Scaphopod Species (Mollusca) Of The Turkish Levantine And .
B. ÖZTÜRKResearch ArticleTurk J Zool2011; 35(2): 199-211 TÜBİTAKdoi:10.3906/zoo-0904-23Scaphopod species (Mollusca) of the Turkish Levantine andAegean seasBilal ÖZTÜRK*Ege University, Faculty of Fisheries, Department of Hydrobiology, 35100 Bornova, İzmir - TURKEYReceived: 28.04.2009Abstract: An examination of benthic material collected from different depths (0-875 m) and habitats along the Turkish Levantine and Aegean seas between 1996 and 2008 has resulted in the identification of 819 scaphopod specimens,belonging to 10 species: Antalis dentalis (Linneaus, 1758), Antalis inaequicostata (Dautzenberg, 1891), Antalis panorma(Chenu, 1843), Antalis rossati (Caprotti, 1966), Antalis vulgaris (da Costa, 1778), Fustiaria rubescens (Deshayes, 1825),Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814), Pulsellum lofotense (M. Sars, 1865), Cadulus jeffreysi (Monterosato, 1875), and Dischides politus (S. Wood, 1842). Of these, P. lofotense and C. jeffreysi are new records for the Aegean molluscan fauna andA. panorma and F. rubescens are new to the Levantine coast of Turkey. Of the identified species, A. inaequicostata wasthe most widely distributed along the Turkish coast, whereas C. jeffreysi was the rarest, and was encountered in only2 places. Entalina tetragona was significant as the deepest living species, sampled from depths between 96 and 875 m.Some ecological characteristics and taxonomic remarks, with colour photographs of the identified species, are provided.Key words: Scaphopoda, Aegean Sea, Levantine Sea, ecology, distributionTürkiye’nin Levantine ve Ege Denizi Scaphopoda (Mollusca) türleriÖzet: 1996-2008 yılları arasında Türkiye’nin Levantine ve Ege Denizi kıyılarının farklı derinlik (0-875 m) vebiyotoplarından örneklenen bentik materyalin incelenmesi sonucu, 10 türe ait: Antalis dentalis (Linneaus, 1758), Antalis inaequicostata (Dautzenberg, 1891), Antalis panorma (Chenu, 1843), Antalis rossati (Caprotti, 1966), Antalis vulgaris(da Costa, 1778), Fustiaria rubescens (Deshayes, 1825), Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814), Pulsellum lofotense (M. Sars1865), Cadulus jeffreysi (Monterosato, 1875), ve Dischides politus (S. Wood, 1842) 819 skafopod bireyi saptanmıştır.Bunlardan P. lofotense ve C. jeffreysi Ege Denizi Mollusca faunası için yeni kayıt olup, A. panorma ve F. rubescens iseTürkiye’nin Levantine Denizi kıyılarından ilk defa rapor edilmiştir. Saptanan türlerden A. inaequicostata Türkiyekıyılarında en geniş dağılıma sahip olmasına karşın, sadece iki istasyonda tespit edilen C. jeffreysi ise dağılımı en nadirolan türdür. 96-875 m arasındaki derinliklerde bulunmuş olan E. tetragona, saptanan türler arasında en derin dağılımlıtür olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, incelenen türlerin bazı ekolojik ve taksonomik özelliklerinin yanında,bunların renkli fotoğraflarına da yer verilmiştir.Anahtar sözcükler: Scaphopoda, Ege Denizi, Levantine Denizi, ekoloji, dağılım* E-mail: bilal.ozturk@ege.edu.tr199
Scaphopod species (Mollusca) of the Turkish Levantine and Aegean seasIntroductionThe Levantine and Aegean seas are 2 distinctbasins of the Mediterranean Sea, each with differentcharacteristics. The Aegean Sea is an area wherethe brackish waters of the Black Sea communicatewith the more saline waters of the easternMediterranean Sea, whereas the Levantine Sea is themost oligotrophic basin in the Mediterranean. Theconspicuous hydrological and ecological differencesbetween the 2 basins greatly influence their biologicaldiversity. According to Boudouresque (2004), thenumber of macroscopic marine species inhabitingthe Mediterranean is estimated to be about 12,000, ofwhich a total of almost 2000 are molluscs, and a fewbelong to the class