJurisdiction and Powers of Supreme CourtSupreme Court AdvocatesNotes and References27 Judicial ReviewMeaning of Judicial ReviewImportance of Judicial ReviewConstitutional Provisions for Judicial ReviewScope of Judicial ReviewJudicial Review of the Ninth ScheduleNotes and References28 Judicial Activism
Meaning of Judicial ActivismJudicial Review and Judicial ActivismJustification of Judicial ActivismActivators of Judicial ActivismApprehensions of Judicial ActivismJudicial Activism vs. Judicial RestraintNotes and References29 Public Interest LitigationMeaning of PILFeatures of PILScope of PILPrinciples of PILGuidelines for Admitting PILNotes and ReferencesPART-IVState Government30 GovernorAppointment of GovernorConditions of Governor’s OfficeTerm of Governor’s OfficePowers and Functions of GovernorConstitutional Position of GovernorNotes and References31 Chief MinisterAppointment of Chief MinisterOath, Term and SalaryPowers and Functions of Chief MinisterRelationship with the GovernorNotes and References32 State Council of Ministers
Constitutional ProvisionsNature of Advice by MinistersAppointment of MinistersOath and Salary of MinistersResponsibility of MinistersComposition of the Council of MinistersCabinetNotes and References33 State LegislatureOrganisation of State LegislatureComposition of Two HousesDuration of Two HousesMembership of State LegislaturePresiding Officers of State LegislatureSessions of State LegislatureLegislative Procedure in State LegislaturePosition of Legislative CouncilPrivileges of State LegislatureNotes and References34 High CourtComposition and AppointmentQualifications, Oath and SalariesTenure, Removal and TransferActing, Additional and Retired JudgesIndependence of High CourtJurisdiction and Powers of High CourtNotes and References35 TribunalsAdministrative TribunalsTribunals for Other MattersNotes and References
36 Subordinate CourtsConstitutional ProvisionsStructure and JurisdictionNational Legal Services AuthorityLok AdalatsPermanent Lok AdalatsFamily CourtsGram NyayalayasNotes and References37 Special Provisions for Some StatesProvisions for Maharashtra and GujaratProvisions for NagalandProvisions for Assam and ManipurProvisions for Andhra Pradesh or TelanganaProvisions for SikkimProvisions for MizoramProvisions for Arunachal Pradesh and GoaProvisions for KarnatakaNotes and ReferencesPART-VLocal Government38 Panchayati RajEvolution of Panchayati Raj73rd Amendment Act of 1992Compulsory and Voluntary ProvisionsPESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act)Finances of Panchayati RajReasons for Ineffective PerformanceNotes and References39 Municipalities
Evolution of Urban Bodies74th Amendment Act of 1992Types of Urban GovernmentsMunicipal PersonnelMunicipal RevenueCentral Council of Local GovernmentNotes and ReferencesPART-VIUnion Territories and Special Areas40 Union TerritoriesCreation of Union TerritoriesAdministration of Union TerritoriesSpecial Provisions for DelhiAdvisory Committees of Union TerritoriesNotes and References41 Scheduled and Tribal AreasAdministration of Scheduled AreasAdministration of Tribal AreasNotes and ReferencesPART-VIIConstitutional Bodies42 Election CommissionCompositionIndependencePowers and FunctionsVision, Mission and PrinciplesNotes and References43 Union Public Service CommissionComposition
RemovalIndependenceFunctionsLimitationsRoleNotes and References44 State Public Service imitationsRoleJoint State Public Service CommissionNotes and References45 Finance CommissionCompositionFunctionsAdvisory RoleNotes and References46 Goods and Services Tax CouncilEstablishment of the CouncilVision and Mission of the CouncilComposition of the CouncilWorking of the CouncilFunctions of the CouncilOther Functions of the CouncilNotes and References47 National Commission for SCsEvolution of the CommissionFunctions of the Commission
