Troubleshooter - Manufacturer Of Chain, Gears And Couplings
Tr o u b l e s h o o t e r
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERPRODUCT RANGEPAGE 1
2333435IntroductionCONVEYOR APPLICATIONSConveyor osionCorrosionFretting CorrosionImpact & erloadRoller SeizureSprocket Tooth WearTensile OverloadGallingLIFTING APPLICATIONSLifting IntroductionAlignmentAlignmentGalling & Fretting CorrosionTRANSMISSION APPLICATIONSTransmission osionFractureFractureFretting CorrosionGallingGallingLubrication & AlignmentLubrication & AlignmentLubrication & AlignmentMaterial CrackingOverloadOverloadRiveting FailureWearPAGE 29303132333435363738394041424344
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERINTRODUCTIONRenold, the premier chain company is dedicated to providingnational and global customers with products to the ultimatespecification and design, manufactured to exceed the highestinternational standards.Only materials that meet the Renold exacting specifications areused for the manufacture of our chain components.Stringent process control at everystage of production including componentmanufacture, heat treatment, andassembly, ensure the consistent qualityof all Renold Chain.Every chain is proof loadedresulting in minimum initial wear, greaterfatigue resistance and improved wearperformance.Corrosion protection and long lifeare achieved by automatically prelubricating every chain with a speciallyformulated grease. Chain lubrication isone of the most important factors inachieving a long and trouble free servicelife. Renold can advise the correctmethod to suit your needs.A feature of power transmission and mechanical handling isthat, if a machine is overloaded or otherwise used in a mannernot allowed for in the design, then the effects will always be seenin the performance or appearance of the chain or sprockets.The purpose of this booklet is to highlight some of thetypes of damage that can be caused to chain or sprockets byspecific design oversights, maintenance neglect and operationaloverloads, enabling retification and improved performance.PAGE 3
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERCONVEYOR INTRODUCTIONRenold Chain has, for many years, been a leader and innovatorinvolved in the design and manufacture of standard conveyor chainand the development of engineered products for such applications asescalators, travelators, sterilisers, cement conveyors, theme park ridesand numerous other specialised systems for the mechanical handlingindustry. We have a detailed understanding of the maintenance needson such applications and can now offer the manufacturers andoperators of conveyor systems the benefits of this knowledge.Chain is one of the most widely used moving mediums inmechanical handling systems, being robust and very adaptable, but itis also one of the most neglected components within such equipmentwhen general or routine maintenance is carried out. In many cases thisproduct is attended to when problems occur, normally when the chainis already damaged and the only real option is to fit a replacement tothe system.For more information on Conveyor Chain, please refer to theRenold Chain Installation and Maintenance Manual which has beendesigned with the manufacturer and operator in mind. It covers thefunctional aspects of using Renold conveyor chain and emphasises thecorrect use of preventative maintenance procedures, which will ensurebetter machine performance, less down time, lower overallmaintenance costs and extended chain life. Should you require anyfurther information, please contact our technical sales staff.PAGE 4
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 1FIGURE 1MODE OF FAILURE - ABRASIONAPPLICATION134,000 N breaking load chain operating on a slatconveyor with slats bolted across the Kattachments.FAILURE MODESide plates showed severe rubbing marks alongone edge.DIAGNOSISThe side plate edges have been rubbing againstsome fixed point on the conveyor structure,probably the edge of the guide tracks. The effectof this would be to wear away the side plate and toincrease the drive power and chain tension.SOLUTIONDetermine the point of contact and realign thechain to prevent rubbing. It may be necessary tocheck and adjust the track to ensure levels arecorrect across the two strands.PAGE 5
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 2FIGURE 2MODE OF FAILURE - ABRASIONAPPLICATIONConveyor chain used in handling wet china clay.FAILURE MODESevere wear between the chain bush and roller ina china clay extraction plant.DIAGNOSISAbrasive residues (Quartz) in the clay from theoriginal granite material causing wear to thesurfaces.SOLUTIONSpecify Renold Chain with extra hard surfacematerials to be included in the manufacture ofchain round parts.PAGE 6