Scaphopoda.Scaphopods are bilaterally symmetrical marinemolluscs, with an external tubular calcareous shellthat is open at both ends, which is more or lessmarkedly curved. They are benthic animals, livingpartly embedded in the soft substrata betweenthe shallow and abyssal realms to a depth ofapproximately 7000 m (Poppe and Goto, 1993), andfeeding on foraminifers and small algae.Scaphopods are relatively well-studied molluscs,both at the global and local scales. Faunisticinvestigations on this subject were undertaken inthe 19th century, the monograph by Pilsbry andSharp (1897-1898) being a particularly fundamentalwork in which the Scaphopoda was revised.More than half a century after Pilsbry and Sharp’spublication, Emerson (1962) revised and expandedtheir classification. Emerson (1962), after reviewingthe previous studies, gave detailed information onscaphopod classification, with keys to the families,genera, and subgenera. He also added 8 new generaand 1 subgenus to the existing taxa. In addition tothese major publications, the studies by Ludbrook(1960), Scarabino (1995), Steiner (1992, 1996),and Steiner and Kabat (2001, 2004) are the nextimportant works on this subject. Scarabino (1995),in his study on tropical scaphopods, also described 3new genera and 42 new species. Recently, Steiner andKabat (2004) published a catalogue of species-groupnames of recent and fossil scaphopods, in which 517species, belonging to 2 orders (Dentaliida da Costa,1776 and Gadilida Starobogatov, 1974) and 45 genera(Steiner and Kabat, 2001), were listed as valid recenttaxa in the world’s oceans.200In the past century, especially in its secondhalf, several studies (Stork, 1934; Caprotti, 1965,1968, 1979; Steiner, 1997) were carried out on theMediterranean scaphopods. Stork (1934), in hisstudy performed in the Adriatic Sea, reported 9species from the area and gave detailed informationon the identified species, with a key for family, genus,and species determinations. More recently, Caprotti(1979) carried out an examination of Neogene andrecent Mediterranean scaphopods, in particulardiscussing and comparing the living species withthe fossilised ones. According to Sabelli et al. (1990),16 scaphopod species have been recorded fromthe Mediterranean, of which 8 species were alsorecorded from the Levantine Sea (Cypriot coast)(Öztürk et al., 2003), and 10 species from the AegeanSea (Koukouras and Kevrekidis, 1986). Accordingto the studies performed along the Turkish coasts(Ostroumoff, 1896; Marion, 1898; Oberling, 19691971; Aartsen and Kinzelbach, 1990; Buzzurro andGreppi, 1996; Demir, 2003; Çevik and Sarıhan, 2004),a total of 8 species occur in the Levantine Sea, AegeanSea, and the Sea of Marmara.The present study focuses on some morphologicalfeatures of the shells, along with some ecological anddistributional information on the scaphopod speciesoccurring along the Turkish Levantine and Aegeancoasts.Materials and methodsScaphopod specimens examined in this studywere collected during various cruises or researchprojects with different purposes, carried out alongthe Turkish Levantine and Aegean coasts during theperiod from 1996 to 2008. The greater part of theAegean Sea material was collected during researchcruises in this area, undertaken by R/V Hippocampusin the summer and autumn of 2000, whereas theLevantine Sea material was sampled mostly withinProject Number: 104 Y 065, supported by TÜBİTAK(The Scientific and Technological Research Councilof Turkey). The remaining material was collected byR/V K. Piri Reis and Egesüf, or with the aid of otherboats. An important portion of the material fromFethiye Bay (Levantine Sea) was obtained duringa project funded by the Environmental ProtectionAgency for Special Areas (Republic of TurkeyMinistry of Environment and Forestry).