Report of the CommissionPowers of the CommissionNotes and References48 National Commission for STsSeparate Commission for STsFunctions of the CommissionOther Functions of the CommissionReport of the CommissionPowers of the CommissionNotes and References49 National Commission for BCsEstablishment of the CommissionFunctions of the CommissionReport of the CommissionPowers of the CommissionNotes and References50 Special Officer for Linguistic MinoritiesConstitutional ProvisionsCommissioner for Linguistic MinoritiesRole of the CommissionerVision and MissionFunctions and ObjectivesNotes and References51 Comptroller and Auditor General of IndiaAppointment and TermIndependenceDuties and PowersRoleCag and CorporationsAppleby’s CriticismNotes and References
52 Attorney General of IndiaAppointment and TermDuties and FunctionsRights and LimitationsSolicitor General of IndiaNotes and References53 Advocate General of the StateAppointment and TermDuties and FunctionsNotes and ReferencesPART-VIIINon-Constitutional Bodies54 NITI AayogEstablishmentRationaleCompositionSpecialised WingsObjectivesFunctionsGuiding PrinciplesCooperative FederalismCriticismAttached OfficesErstwhile Planning CommissionNational Development CouncilNotes and References55 National Human Rights CommissionEstablishment of the CommissionComposition of the CommissionFunctions of the Commission
Working of the CommissionRole of the CommissionPerformance of the CommissionNotes and References56 State Human Rights CommissionComposition of the CommissionFunctions of the CommissionWorking of the CommissionHuman Rights Courts2019 Amendment ActNotes and References57 Central Information CommissionCompositionTenure and Service ConditionsPowers and FunctionsNotes and References58 State Information CommissionCompositionTenure and Service ConditionsPowers and FunctionsRTI Amendment Act, 2019Notes and References59 Central Vigilance tionsJurisdictionWorkingVigilance Units in the MinistriesWhistle Blowers Protection Act (2014)
Notes and References60 Central Bureau of InvestigationEstablishment of CBIMotto, Mission and Vision of CBIOrganisation of CBIComposition of CBIFunctions of CBIProvision of Prior PermissionCBI vs. State PoliceCBI AcademyNotes and References61 Lokpal and LokayuktasGlobal ScenarioPosition in IndiaLokpalLokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013)LokayuktasNotes and References62 National Investigation AgencyEstablishment of the NIARationale of the NIAFunctions of the NIAVision of the NIAMission of the NIAJurisdiction of the NIANIA (Amendment) Act, 2019Notes and References63 National Disaster Management AuthorityEstablishment of the NDMAObjectives of the NDMAFunctions of the NDMA
Additional Functions of the NDMAState Disaster Management AuthorityDistrict Disaster Management AuthorityNotes and ReferencesPART-IXOther Constitutional Dimensions64 Co-operative SocietiesConstitutional ProvisionsReasons for the 97th AmendmentNotes and References65 Official LanguageLanguage of the UnionRegional LanguagesLanguage of the Judiciary and Texts of LawsSpecial DirectivesCommittee of Parliament on Official LanguageClassical Language StatusNotes and References66 Public ServicesClassification of ServicesConstitutional ProvisionsNotes and References67 Rights and Liabilities of the GovernmentProperty of the Union and the StatesSuits by or Against the GovernmentSuits Against Public OfficialsNotes and References68 Special Provisions Relating to Certain ClassesRationale of Special Provisions
Specification of ClassesComponents of Special ProvisionsNotes and ReferencesPART-XPolitical Dynamics69 Political PartiesMeaning and TypesParty System in IndiaRecognition of National and State PartiesNotes and References70 Role of Regional PartiesFeatures of Regional PartiesClassification of Regional PartiesRise of Regional PartiesRole of Regional PartiesDysfunctions of Regional PartiesNotes and References71 ElectionsElectoral SystemElection MachineryElection ProcessNotes and References72 Election LawsRepresentation of the People Act, 1950Representation of the People Act, 1951Delimitation Act, 2002Other Acts Relating to ElectionsRules Relating to ElectionsOrders Relating to ElectionsNotes and References
