PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STRATEGIES
PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIONSTRATEGIES FOR GREEN BUILDINGSGreen Buildings BC—New Buildings ProgramAgencies Responsible:British Columbia Buildings CorporationMinistry of Finance and Corporate RelationsPhotograph reprinted with permission of ArchitecturaCreated July, 2001Prepared by Jessica Woolliams, Eco-City Planning CompanyThe Lui Centre at UBC utilizes a comprehensive set of green strategies. It uses ultra-low flushtoilets, minimizes impervious landscaped areas, preserves all existing trees, makes extensiveuse of recycled and salvaged materials, maximizes daylight, and uses at least 25% less energythan the Model National Energy Code for Buildings.
Table of ContentsDISCLAIMER. 3LIST OF ACRONYMS . 4INTRODUCTION: HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT. 51FIRST STAGE IN THE PROCESS: PROGRAM PLANNING AND SITE SELECTION . 91.11.21.31.41.52SECOND STAGE IN THE PROCESS: SELECTION OF DESIGN TEAM . 142.12.22.33SELECT A DESIGN TEAM WITH EXPERIENCE OR INTEREST IN GREEN AND INTEGRATED DESIGN . 14SELECT APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONALS FOR THE EXPANDED DESIGN TEAM . 14SET ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE TARGETS (DESIGN TEAM) . 15THIRD STAGE IN THE PROCESS: SITE DESIGN . 173.13.23.33.43.54SET PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE TARGETS (OWNER). 9RESEARCH FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES . 10REUSE EXISTING BUILDINGS . 10START EARLY TO SOURCE SALVAGED MATERIALS . 11SELECT APPROPRIATE LAND . 12PROTECT OR ENHANCE SITE’S ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY AND BIODIVERSITY . 17REDUCE OR ELIMINATE DISTURBANCE TO WATER SYSTEM . 18PREVENT OR REDUCE THE USE OF POTABLE WATER FOR IRRIGATION. 20REDUCE URBAN HEAT ISLANDS . 21DESIGN INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION . 22FOURTH STAGE IN THE PROCESS: BUILDING ORIENTATION & CONFIGURATION . 244.1 USE SITE RESOURCES TO REDUCE BUILDING LOADS AND ENHANCE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY. 244.2 DEVELOP A PROJECT-SPECIFIC BUILDING FORM AND MASSING . 254.3 CONFIGURE INTERNAL LAYOUT TO REDUCE LOADS AND ENHANCE IEQ . 264.4 SELECT BEST CONCEPT DESIGN . 274.5 FINALIZE ALL NON-ENERGY PERFORMANCE TARGETS. 275FIFTH STAGE IN THE PROCESS: BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN . 295.1 ENERGY DESIGN . 295.1.1 Design and select all building systems to meet energy targets . 295.2 STRUCTURE DESIGN . 305.2.1 Choose environmentally sensitive structural materials . 305.2.2 Design for reuse . 305.3 ENVELOPE DESIGN. 315.3.1 Design envelope to reduce heating, cooling, lighting, and ventilation loads . 315.3.2 Use passive and active renewable energy . 325.3.3 Optimize indoor environmental quality . 335.4 VENTILATION DESIGN . 335.4.1 Assess ventilation requirements . 335.4.2 Reduce ventilation loads . 335.4.3 Provide users comfort and control . 345.4.4 Provide adequate fresh air . 355.5 W ATER SYSTEMS DESIGN . 365.5.1 Reduce or prevent the use of potable water to treat human waste . 36Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings1
5.5.2 Select water-efficient fixtures . 375.5.3 Monitor water use. 375.5.4 Reduce water-related energy use . 385.6 LIGHTING DESIGN . 395.6.1 Reduce lighting load. 395.6.2 Maximize daylight and views. 395.6.3 Provide user comfort and control . 405.7 MECHANICAL DESIGN . 415.7.1 Optimize mechanical system to meet reduced loads. 415.7.2 Reduce ozone depletion . 435.7.3 Document designs for commissioning . 435.7.4 Monitor carbon dioxide . 445.7.5 Ensure indoor air is free of pollution. 445.8 FINALIZE BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN . 445.8.1 Finalize energy performance targets. 445.8.2 Update all environmental performance targets . 446SIXTH STAGE IN THE PROCESS: INTERIOR FINISHES AND APPLIANCES . 466.16.26.3REDUCE INTERNAL LOADS . 46REDUCE DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS TO LANDFILLS . 46ENSURE INDOOR AIR IS FREE OF POLLUTION . 487SEVENTH STAGE IN THE PROCESS: SPECIFICATIONS / CONSTRUCTIONDRAWINGS . 507.17.27.37.47.57.67.77.87.98EIGHTH STAGE IN THE PROCESS: CONSTRUCTION AND COMMISSIONING . 558.18.28.38.48.58.69SPECIFY THE OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL INTENT OF THE PROJECT . 50SPECIFY ENVIRONMENTAL SITE DESIGN FEATURES . 