B. ÖZTÜRKBenthic samples were collected from differenthabitats at more than 500 stations and at depthsreaching a maximum of 875 m. Scuba diving andsnorkelling were used at shallow-water stations,whereas at deeper stations, the material was takenby using standard sampling gears such as an anchordredge, a beam-trawl, and a Van Veen grab. Onceon board, the material was sieved with a 0.5-mmmesh and the retained fauna was preserved in a 10%seawater-formalin solution.In the laboratory, the sampled material was sortedinto different groups. Scaphopod specimens wereseparated from other benthic groups, identified atthe species level, and counted. Some shell features,such as length ( height) and aperture diameter (andapex in some species) of the specimens belongingto different species, were measured using callipersor an ocular micrometer. Of the empty shells, onlythose with well-preserved characteristics were takeninto consideration. The location of the stations (67)from which the scaphopod specimens were collected(Figure 1), and some ecological characteristics,such as biotope type and station depth, are alsogiven (Table 1). The investigated specimens, withindividual catalogue numbers, have been depositedin the museum collections of the Faculty of Fisheries(ESFM), Ege University (İzmir-Turkey).ResultsThe examination of 664 scaphopod individualsand 155 empty shells (total 819), collected from theLevantine and Aegean coasts of Turkey, yielded 10species: Antalis dentalis (Linneaus, 1758), Antalisinaequicostata (Dautzenberg, 1891), Antalis panorma(Chenu, 1843), Antalis rossati (Caprotti, 1966),Antalis vulgaris (da Costa, 1778), Fustiaria rubescens(Deshayes, 1825), Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814),Pulsellum lofotense (M. Sars, 1865), Cadulus jeffreysi(Monterosato, 1875), and Dischides politus (S. Wood,1842). Of these, 2 species (Pulsellum lofotense andCadulus jeffreysi) are new records for the Aegeanmollusc fauna and 2 species (Antalis panorma andFustiaria rubescens) are new to the Levantine coastof Turkey. As for the families, Dentaliidae wasrepresented by 5 species and 476 specimens (425 ind. 51 sh.), all belonging to the genus Antalis Adams,H.&A., 1854 (A. dentalis, A. inaequicostata, A.panorma, A. rossati, and A. vulgaris); the Fustiariidaeby 1 species (F. rubescens) and 74 specimens (61 ind. 13 sh.); the Pulsellidae by 1 species (Pulsellumlofotense) and 6 individuals; the Gadilidae by 2species (Cadulus jeffreysi and Dischides politus) and125 specimens (104 ind., 21 sh.); and the Entalinidaeby 1 species (Entalina tetragona) and 138 specimens(68 ind. 70 sh.) (Table 2).40 00ʹΝTURKEYNWES36 00ʹΝ26 00ʹΕ30 00ʹΕ35 00ʹΕFigure 1. Study area with location of the stations where scaphopod species were sampled.201