73 Electoral ReformsCommittees Related to Electoral ReformsElectoral Reforms Before 1996Electoral Reforms of 1996Electoral Reforms After 1996Electoral Reforms Since 2010Notes and References74 Voting BehaviourMeaning of Voting BehaviourSignificance of Voting BehaviourDeterminants of Voting BehaviourRole of Media in Elections and Voting BehaviourNotes and References75 Coalition GovernmentMeaning of Coalition GovernmentFeatures of Coalition GovernmentFormation of Coalition GovernmentsMerits of Coalition GovernmentDemerits of Coalition GovernmentNotes and References76 Anti-Defection LawProvisions of the ActEvaluation of the Act91st Amendment Act (2003)Notes and References77 Pressure GroupsMeaning and TechniquesPressure Groups in IndiaNotes and References78 National Integration
Meaning of National IntegrationObstacles to National IntegrationNational Integration CouncilNational Foundation for Communal HarmonyNotes and References79 Foreign PolicyPrinciples of Indian Foreign PolicyObjectives of Indian Foreign PolicyGujral Doctrine of IndiaNuclear Doctrine of IndiaConnect Central Asia Policy of IndiaAct East Policy of IndiaNotes and ReferencesPART-XIWorking of the Constitution80 National Commission to Review the Working of theConstitutionI. Terms of Reference of the CommissionII. Fifty Years of Working of the ConstitutionIII. Areas of Concern: Commission’s PerceptionIV. Recommendations of the CommissionV. Earlier Efforts to Review the ConstitutionNotes and ReferencesAppendicesAppendix I: Articles of the Constitution (1–395)Appendix II: Subjects of Union, State and Concurrent ListsAppendix III: Table of PrecedenceAppendix IV: Constitutional Amendments at a GlanceAppendix V: Presidents, Vice-Presidents, Prime Ministers, etc.
Appendix VI: Chairpersons of the National CommissionsAppendix VII: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Prelims 2010–2019)Appendix VIII: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (GeneralStudies—Prelims)Appendix IX: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains 2010–2019)Appendix X: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains)Additional reading material available at the weblink given below:http://www.mhhe.com./indianpolity6e1. Oath by the Constitutional and Other Authorities2. Definitions Under the Constitution3. Allied Amending Acts at a Glance4. Model Code of Conduct Relating to Elections5. Representation of the People Act, 1950 at a Glance6. Representation of the People Act, 1951 at a Glance7. Flag Code of India8. UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Prelims 2000–2009)9. UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains2000–2009)
List of TablesTable 1.1Table 1.2Table 2.1Table 2.2Table 2.3Table 2.4Table 2.5Table 2.6Table 2.7Table 3.1Table 3.2Table 3.3Table 3.4Table 5.1Table 5.2Table 5.3Table 5.4Table 5.5Table 5.6Table 6.1Table 6.2Table 7.1Table 7.2Interim Government (1946)First Cabinet of Free India (1947)Allocation of seats in the Constituent Assembly ofIndia (1946)Results of the Elections to the Constituent Assembly(July–August 1946)Community-wise Representation in the ConstituentAssembly (1946)State-wise Membership of the Constituent Assemblyof India as on December 31, 1947Sessions of the Constituent Assembly at a GlanceTime Taken by the Framers of Other ConstitutionsArticles Related to Short Title, Commencement, HindiText and Repeals at a GlanceThe Constitution of India at a GlanceImportant Articles of the Constitution at a GlanceSchedules of the Constitution at a GlanceSources of the Constitution at a GlanceTerritory of India in 1950Original Parts of the Constitution Dealing with Statesand TerritoriesTerritory of India in 1956Territory of India in 2019Laws Made by Parliament Under Article 3 of theConstitutionArticles Related to Union and its Territory at a GlanceComparing NRI, PIO and OCI CardholderArticles Related to Citizenship at a GlanceFundamental Rights at a GlanceFundamental Rights (FR) of Foreigners
Table 7.3Table 7.4Table 8.1Table 8.2Table 11.1Table 12.1Table 13.1Table 14.1Table 14.2Table 14.3Table 15.1Table 15.3Table 15.2Table 16.1Table 16.2Table 16.3Table 17.1Table 17.2Table 17.3Table 18.1Table 18.2Table 19.1Table 20.1Table 20.2Table 22.1Martial Law Vs National EmergencyArticles Related to Fundamental Rights at a Gla
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