50SPECIFY ENERGY-EFFICIENT SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS . 51SPECIFY ACCEPTABLE INDOOR AIR QUALITY . 51SPECIFY WATER-EFFICIENT FIXTURES AND SYSTEMS . 51SPECIFY GREEN PRODUCTS AND MATERIALS . 52SPECIFY CONSTRUCTION WASTE REDUCTION . 53SPECIFY COMMISSIONING PROCESS . 53VERIFY THAT ALL BUILDING SYSTEMS MEET ENERGY TARGETS . 53PREVENT EROSION DURING CONSTRUCTION . 55ENSURE PROTECTION OF SITE ECOSYSTEM . 55MINIMIZE THE DISPOSAL OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE. 56PROTECT AND CONSERVE TOPSOIL. 57ENSURE INDOOR AIR QUALITY . 57COMMISSION ALL MAJOR SYSTEMS . 59NINTH STAGE IN THE PROCESS: OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE. 59GLOSSARY . 60Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings2
DisclaimerThe following set of Planning, Design And ConstructionStrategies For Green Buildings has been developed under theGreen Buildings BC—New Buildings Program. This first draft ofthis document will be subject to changes during the GreenBuildings BC Pilot Project Initiative (1999 – 2002) and themonitoring period thereafter. The Province of British Columbiacannot be held liable for any possible errors in the followingdocument and is not liable for any building processes orproducts used to meet the targets. All parties using thesestrategies and resources are expected to adhere to all otherapplicable standards, laws, and codes.Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings3
List of C:VAV:VOC:ChlorofluorocarbonsCubic feet per minuteEnergy conservation measureIndoor Air QualityIndoor Environmental QualityIntegrated Design ProcessIntegrated Pest ManagementPhotovoltaic Solar PanelsPolyvinyl chlorideVariable air volumeVolatile Organic CompoundOrganizations andPrograms:AIA:AIBC:ASHRAE:American Institute of ArchitectsArchitectural Institute of British ColumbiaThe American Society of Heating, Refrigerationand Air Conditioning EngineersAthena Sustainable Materials InstituteCanadian Home Builders' AssociationCanada Mortgage and Housing CorporationCanadian Standards AssociationConstruction Specifications InstituteEnvironmental Building NewsFederation of Canadian MunicipalitiesGreen Buildings BCGreater Vancouver Regional DistrictIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaInternational Standards OrganizationLeadership in Energy and Environmental DesignGreen Building Rating System (developed byUSGBC, below)Model National Energy Code for BuildingsNational Resources CanadaUniversity of British ColumbiaUnited NationsUnited States Department of EnergyUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyUnited States Green Building anning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings4
IntroductionIntroduction: How to Use This DocumentAudienceThis document is offered as a resource for those interested inexploring a variety of strategies to build more environmentallyresponsible buildings. It is intended to be useful for the designteam of a green building project, including the owner, projectmanagers, engineers, architects, landscape architects, valueanalysis consultants, green consultants, cost consultants,energy engineers, construction managers, government agenciesand any other person or group involved in the design.Document structureThe strategies in this document are organized around thefollowing stages in the design process:1. Program Planning and Site Selection2. Selection of Design Team3. Site Design4. Building Orientation and Configuration5. Building Systems Design5.1. Energy Design5.2. Structure Design5.3. Envelope Design5.4. Ventilation Design5.5. Water Systems Design5.6. Lighting Design5.7. Mechanical Design5.8. Finalize Building Systems Design6. Interior Finishes7. Specifications / Construction Drawings8. Construction and Commissioning9. Operations and MaintenanceWithin each of these stages, “strategies” are presented that canreduce the environmental impact of the building. The strategieswill offer practical suggestions to assist in the planning, designand construction of green buildings.Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings5