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 3FIGURE 3MODE OF FAILURE - ALIGNMENTAPPLICATIONCan steriliser chain.FAILURE MODEWear to the pin ends has removed the rivetsecurity and the outer plate has become detached.DIAGNOSISDifferential wear to the chains has caused thevertical strands to move to the side and contactthe guides. The guides are of similar hardness tothe pin ends and the pin ends have worn awayreleasing the outer side plate.SOLUTIONFit side guides that are softer than the pin ends.Also consider fitting a rubbing block at intervalsalong the chain to protect the pin end.PAGE 7
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 4FIGURE 4MODE OF FAILURE - ALIGNMENTAPPLICATIONCast iron sprockets fitted to chain scraperconveyors used for cleaning the primary screensat a sewage treatment plant.FAILURE MODESprocket teeth suffered severe wear over a sixmonth period and several teeth were so weakenedthat they fractured across the thinnest section.DIAGNOSISThe teeth were machined to a thinner section toaccommodate flanged rollers on the chain and thechain was allowed to run out of line which resultedin only part contact on the sprockets. The resultinghigh pressure caused the rapid wear shown on thephotograph.SOLUTIONReplace the sprockets and realign the chain toensure full contact between the chain roller andthe sprocket teeth.PAGE 8
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 5FIGURE 5MODE OF FAILURE - CORROSION / EROSIONAPPLICATIONHeavy duty chain used on a slat conveyor carryingcut sugar cane into a sugar factory.FAILURE MODESevere corrosion and wear of pin and bushsurfaces.DIAGNOSISChain pin and bush were supplied drilled forgrease gun lubrication. No lubrication has beenapplied and the surfaces have been subjected tounprotected corrosion / erosion by acidic sugarjuice and sand contamination.SOLUTIONReplace the chain and ensure that the grease gunlubrication feature is regularly used.PAGE 9
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 6FIGURE 6MODE OF FAILURE - CORROSION / EROSIONAPPLICATIONThreading chain for passing finished steel stripthrough the final washing and finishing process.FAILURE MODESevere erosion of material from areas of the chainleading to weakening and tensile failure.DIAGNOSISSequence of environments between caustic, waterand air at high pressure caused erosion / corrosionof the side plates which reduced the section sideplates leading to tensile failure.SOLUTIONProtection of the chain by either zinc plating orshielding to prevent the erosion.PAGE 10
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 7FIGURE 7MODE OF FAILURE - FRETTINGAPPLICATIONTilt tray sorter chain used in baggage handling inthe baggage hall of a major airport.FAILURE MODEChain pins and bi-planar block show scoring andheavy red deposit indicating fretting corrosion.DIAGNOSISFretting corrosion caused by marginal lubrication,where the lubricant present is insufficient to preventthe asperities on each component rubbing together.SOLUTIONEvery pin should be removed and all traces ofabrasive red oxide removed. The chain should thenbe operated in an improved lubrication regime.PAGE 11
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 8FIGURE 8MODE OF FAILURE - IMPACT & ALIGNMENTAPPLICATIONGravity bucket conveyor handling hot cement in acement works.FAILURE MODEHeavy surface cracking on the surface of thebushes and abrasion of the inner faces of the sideplates.DIAGNOSISThis problem appears to be caused by heavyimpact on the bushes. The abrasion on the sideplates suggests that the chain is riding up onto thetop of the sprocket teeth and then dropping intoengagement.SOLUTIONInitially the alignment between the chain and thesprockets should be checked. If this is correct thenthe remaining alignments should be checked, i.e.sprocket centres, levels, chain centres, etc.PAGE 12
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 9FIGURE 9MODE OF FAILURE - MISALIGNMENTAPPLICATIONConveyor chain roller profile after use on a twinstrand slat conveyor.FAILURE MODEEccentric wear across the face of the roller hascaused a lip on one side.DIAGNOSISThe chain has run to one side to the degree wherethe roller edge has been over the edge of the chaintrack. The effect of this type of situation is toincrease the roller face wear rate by only using partof the face width to carry the loads.SOLUTIONRe-align the chain to run correctly on the chaintracks. In the failure shown the chain could be reused with the lip ground off, providing the roller isa sintered through hardened type. Otherwise thechain should be replaced.PAGE 13
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 10FIGURE 10MODE OF FAILURE - MISALIGNMENTAPPLICATIONHeavy duty gravity bucket conveyor chainoperating in a cement works.FAILURE MODEThe extended bearing pin has failed across thehole which was drilled to allow lubricant into theoutboard roller.DIAGNOSISThe chain has moved sideways until one of therollers has fouled the conveyor structure causingthe extended pin to fail. The cross section isinteresting in that the fine grained hardened caseand the coarse grained ductile core can clearly beseen.SOLUTIONThe circuit of the conveyor should be checked tofind the contact point. The conveyor should bechecked to find and correct the reason for themovement to the side.PAGE 14