Scaphopod species (Mollusca) of the Turkish Levantine and Aegean seasTable 1. Coordinates, sampling dates, depths, and biotope characterisations of the ng.40 41ʹ40ʺ40 34ʹ45ʺ40 33ʹ00ʺ40 36ʹ30ʺ40 25ʹ38ʺ40 27ʹ40ʺ40 23ʹ46ʺ40 26ʹ36ʺ40 17ʹ06ʺ40 13ʹ20ʺ40 04ʹ45ʺ40 12ʹ15ʺ40 05ʹ45ʺ39 58ʹ50ʺ39 55ʹ30ʺ39 39ʹ15ʺ39 23ʹ10ʺ39 15ʹ00ʺ39 00ʹ10ʺ38 54ʹ28ʺ38 55ʹ29ʺ38 51ʹ04ʺ38 41ʹ25ʺ38 44ʹ50ʺ38 43ʹ33ʺ38 38ʹ50ʺ38 38ʹ33ʺ38 41ʹ17ʺ38 44ʹ10ʺ38 25ʹ16ʺ25 58ʹ30ʺ26 09ʹ25ʺ26 30ʹ20ʺ26 28ʹ00ʺ26 25ʹ57ʺ26 29ʹ57ʺ26 21ʹ46ʺ26 17ʹ47ʺ25 45ʹ05ʺ26 03ʹ00ʺ26 10ʹ50ʺ26 03ʹ55ʺ25 50ʹ45ʺ26 03ʹ25ʺ25 50ʹ20ʺ26 02ʹ00ʺ26 45ʹ12ʺ26 32ʹ05ʺ26 44ʹ28ʺ26 49ʹ57ʺ26 49ʹ30ʺ26 54ʹ56ʺ26 58ʹ17ʺ26 42ʹ00ʺ26 39ʹ00ʺ26 50ʹ50ʺ26 58ʹ33ʺ26 58ʹ17ʺ26 22ʹ00ʺ26 21ʹ20ʺ29.230313233.133.233.320238 09ʹ30ʺ38 08ʹ13ʺ38 03ʹ10ʺ37 55ʹ18ʺ37 23ʹ55ʺ37 50ʹ22ʺ26 17ʹ40ʺ26 43ʹ00ʺ26 56ʹ00ʺ27 07ʹ41ʺ27 06ʹ52ʺ27 MudP. oceanica SandSandy mudSand MudP. oceanica SandMudSand MudMudMudMudSandSandP. oceanica SandSand MudSandSand MudSand MudSand MudMudMudP. oceanica SandCoralligenous sandCoralligenousMudMudSandy mudSandy mudSandSandSandy mudMudSandSand, Mud, Muddy sand; Sandy mud10-65Sand, Mud, Muddy sand; Sandy mud11315041787110-50Sand MudMudSand MudMudSand MudSandy mudSaros BaySaros BaySaros BaySaros BaySaros BaySaros BaySaros BaySaros BaySaros BayNorth of GökçeadaGelibolu PeninsulaGelibolu PeninsulaGökçeadaEnt. Çanakkale St.South of ara Island (Çandarlı Bay)Kızkulesi (Çandarlı Bay)Tavşan Island (Çandarlı Bay)Nemrut Bay (Aliağa)İzmir Bayİzmir Bayİzmir Bayİzmir Bayİzmir Bayİzmir BayKaraburunKaraburun �eşmeÇeşmeSığacıkKuşadası BayKuşadası BayKuşadası BayKuşadası Bay
B. ÖZTÜRKTable 1. 3637.137.2383937 23ʹ55ʺ37 19ʹ30ʺ37 16ʹ00ʺ37 09ʹ00ʺ37 13ʹ08ʺ37 12ʹ43ʺ37 03ʹ50ʺ27 06ʹ52ʺ27 29ʹ00ʺ27 35ʹ30ʺ27 29ʹ30ʺ27 32ʹ15ʺ27 12ʹ18ʺ27 .09.200029.09.200017.09.2000791913443185374036 56ʹ45ʺ27 6364.164.265666736 59ʹ00ʺ36 59ʹ30ʺ36 58ʹ30ʺ36 59ʹ00ʺ37 02ʹ39ʺ36 54ʹ40ʺ36 49ʹ07ʺ36 47ʹ58ʺ36 44ʹ26ʺ36 43ʹ16ʺ36 45ʹ08ʺ36 42ʹ45ʺ36 42ʹ30ʺ36 40ʹ31ʺ36 50ʹ40ʺ36 44ʹ30ʺ36 36ʹ25ʺ36 36ʹ05ʺ36 38ʹ27ʺ36 39ʹ55ʺ36 41ʹ48ʺ36 38ʹ28ʺ36 37ʹ56ʺ36 39ʹ24ʺ36 38ʹ23ʺ36 41ʹ39ʺ36 45ʹ03ʺ36 40ʹ05ʺ36 42ʹ16ʺ36 45ʹ03ʺ36 39ʹ29ʺ36 38ʹ38ʺ36 12ʹ06ʺ36 17ʹ24ʺ36 02ʹ37ʺ36 02ʹ02ʺ36 02ʹ31ʺ36 02ʹ21ʺ36 18ʹ51ʺ36 37ʹ50ʺ36 33ʹ22ʺ36 46ʹ04ʺ36 52ʹ21ʺ36 43ʹ32ʺ36 43ʹ19ʺ36 38ʹ11ʺ36 21ʹ15ʺ36 23ʹ18ʺ27 32ʹ35ʺ27 47ʹ56ʺ27 57ʹ10ʺ27 05ʹ35ʺ28 19ʹ20ʺ28 09ʹ57ʺ27 52ʹ10ʺ27 41ʹ25ʺ27 24ʹ19ʺ27 42ʹ10ʺ27 47ʹ00ʺ28 05ʹ58ʺ28 00ʹ15ʺ28 09ʹ51ʺ28 16ʹ10ʺ28 31ʹ30ʺ28 52ʹ08ʺ28 51ʹ57ʺ28 53ʹ54ʺ28 51ʹ26ʺ28 52ʹ10ʺ29 02ʹ37ʺ29 04ʹ31ʺ29 04ʹ44ʺ29 06ʹ46ʺ28 55ʹ41ʺ28 55ʹ50ʺ28 53ʹ09ʺ28 54ʹ25ʺ28 55ʹ50ʺ29 06ʹ02ʺ29 04ʹ36ʺ29 37ʹ30ʺ30 13ʹ01ʺ32 54ʹ06ʺ32 53ʹ59ʺ32 54ʹ54ʺ32 54ʹ01ʺ33 51ʹ47ʺ34 37ʹ47ʺ35 34ʹ17ʺ35 47ʹ45ʺ35 55ʹ05ʺ36 10ʹ28ʺ36 09ʹ30ʺ36 06ʹ48ʺ35 44ʹ27ʺ35 MudSand MudMudSand MudMudMudCaulerpa racemosa P. oceanica Sandy mudSand AlgaeDidimGüllük BayGüllük BayGüllük BayGüllük BayGüllük BayBodrumSand AlgaeSandSand MudMudMudSand MudSand MudSand AlgaeSand AlgaeSand MudSand AlgaeMudSandSand AlgaeMudMudSandSandH. stipulacea SandSandSandMudSandy mudSandy mudMudSandSandSandMudSandSandy mudSandSandMudMuddy sandSandy mudMudMudSandy mudMudMuddy sandMuddy sandMudMuddy sandSandy mudMudSandy mudMudBodrumGökova BayGökova BayGökova BayGökova BayGökova BayGökova BayGökova BayGökova sFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayFethiye BayKaşFinikeAnamurAnamurAnamurAnamurnear TaşucuMersinİskenderun Bayİskenderun Bayİskenderun Bayİskenderun Bayİskenderun Bayİskenderun Bayİskenderun Bayİskenderun BayBodrum203
