Fundamentals Of Microprocessor And Chapter 1

Fundamentals ofChapter 1Microprocessor andMicrocontrollerDr. Farid FarahmandUpdated: Monday, February 5, 2018

EvolutionnnFirst came transistorsIntegrated circuits n1- Microprocessors (MPU) nSSI (Small-Scale Integration) to ULSIVery Large Scale Integration circuits (VLSI)Microcomputers (with CPU being a microprocessor)Components: Memory, CPU, Peripherals (I/O)Example: Personal computers2- Microcontroller (MCU) Microcomputers (with CPU being a microprocessor)Many special function peripheral are integrated on a singlecircuitTypes: General Purpose or Embedded System (with specialfunctionalities)

Microcontrollers –Embedded SystemsnnAn embedded system is a special-purpose computersystem designed to perform one or a few dedicatedfunctions often with real-timeAn integrated device which consists of multiple devices nMicroprocessor (MPU)MemoryI/O (Input/Output) portsOften has its own dedicated software

Embedded Systems4

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Microprocessor-Based Systems Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory Input/Output (I/O) circuitry Buses– Address bus– Data bus– Control bus

Control UnitMicroprocessor-based System

Microprocessor-Based System withBuses: Address, Data, and Control

Microprocessor-based SystemsMicroprocessorn Themicroprocessor (MPU) is a computing andlogic device that executes binary instructions in asequence stored in memory.n Characteristics: Generalpurpose central processor unit (CPU) Binary Register-based Clock-driven Programmable

Microprocessor-based SystemsMicroprocessornthe “brains” of the computer nits job is to fetch instructions, decode them, and then execute them8/16/32/etc –bit (how it moves the rol UnitALU performs computing tasks – manipulates the data/ performs numerical and logicalcomputationsRegisters are used for temp. storageControl unit is used for timing and other controlling functions – contains a programcounter (next instruction’s address and status register)System software: A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system

Remember

Microprocessor-based SystemsMemorynMemory is a group of registersnn16 register – address: 0-15 – in binary: 01111; Address lines: A0-A3Serves two major purposesqqstoring the binary codes for the sequence ofinstructions specified by programs (program)storing binary data that the computer needsto execute instructions (data)

Microprocessor-based SystemsMemory Types R/W:Read/Write Memory; also called RAMIt is volatile (losses information as power isremoved)n Write means the processor can store informationn Read means the processor can receive informationfrom the memoryn Acts like a Blackboard! ROM: Read-Only memory;n It is typically non-volatile (permanent) – can beerasablen It is similar to a Page from your textbookn

Microprocessor-based SystemsMemory ClassificationBasic Technologies:SemiconductorMagneticOptical(or combination)ExpensiveFast/CheapSlowOnetime programmableElectronically ErasablePROM

Microprocessor-based-one transistor and one Systemscapacitor to store a bitMemory Classification-Leakage problem, thusrequires refreshing-Used for dynamicdata/program storage-Cheap and slow!-4/6 transistor tosave a single bit- Volatile- Fast butexpensiveExpensiveFast/CheapSlowOnetime programmableElectronically ErasablePROM

Erasable ROMsnMarked Programmed ROM nProgrammable ROM (PROM) n Uses ultraviolet light to erase (through a quartz window)OTP refers to one-time programmableElectrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) nCan be programmed in the field via the programmerErasable Programmable ROM (EPROM) nProgrammed by the manufacturerEach program location can be individually erasedExpensiveRequires programmerFLASH Can be programmed in-circuit (in-system)Easy to erase (no programmer)Only one section can be erased/written at a time (typically 64 bytes at a time)

Microprocessor-based SystemsI/O PortsnnThe way the computer communicates with theoutside world devicesI/O ports are connected to Peripherals Peripherals are I/O devicesnn Input devicesOutput devicesExamplesnnnnPrinters and modems,keyboard and mousescannerUniversal Serial Bus (USB)

Microprocessor-basedSystems - BUSnThe three components – MPU, memory, and I/O – are connected by agroup of wires called the BUSnAddress busnnnControl bus nconsists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines (wires) - unidirectionalthese lines contain the address of the memory location to read or writtenconsists of 4 to 10 (or more) parallel signal linesCPU sends signals along these lines to memory and to I/O portsn examples: Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, I/O WriteData bus consists of 8,16, or 32 parallel signal linesbi-directionalonly one device at a time can have its outputs enabled,this requires the devices to have three-state output

Remember: 111 1111 1111 7FF 2 11-1 20472 11 2K 20482 11 Requires 11 bitsExpanded Microprocessor-Based System1. Note the directionsof busses2. What is the width ofthe address bus?3. What is the value ofthe Address but toaccess the firstregister of theR/WM?You must know how todraw it!

Example8000008010012KRegisters or bytes ofmemoryWhat?How many bitsHow much memory do we have?2KRegisters or bytes ofmemoryWhat?How many bits

Example8000008010012K(2 11 2048)Registers or bytes ofmemory2 11 -1 7FFRequires 11 bits2K(2 11 2048)Registers or bytes ofmemoryFFFRequires 12 bitsFor a total of 4095 bytesTotal of 4K bytes of memory: 2 12 (FFF) à 12 bits ; last values 2 12-1 4096-1

Example8 bits0000011G bytes of memory30 bits!2 30 -1 3FFF FFFFNext number: 4000 0000 (in Hex)

Example of an 8-bit MPUA15A0800RAM2KROM2KFFFD7D08-bit

So what aremicrocontrollers?