IntroductionStructure of theindividual strategiesThe strategies are organized into the following way:Many of thestrategies listedrelate to morethan one greenbuilding issue.Therefore the “Keyand relatedissues” are listedon the left-handcolumn.Goals:1.1. Researchfundingopportunities Key issue:Energy reductionThe “Resources”section summarizesavailable resources.On the internet, it islinked (by clicking)to furtherinformation. Theresources are listedin order ofrelevance andusefulness. Moreresources can befound in the “Guideto Green BuildingResources.”The“Goal” is astatementof theintent ofthisparticularstrategy.The “Strategy” is apracticalsuggestionconcerning how toachieve aparticularenvironmentalobjective in aspecific stage ofthe designprocess.Strategies: There are many financial andsupporting resources to supportgreen buildings. The application tothese programs should be made assoon as possible.Resources for researchingfunding opportunities:funding and1.0.Financial andotherSupportingResources:resources Commercial BuildingIncentive Program(CBIP) find out aboutthe buildingsthat metfundingrequirementsThese numbers referto the “Guide toGreen BuildingResources”Document.Case Studies forresearching fundingopportunities:3.4.1. Energy Use CaseStudies Commercial BuildingIncentive Program(CBIP) Case StudiesMany strategies have aselection of case studies thatshow how other buildingshave used this strategy ormet the broaderenvironmental goal of thestrategy. On the internet, youcan access the case study bylinking (clicking).Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings6
IntroductionHow the strategiesshould be usedThe strategies offered here are presented as design options, orideas to consider. They are voluntary. The strategies do notnecessarily support each other, and the use of one strategy maypreclude the use of others. Designers, owners and others willneed to weight the benefits of using any particular set ofstrategies. There may be tradeoffs needed to achieve thediverse design goals of any particular project.The field of green building design is evolving quickly. The list ofstrategies presented here should not preclude the design teamfrom exploring other strategies not covered in this document.What is notincluded?This “Strategies” document does not specifically address theissues of programming, even though we recognize theuppermost importance of these issues and goals. It also doesnot focus on the Integrated Design Process (IDP), which assistsin the development of a green building. Information on the IDPcan be found in a document entitled: “Guide to Value Analysis and the Integrated DesignProcess”The other documents that are referred to in this documentinclude the following: “Guide to Green Building Resources” “Case Studies”These are available from:Green Buildings BC—New Buildings ProgramBritish Columbia Building Corporation3350 Douglas Street, VictoriaBritish Columbia, V8Z 3L1http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings7
Pictures of brook and underwater fish reproduced with permission fromFisheries and Oceans Canada. Picture of the Galloping GooseProgram Planning and Site SelectionSite selection and design has an impact on issues as diverse as surrounding wildlife habitatand transportation options for building users. All kinds of wildlife habitat are impacted by siteselection, including the fish in the picture above. The Galloping Goose bike / walk / horse trailruns through Victoria BC, and enables many people to use alternate forms of transportationto travel to the areas close to the trail.Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings8
Green Strategies for Stage 1: Program Planning and Site Selection1First Stage in the Process: Program Planning and Site SelectionGoals:1.1 r) Related issues:AllStrategies:The building owner sets preliminary performance targets atthe outset of the project. These should be appropriate to the siteand program, and should cover the following areas: Energy (Energy Use, Energy Source, Clean EnergyTransport) Water (Water Use, Water Filtration, Ground WaterRecharge, Human Waste) Landscape (Integrated Pest Management, Green Space,Native Plantings and Wildlife Habitat) Materials (Recycled Materials, Efficient Materials, SalvagedMaterials, Local Materials, Durable and Low Maintenance) Waste (Recycling and Composting Facilities) Construction Practices (Construction Waste, ReuseTopsoil, Vegetation and Watercourse Protection) Indoor Environmental Quality (Air Pollutant Emissions,Ventilation Effectiveness and Air Filtration, SystemCommissioning and Cleaning, Daylighting) Economic Performance (Life-Cycle Assessment, CapitalCost Accounting)These environmental performance targets will be furtherdeveloped when the design team is hired, and finalised as thedesign