Scaphopod species (Mollusca) of the Turkish Levantine and Aegean seasTable 2. Stations where the scaphopod specimens were collected and some shell features of the identified species (H: Mean height(length) of the shell with standard errors, and maximum value (mm) in brackets; D: Mean diameter of the aperture with standard errors, and maximum value (mm) in brackets; H/D: The ratio between the mean height and mean diameter with standard errors).SpeciesStationDepth(m)HDH/DAntalis dentalis(Linneaus, 1758)St. 24: 1 sp.; St. 29.2: 6 sp.; St. 33.3: 2 sp.; St. 6.1: 1 sp.; St. 46:1 sp.25-4919.14 10.23(31.5)2.38 0.65(3.30)8.08 3.29St. 1: 4 sp.; St.4: 2 sp.; St. 6.1: 2 sp.; St. 14: 1 sp.; St. 15: 6 sp., 2sh.; St. 16: 3 sp.; St. 18: 3 sp.; St. 19.2: 1 sp.; St. 19.3: 1 sp.; St. 20:3 sp.; St. 21: 2 sp.; St. 22: 2 sp.; St. 23: 2 sp.; St. 24: 6 sp.; St. 25:1 sp.; St. 26: 6 sp.; St. 29.1: 4 sp.; St. 29.2: 88 sp., 4 sh.; St. 32: 6sp.; St. 33.1: 2 sp., 2 sh.; St. 33.3: 2 sp.; St. 35: 1 sp., 5 sh.; St. 37:9 sp.; St. 38: 9 sp.; St. 39: 4 sp., 1 sh.; St. 40: 3 sp.; St. 45: 1 sp.; St.46: 1 sp, 1 sh.; St. 47.1: 3 sp.; St. 49:1: 1 sp., 2 sh.; St.49.3: 2 sp.,2 sh.; St.50.2:4 sp., 2 sh.; St. 43.9: 1 sp.; St. 53.4:1 sp.; St. 54.1: 2sp.; St. 57: 5 sp.; St.58: 3 sp.; St. 60: 4 sp.; St. 61: 5 sp.; St. 62: 3sp.; St. 64.2: 5 sp., 1 sh.; St. 65: 3 sp.; St. 66: 2 sp.; St. 67: 6 sp.12-10025.55 1.51(41.6)2.72 0.14(3.79)8.14 0.44St. 6.2: 1 sp.; St. 25: 1 sp.; St. 27: 12 sp., 4 sh.; St. 37.2: 4 sp.; St.43: 1 sp.; St. 51: 31 sp., 8 sh.; St. 53.1: 1 sp.; St. 58.3: 19 sp.; St.58.4: 18 sp.68-20028.04 1.70(40.4)2.35 0.11(3.20)11.40 0.44St. 17: 5 sp.; St.21: 1 sp.; St. 24: 1 sp.; St. 36: 6 sh.11.5-4924.94 2.53(41.2)2.56 0.17(3.48)9.46 0.4021.60 1.59(48.3)2.50 0.15(4.60)7.04 0.36Antalis inaequicostata(Dautzenberg, 1891)Antalis panorma(Chenu, 1843)Antalis rossati(Caprotti, 1966)Antalis vulgaris(da Costa, 1778)St. 2: 2 sp.; St. 10.1: 5 sp.; St. 19.1: 1 sp.; St. 19.2: 4 sp.; St. 28: 1sp.; St. 29.1: 18 sp., 5 sh., St. 29.2: 6 sp.; St. 40: 26 sp., 3 sh.,; St.48: 1 sp.; St.49.2: 3 sp.; St. 52.1: 2 sp.; St. 52.2: 3 sp., 1 sh.; St.52.4: 1 sp.; St. 52.5: 1; St. 53.5: 2 sp.; St. 53.6: 2 sp.; St. 53.7: 3sp.; St. 53.8: 2 sp.; St. 54.2: 3 sp.; St. 54.3: 1 sp.; St. 55: 3 sp., St.56: 1 sp.; St. 58: 2 sp.; St. 59: 1; St. 64.1: 2 sp., 2 sh.4-75Fustiaria rubescens(Deshayes, 1825)St. 29.1: 7 sp.; St. 29.2: 8 sp.; St.33.3: 2 sp., 7 sh.; St. 35: 8 sp.; St.37.1: 5 sp.; St. 40:7 sp.; St. 50.2: 1 sp.; St. 52.3: 1 sp.; St.53.2: 2sp.; St. 61: 17 sp., 6 sh.; St. 63: 3 sp.5-5213.24 1.49(30.2)1.31 0.14(2.90)7.65 0.75Entalina tetragona(Brocchi, 1814)St.6.1: 12 sp., 4 sh.; St. 6.2: 1 sp.; St. 7: 3 sp., 23 sh.; St. 8: 5 sp.;St.9: 3 sp., 2 sh.; St. 27: 10 sp.; St.31: 27 sp.; St. 48: 1 sp.; 29sh., St. 31: 1 sp.; St. 53.1: 5 sp., 12 sh.96-8757.64 0.38(11.1)0.92 0.02(1.16)8.19 0.28Pulsellum lofotense(M. Sars, 1865)St.13: 2 sp.; St. 27: 1 sp.; St. 29.2: 1 sp.; St. 