What is a Microcontroller?nA microcontroller is a small computer on asingle integrated circuit containing processorcore, memory, programmableninput/output peripheralsUsed for specific (embedded) applications

Embedded controllersUsed to control smart machinesn Examples: printers, auto braking systemsn Also called microcontrollers ormicrocontroller units (MCU)n

Embedded controllersSoftware CharacteristicsnnnNo operating systemsExecute a single program, tailored exactly to thecontroller hardwareAssembly language (vs. High-level language) Not transportable, machine specific Programmer need to know CPU architecture Speed Program size Uniqueness

Microcontroller Unit (MCU)Block DiagramnAn integrated electronic computing and logic device thatincludes three major components on a single chip nIncludes support devices nMicroprocessorMemoryI/O portsTimersA/D converterSerial I/OParallel Slave PortAll components connected by common communicationlines called the system bus.

First MicrocontrollersnnnnIBM started using Intel processors in its PC Intel started its 8042 and 8048 (8-bitmicrocontroller) – using in printersApple Macintosh used Motorola1980 Intel abandoned microcontroller businessBy 1989 Microchip was a major player indesigning microcontrollers PIC: Peripheral Interface Controller

Different Microcontrollers hat is thedifference?8/16/24/32 bitsArchitecturePackageCapabilityMemorySoftware (IDE)/cloudADC (10-12 bit)A more complete list is here: lers

MCU ArchitecturennRISC Reduced instruction set computer Simple operations Simple addressing modes Longer compiled program but faster to execute Uses pipelining Most embedded systemCISC Complex instruction set computer More complex instructions (closer to high-level languagesupport) x86 standard (Intel, AMD, etc.), but even in the mainframeterritory CISC is dominant via the IBM/390 chipBench marks: How to compare MCUs togetherMIPS: Million Instructions / second (Useful when the compilers are the same)

CISC vs RISCCISCPentium/x86 are CISC-basedRISCARM-basedMost mobile-phonesComplex instructions requiremultiple cyclesReduced instructions take 1cycleMany instructions can referencememoryOnly Load and Store instructionscan reference memoryInstructions are executed one ata timeUses pipelining to executeinstructionsFew general registersMany general registersRISC and CISC architectures are becoming more and more alike.*Read the LINK on the web site!*

CISC vs RISCThe Performance EquationThe following equation is commonlyused for expressing a computer'sperformance ability:The CISC approachattempts to minimize thenumber of instructions perprogram, sacrificing thenumber of cycles perinstruction.RISC does the opposite, reducing thecycles per instruction at the cost ofthe number of instructions perprogram.RISC and CISC architectures are becoming more and more alike.*Read the LINK on the web site!*

8-bit Controllers (Main Players)nMicrochip nMotorola n nWhat is thedifference?SpeedPackagePowerRAM/ROMIO PinsSoftware (IDE)/cloudCISC architectureHas hundreds of instructionsExamples: 8051, 8052Many difference manufacturers: Philips, Dallas/MAXIM Semiconductor, etc.Atmel nCISC architectureHas hundreds of instructionsExamples: 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC11Intel nRISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer)Has sold over 2 billion as of 2002Cost effective and rich in peripheralsRISC architecture (reduced instruction set computer) – with CISC instruction set!Cost effective and rich in peripheralsClaims to be very code efficient – less memory for the same code!AVR (Advanced Virtual RISC): TunyAVR, MegAVR, XmegaAVRFreescaleZiglog (Z8)

A Bit About ARMsArchitecture (Advanced RISC Machine)nnARM design takes the RISC based computer designapproach – Linux –like architectureARM is a British semiconductor (and software) designcompany that designs and licenses ARM processorcores to semiconductor manufacturers nThey just sell the ARM coreOther manufacturers license the core from them and then designmicrocontrollers around that core by adding in peripherals andmemory to suit their design goalsThere are different cores for different applications Cortex-M0/M0 , Cortex-M3, or Cortex-M4.

ARM Processor IP

Applications of ARM-BasedMicrocontrollersWho is using ARM? Check this out!http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of applications of ARM coresMost Cellphones!

Design Examples .Microcontrollers vs. Microprocessors

MPU-Based Timeand Temperature System

MCU-Based Timeand Temperature System

ReferencesnnnnnnnComputer History Museum: http://www.computerhistory.org/Read about cbook/2 01chapter.htmLots of good information exist on Wikipedia about ry of kly/aa061698.htmNice transistor timeline by I used a few slides from here:http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/courses/ceng336/ documents/introduction.pdfARM related references: SS06/HS AKES/slides/ARM.pdf - Very good reference !

References - /Complex instruction set 4

Feb 05, 2018 · Microprocessor-based Systems -BUS n The three components –MPU, memory, and I/O –are connected by a group of wires called the BUS n Address bus n consists of 16, 20, 24, or 32 parallel signal lines (wires) -unidirectional n these lines contain the address of the memory location to read or written n Cont