team enters the building systems design phase. Greenbuilding guidelines, rating systems or checklists (listed in the“Resources” section below) can be used to set targets. Inaddition to all of the environmental targets, the owner shouldhave the targets that are required in every building, such asprogramming and functional targets.Resources for setting environmental performance targets:2.0. General Resources2.1. GuidelinesLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) BC MFCR Green Buildings Checklist GBBC Performance Targets for Pilot Projects New York City High Performance Building Guidelines Santa Monica’s Green Building Guidelines 2.2. Whole Building ResourcesGreen Building Information Council (GBIC) general greenNRCan’s Office of Energy Efficiencybuilding AIBC’s Resourcesinformation Environmental Building News Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development guidelines andchecklists can beused by theowner to setappropriate andchallengingtargets Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings9
Green Strategies for Stage 1: Program Planning and Site Selectioncase studies cangive youexamples of whatis possible Goals:1.2 Researchfundingopportunities Key issue: EnergyreductionCase Studies for setting environmental performance targets:2.2.1. Whole Building Case Studies British Columbia Green Building Case Study Series Green Building Challenge 2000 Advanced Buildings, Technologies and Practices Visions, Tools and Targets MEI Case Studies of Green Buildings Committee on the Environment (COTE)’s Home PageStrategies: There are many financial and supporting resources tosupport green buildings. The application to theseprograms should be made as soon as possible.Resources for researching funding opportunities:1.0. Financial and Supporting Resources:funding and otherCommercial Building Incentive Program (CBIP)resources PowerSense, West Kootenay Power NRCan C-2000 Program REDI find out about thebuildings thatmet fundingrequirementsGoals:1.3 Reuse existingbuildings Materials Issue Related issues:Energy,ConstructionWaste, AllCase Studies for researching funding opportunities:3.4.1. Energy Use Case Studies Commercial Building Incentive Program (CBIP) CaseStudies Renewable Energy Deployment Initiative (REDI)CaseStudiesStrategies: Reuse an existing building as much as possible throughrenovation or redevelopment. Roughly 80% of an averagebuilding’s environmental impact is from its operations andmaintenance over its lifetime, and only 20% from theembodied energy of materials. Therefore, the trade-offs andlife-cycle costs of building new must be done carefully.Case Studies for reusing existing buildings:6.8.1. Materials Case Studies Telus Office BuildingPlanning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings10
Green Strategies for Stage 1: Program Planning and Site SelectionGoals:1.4 Start early tosourcesalvagedmaterials Key Issue:MaterialsStrategies: Early on, look for appropriate salvageable materials fromdemolition contractors, specialty suppliers, salvaged buildingmaterial suppliers, or buildings that are being deconstructed.All consultants should be ready to specify salvagedmaterials. When a source has been identified, theavailability, quality of material, timing and storage should beconfirmed.Resources for planning for salvaged materials:6.3. Salvaged Materials GVRD’s Construction/Demolition Recycling Program Design Guide—Salvaged Building Materials in NewConstruction EcoSmart Concrete ProjectCase Studies for planning for salvaged materials:6.8.1. Materials Case Studies Materials Testing Facility The Liu Centre Telus Office Building EcoSmart Concrete Project The Energy Resource CenterPlanning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings11
Green Strategies for Stage 1: Program Planning and Site Selection Key issue: SiteEcology Related issue:Waterfind a site thatconnects withpublic transit,greenways, andbike routesthese resourceshelp you learnmore about theecology of yoursitesee how othersselectappropriate landStrategies:Select land that: is a short walk from public transit,pedestrian and bicycle routes exists in an already-urbanized area is walking distance from amenities is already serviced by the requisiteurban infrastructure (roads, utilities,etc.) is a brownfields site and remediate it allows infill developmentPicture of bicycle light allows mixed-use developmentAvoid selecting sites that are: designated as part of the BC Agricultural Land Reserve orthe BC Forest Land Reserve flood land (find designation) ecologically sensitive land, defined according to theSensitive Ecosystems Inventories BC habitat for rare or endangered species as defined by the BCConservation Data Centre used as wildlife corridor within the 15- to 30-metre-wide streamside protection areason fish-bearing streams in urban areas that are designatedby the BC Fish Protection Act greenfield areas wetlands (as defined by The Canadian Federal Policy onWetland Conservation)Reprinted with permission of VancouverGreenwaysGoals:1.5 Selectappropriateland Key Issue:TransportationEnergy Related issues:Site Ecology, AllResources for selecting environmentally appropriate land:3.3. Clean Energy Transport North America Greenways Information Page Environment Canada’s Green Lane Success Stories National Center for Bicycling and Walking5.3. Native Plantings and Wildlife Habitat BC Conservation Data Centre Sensitive Ecosystems Inventories in British Columbia BC Land Reserve Commission Naturescape British Columbia The Evergreen Foundation NPSBC Native Plant Society of BCCase Studies for selecting environmentally appropriate land:3.4.3. Clean Energy Transport Case Studies Austin Green Building Program Case Studies Conservation CoopPlanning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings12
Photograph reprinted with permission of Martine Desbois.Selection of Design TeamThe 16,000 square foot intensive green roof at the Zoo Atlanta’s Conservation Action ResourcesCenter (ARC) is flush with the original grade on the west and rises to the east. The roof acts as atool to educate the public about conservation biology. The roof’s earth-berm provides thermalmass that reduces heat gain. The plant life on the roof creates wildlife habitat, reducesstormwater runoff and reduces roof temperatures.Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings13
Green Strategies for Stage 2: Selection of Design Team2Second Stage in the Process: Selection of Design TeamGoals:2.1 Select a designteam withexperience orinterest in greenand integrateddesign Related issues:AllStrategies: Ensure that knowledge, skills and experience withgreen design are criteria for the selection of architects,landscape architects, engineers and other members of thedesign team. All applicants should be asked to provide proofof their knowledge of and / or previous experience withgreen design principles and practices.Resources for selecting the design team:2.2. Whole Building Resources BC Green Buildings Directory NAVFAC Policy: Procurement of Sustainable Facilities andInfrastructure Through Architect-Engineer (A-E) and RelatedContractsGoals:2.2 Selectappropriateprofessionalsfor theexpandeddesign team Related issues:AllStrategies:Ensure that the following skills are available among teammembers: Facilitation: Having someone with experience in both greenand integrated design can help the team make the best useof time at the first few design meetings. An experiencefacilitator can also help to steer the team in the rightdirection, and provide information on green design issues. Energy Simulation: This is indispensable for significantbuilding energy conservation. Energy engineers specializein analysis, research and engineering of energyconservation and renewable energy methods. They are bestinvolved early during schematic and early designdevelopment and later at or near completion to verify theactual energy performance. Green Expertise: A professional with expertise in greendesign practices will stimulate the group to go beyondcurrent practice. In addition, they will provide somereassurance to an inexperienced team about the beststrategies to investigate given the specifics of the project. Value /Cost Analysis: The role of this person (or people) isvital to the success of the project. The cost consultant mustbe involved very early in the process and must understandthe process and the objectives / targets of the project. Theymust have the tools to respond quickly as to the costimpacts of various design concepts and variations to theseconcepts. They will need to be able to provide appropriatecost information at various stages of the process.Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings14