33.2: 1 sp.; St.43:1 sp.65-1832.88 0.39(4.0)0.36 0.02(0.39)7.75 0.76St. 27: 4 sp.; St. 31: 2 sp.150-1832.94 0.60(3.0)--St. 3: 2 sp.; St. 10.1: 19 sp., St. 10.2: 1 sp.; 7 sh.; St. 11: 1 sp.; St.12: 1 sp.; St. 14: 2 sh.; St. 15: 2 sp.; St. 16: 7 sp., 5 sh.; St. 18: 1sp.; St. 22: 1 sp.; St. 29.1: 33 sp., 1 sh.,; St. 29.2: 7 sp.; St. 30: 1sp.; St. 32: 1 sp.; St. 33.1: 3 sp.; St. 33.2: 1 sp.; St. 34: 2 sp.; St.35: 1 sp., 1 sh.; St. 38: 1 sp.; St. 39: 1 sp.; St. 40: 1 sp.; St. 41: 4sp., 1 sh.; St. 42: 1 sp.; St. 43: 1 sp.; St. 47: 2 sh., St. 49.3: 2 sp.;St. 49.4: 2 sp.; St. 50.1: 1 sp., 1 sh.; St. 50.2: 1 sh.19-1135.11 0.28(8.8)0.56 0.02(0.92)8. 09 0.40Cadulus jeffreysi(Monterosato, 1875)Dischides politus(S. Wood, 1842)204
B. ÖZTÜRKOf the identified species, Antalis inaequicostatawas the most common in the investigated area andcomprised 30% of the total specimens collected,whereas both Pulsellum lofotense and Cadulusjeffreysi were represented by only 6 individuals (Table2). All of the determined species were found in softsubstrata (Table 1). Antalis antalis, A. inaequicostata,A. rossati, A. vulgaris, and Fustiaria rubescens werefound at depths up to 100 m. Antalis panorma, P.lofotense, and C. jeffreysi dominated the depthsover 100 m (68-200 m). Entalina tetragona had thedeepest distribution, being found at depths up to 875m (Tables 1 and 2).Family DENTALIIDAE Gray, 1847it from A. inaequicostata. There are also specimenswith fine striations between the ribs, which are fewerin number (4-6) than in related species. In addition,the shell is more slender and generally more fragile,with a circular aperture and without a truncate apexand calcareous pipe in it (the other difference from A.inaequicostata).The mean shell length of the investigatedspecimens was 19.1 mm, and the mean diameter ofthe aperture was 2.4 mm (Table 2).Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and MediterraneanSea. Depth range: 0-300 m (Steiner and Kabat, 2004:583).Antalis inaequicostata (Dautzenberg, 1891)Antalis dentalis (Linneaus, 1758)(Figure 3)(Figure 2)Dentalium inaequicostatum Dautzenberg, 1891Dentalium dentalis Linnaeus, 1758Material examined: 11 individuals from 5 stations(Table 2).Remarks: The shell of this species has alongitudinal primary sculpture consisting of about10 primary ribs (sometimes more: up to 15) in theposterior part. On the shell of some specimens, towardthe aperture, between the primary longitudinal ribs,there are secondary ribs, which are mostly in the samethickness range as the primary ones. When secondaryribs are present, they generally disappear beforereaching the middle of the shell, which differentiatesMaterial examined: 224 individuals and 22 emptyshells from 44 stations (Table 2).Remarks: The shell is solid, and the posterioraperture appears more or less truncated, polygonal,and generally has an oval short central pipe in adultspecimens (another difference between this speciesand the preceding one). There are 8-11 strong primarylongitudinal ribs towards the posterior aperture,which