Green Strategies for Stage 2: Selection of Design TeamGoals:2.3 Setenvironmentalperformancetargets(design team) Related issues:AllStrategies:The integrated design team sets performance targets. Theteam, including the owner, further develops the performancetargets set by the owner. These targets should be appropriate tothe site and program, and should deal with the following issues: Energy (Energy Use, Energy Source, Clean EnergyTransport) Water (Water Use, Water Filtration, Human Waste, GroundWater Recharge) Landscape (Integrated Pest Management, Green Space,Native Plantings and Wildlife Habitat) Materials (Recycled Materials, Efficient Materials, SalvagedMaterials, Local Materials, Durable and Low Maintenance) Waste (Recycling and Composting Facilities) Construction Practices (Construction Waste, ReuseTopsoil, Vegetation and Watercourse Protection) Indoor Environmental Quality (Air Pollutant Emissions,Ventilation Effectiveness and Air Filtration, SystemCommissioning and Cleaning, Daylighting) Economic Performance (Life-Cycle Assessment, CapitalCost Accounting)guidelines andchecklists can beused by theowner to setappropriate andchallengingtargets2.0. General Resources2.1. GuidelinesLeadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) BC MFCR Green Buildings Checklist GBBC Performance Targets for Pilot Projects New York City High Performance Building Guidelines Santa Monica’s Green Building Guidelines 2.2. Whole Building ResourcesGreen Building Information Council (GBIC) general greenNRCan’s Office of Energy Efficiency buildingAIBC’sResources informationEnvironmental Building News Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development case studies cangive youexamples of whatis possibleCase Studies for setting environmental performance targets:2.2.1. Whole Building Case Studies British Columbia Green Building Case Study Series Green Building Challenge 2000 Advanced Buildings, Technologies and PracticesPlanning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green Buildings15
The above Day Care Centre in Heddernhein, Frankfurt am Main,and the below Hundertwasser House apartments in Vienna, haveextensive green roofs that are visible in the pictures.Planning, Design and Construction Strategies for Green BuildingsPhotographs reprinted with permission of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.Site Design16
Green Strategies for Stage 3: Site Design3Third Stage in the Process: Site DesignGoals:3.1 Protect orenhance site’secologicalintegrity andbiodiversity Key issue: SiteEcology Related issues:Water,Constructi
Finalize Building Systems Design 6. Interior Finishes 7. Specifications / Construction Drawings 8. Construction and Commissioning 9. Operations and Maintenance Within each of these stages, “strategies” are presented that can reduce t
2. CONSTRUCTION TIME PLANNING AND SCHEDULING Construction Time Planning is the first step in the construction planning process. It includes the planning effort required to facilitate timely completion of a project. Construction Time Scheduling provides a working time-table of project activities for completion of the project within specified .
Detailed planning for tendering purposes and the preparation of construction needs to be conducted through brainstorming sessions among the planning team. The inputs and outputs of the planning process are shown in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: Planning inputs and outputs Planning requires a rigorous effort by the planning team.
of duration is called Aggregate Planning as obvious from the following diagram. Planning process Long range planning ( strategic planning)(for 1-5 years of duration) Intermediate range planning ( aggregate planning)(for 3-12 months) Short term planning (for scheduling and planning for day to day shop floor activities). (for 1-90 days)
construction site layout planning are explained. Keywords: construction safety, equipment positioning, logistics, material flow, site layout design and planning. 1. INTRODUCTION. The process of site layout planning describes the design and allocation of site equipment such as tower cranes or containers.
4) Design/construction parameters for pool equipment and under what conditions its use is acceptable including starting platforms, moveable floors, bulkheads, and diving boards. The Facility Design and Construction Code Module shows a Table of Contents giving the context of the Facility Design and Construction Design, Construction, Operation and
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