increase in number towards the anteriorend, with the intercalation of the secondary and thetertiary ribs, which are of unequal thickness. In theshell of some specimens, all the ribs can disappearDaCBAFigure 2. Antalis dentalis: general view of 2 specimens (A St.24, 27.2 mm, 49 m; B St. 29.2, 19.5 mm, 45 m) andaperture of the shell A (a 0.7 mm).BAbaFigure 3. Antalis inaequicostata: general view of different shells(A St. 39, 33.2 mm, 37 m; B St. 19.2, 27.8 mm, 46m; C St. 19.2, 36.2 mm, 46 m; D St. 34, 17.9 mm, 79m) and the apertures of the shells A (a 3.2 mm) andB (b 3.4 mm).205
Scaphopod species (Mollusca) of the Turkish Levantine and Aegean seastowards the aperture. The secondary ribs can reachto the posterior half of the shell, but they rarely reachnear the apex (Figure 3C). There are also fine lines(9-12) between the ribs.The mean length and diameter of the aperturewere calculated as 25.6 mm and 2.7 mm, respectively.Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and MediterraneanSea. Depth range: 5-120 m (Steiner and Kabat, 2004:601).Antalis panorma (Chenu, 1843)Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and theMediterranean Sea. Depth range: 54-350 m (Steinerand Kabat, 2004: 626).Antalis rossati (Caprotti, 1966)(Figure 5)Dentalium rossati Caprotti, 1966Material: 7 individuals and 6 empty shells from 4stations (Table 2).Remarks: The sculpture of the shell consists of10-24 longitudinal ribs in the posterior part near theapex, and then they increase in number with another10-20 ribs, which become weaker. All of these ribsdisappear in the anterior part near the aperture,or transform into thin lines. The shell is whitish oryellow.Remarks: Among the dentaliid species occurringalong the Turkish coasts, this species is similar ingeneral aspect to A. dentalis, A. inaequicostata,and A. vulgaris. It differs from A. dentalis and A.inaequicostata by its longitudinal ribs barely reachingthe middle part of the shell and clear concentric growthlines towards the anterior end. As for the differencefrom A. vulgaris, the well-marked longitudinal ribsin the posterior end of A. rossati are lower in number(approximately 10) in contrast to the longitudinalribs (28-33) of A. vulgaris. The pinkish colour of theshell of A. rossati is also characteristic.The mean length of the investigated specimenswas 28.0 mm, and the mean diameter of the aperturewas 2.4 mm. The ratio of H/D was 11.4 (Table 2).The mean length of the shells and the meandiameter of the aperture were 24.9 mm and 2.6 mm,respectively.(Figure 4)Dentalium panormum Chenu, 1843Material: 78 individuals and 22 empty shells from9 stations (Table 2).abCaBAFigure 4. Antalis panorma: general view of 2 specimens (A St.58.2, 35 mm, 200 m; B St. 58.3, 40.3 mm, 200 m) andthe aperture of the shell A (a 2.8 mm).206cBAFigure 5. Antalis rossati: general view of 3 specimens (A St.17,32.6 mm, 11.5 m; B St. 17, 36.0 mm, 11.5 m; C St.22, 41.1 mm, 24 m), posterior (a) and anterior (b) partsunder magnification, and aperture of the shell C (c 3.4 mm).
B. ÖZTÜRKDistribution: Mediterranean Sea. Depth range:3-49 m (Steiner and Kabat, 2004: 639 and the presentstudy).Antalis vulgaris (da Costa, 1778)(Figure 6)Dentalium vulgare da Costa, 1778Material: 94 individuals and 11 empty shells from26 stations (Table 2).Remarks: The shell is striated only posteriorlynear the apex, and the number of thin ribs varies from28 to 33. The anterior half of the shell is generallysmooth. Some specimens have a central pipe atthe apex. The shell ranges in colour from whitish,yellowish, to pinkish. Sometimes only the posteriorpart of the shell, near the apex, is pinkish.The mean height of the studied shells and themean diameter of the aperture were 21.6 mm and 2.5mm, respectively (Table 2).Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and theMediterranean Sea. Depth range: 5-1000 m (Steinerand Kabat, 2004: 662).Family FUSTIARIIDAE Steiner, 1991Fustiaria rubescens (Deshayes, 1825)Remarks: Among the scaphopod speciesoccurring along the Turkish coast, this species ischaracterised by its smooth, glossy shell with a shortsplit at the apex (especially in young specimens)(Figure 7a). They range in colour from brownish togreyish-white.Of the measured specimens, the maximum lengthwas 30.2 mm (Table 2).Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and MediterraneanSea. Depth range: 4-618 m (Steiner and Kabat, 2004:639).Family ENTALINIDAE Chistikov, 1979Entalina tetragona (Brocchi, 1814)(Figure 8)Dentalium tetragonum Brocchi, 1814Material: 68 individuals and 70 empty shells from10 stations (Table 2).Remarks: This species is characterised by itsangled cross-section. It has 5 primary ribs near theposterior end. The shell is whitish.The mean length of the studied shells was 7.6 mm,with a maximum length of 11.1 mm, and the meanof the diameter of the aperture was 0.9 mm (Table 2)(Figure 7)Dentalium rubescens Deshayes, 1825bMaterial: 61 individuals and 13 empty shells from11 stations (Table 2).caDaCBBAFigure 6. Antalis vulgaris: general view of different specimens (A St. 29.1, 44.8 mm, 6 m; B St. 55, 37.1 mm, 25 m; C St.40, 39.5 mm, 13.5 m; D St. 53.5, 35.8 mm, 30 m),posterior (a) and middle (b) parts under magnification,and aperture of the shell D (c 3.8 mm).AFigure 7. Fustiaria rubescens: general view of 2 specimens (A St.53.2, 27.9 mm, 50 m); B St. 29.2, 17.6 mm, 30 m) andthe slit at the apex (a) under magnification.207
Scaphopod species (Mollusca) of the Turkish Levantine and Aegean seasDistribution: Eastern Atlantic (European coasts)and the Mediterranean. Depth range: 68-2664 m(Steiner and Kabat, 2004: 655).Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and MediterraneanSea. Depth range: 90-2200 m (Steiner and Kabat,2004: 605).Family PULSELLIDAE Scarabino in Boss, 1992Dischides politus (S. Wood, 1842)Pulsellum lofotense (M. Sars, 1865)(Figure 11)(Figure 9)Ditrupa polita S. Wood, 1842Siphonodentalium lofotense M. Sars, 1865Material: 6 individuals from 5 stations (Table 2).Remarks: The shell is thin, semitransparent,smooth, and rather fragile. Oblique growth lines areevident.The mean length of the shells and the meandiameter of the aperture were 2.8 mm and 0.4 mm,respectively.Distribution: Eastern Atlantic (Norway to Spain)and the Mediterranean. Depth range: 26-3500 m(Steiner and Kabat, 2004: 611).Family GADILIDAE Stoliczka, 1868Cadulus jeffreysi (Monterosato, 1875)Material: 98 individuals and 21 empty shells from29 stations (Table 2).Remarks: The species is characterised by itsthin, smooth, and subcylindrical shell, in which theposterior end is cleft. The ventral lobe is somewhatshorter than the dorsal lobe. Growth lines are theonly shell sculpture. In adults, the anterior part of theshell narrows at the end.The mean length of the studied shells was 5.1 mm,with a maximum length of 8.8 mm (Table 2).Distribution: Eastern Atlantic and theMediterranean. Depth range: 9-324 m (Steiner andKabat, 2004: 632).(Figure 10)Helonyx jeffreysi Monterosato, 1875DiscussionRemarks: This species can be easily recognised byits shell when viewed from different aspects. The shellis smooth and shiny with a less evident swelling inthe middle of the dorsal side. The aperture is slightlylaterally compressed, while the apex is slightlydorsoventrally depressed (Figures 10a and 10b).In the benthic material sampled from the TurkishLevantine and Aegean coasts, 10 scaphopod specieswere identified versus 16 nominal ones distributedthroughout the Mediterranean. All of the identifiedspecies were distributed along the Turkish Aegeancoast, whereas only 4 species (Antalis inaequicostata,A. panorma, A. vulgaris, and Fustiaria rubescens)were encountered along the Turkish Levantine coast.The mean length of the studied 6 shells was 2.9mm (Table 2).In the studies previously carried out in the AegeanSea (Forbes, 1844; Sturany, 1895; Koukouras andMaterial: 6 individuals from 2 stations (Table 2).AAaFigure 8. Entalina tetragona: general view of a specimen (A St.31, 7.9 mm, 150 m) and cross-section of a shell in themiddle part (a 0.81 mm).208abFigure 9. Pulsellum lofotense: general view of a specimen (A St. 13, 3.9 mm, 77 m), aperture (a 396 μ 264 μ) andapex (b 165 μ).
B. ÖZTÜRKand Cadulus jeffreysi were new records for the Aegeanmolluscan fauna.Antalis agilis, which was
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