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 11FIGURE 11MODE OF FAILURE - NONEAPPLICATION107,000 N breaking load hollow pin.FAILURE MODENone.DIAGNOSISA correctly lubricated component.SOLUTIONPAGE 15
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 12FIGURE 12MODE OF FAILURE - OVERHEATINGAPPLICATIONStainless steel chain renewed in an ovenoperating at a high temperature.FAILURE MODEThe replacement chain wore severely after a shorttime resulting in the removal for examination.DIAGNOSISAt the same time as replacing the chain, heat trapdoors had been fitted which saved heat loss butincreased the oven temperature to a level abovethe acceptable working value for the chain.SOLUTIONReturn to the previous method of working oraccept a much reduced chain life. Heat resistingsteels are a possibility.PAGE 16
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 13FIGURE 13MODE OF FAILURE - OVERLOADAPPLICATIONExtended pin fitted to chain to carry an outboardroller.FAILURE MODESudden shock overload has caused the pin to fail.DIAGNOSISThe extended pin has failed due to overload orshock loading. The failure has initiated at thecorner of the flat on the pin. The "river markings"flowing away from the crack initial point can beclearly seen.SOLUTIONDetermine the reason for the shock / overload andeither remove the cause or redesign the pin tocarry the load.PAGE 17
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 14FIGURE 14MODE OF FAILURE - ROLLER SEIZUREAPPLICATIONChain used in an oven conveying system.FAILURE MODERollers seized on bushes producing flats on rolleroutside diameters.DIAGNOSISThe grease lubrication used on the chain was notsuitable for the oven temperature and duringoperation the grease 'carbonised' causing seizureof the rollers.SOLUTIONApply a light flushing oil to the chain to clean outthe residue of carbon. If this is not successful thenthe chain must be replaced and lubricated with anoil compatible with the oven operating temperature.PAGE 18
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 15FIGURE 15MODE OF FAILURE - SPROCKET TOOTH WEARAPPLICATIONSprockets fitted at the end of a conveyor.FAILURE MODESevere hooking wear of the sprocket teeth hasbeen compounded with a second phase of hookedwear.DIAGNOSISThe original chain and sprockets have followednormal wear patterns with hooked wear of thesprocket teeth and pitch elongation of the chain. Anew chain has then been fitted to the old wheelswhich have a worn tooth form incompatible withthe pitch of the new chain. The result is severesecondary wear of the sprocket teeth and probablyvery rapid chain pitch extension.SOLUTIONAlways check the condition of the existing sprocketteeth before fitting a new chain to any system. Inthis case the sprockets must be renewed and thechain checked for damage.PAGE 19
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 16FIGURE 16MODE OF FAILURE - TENSILE OVERLOADAPPLICATIONBottle washer chain used for washing returnedmilk bottles in a caustic environment.FAILURE MODEThe chain cranked link has failed in tensile mode.DIAGNOSISThe outer link has been crudely modified whichwas thinner than the normal inner link.SOLUTIONObtain a properly designed cranked link fromRenold.PAGE 20
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 17FIGURE 17MODE OF FAILURE - GALLINGAPPLICATIONHollow pin (step pin) used in a high rise escalator.FAILURE MODEThe pin pressure faces have suffered from severegalling where the surfaces have articulated andfused together.DIAGNOSISThe very high pressures experienced by thesehigh rise escalators have led to squeeze-out andfailure of the lubricant allowing the surfaces totouch and gall when the chain articulated.SOLUTIONUse high quality, high pressure lubricants andensure that the lubricant regime is such that thefilm of lubricant is constantly maintained betweenthe surfaces.PAGE 21
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERLIFTING INTRODUCTIONRenold Chain has over 100 years experience in the operationand maintenance of lifting chain. Involvement with designers,manufacturers and users of all types of equipment has enabled Renoldto develop the Renold Lifting Chain Installation and MaintenanceManual which should be referred to for more information. Thisdefinitive manual is designed to pass on the preferred methods ofcorrect handling, adjustment, installation and maintenance of liftingchain systems resulting in maximum chain life.If further information is required, please contact our technicalsales staff.PAGE 22
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 18AFIGURE 18AMODE OF FAILURE - ALIGNMENTAPPLICATION1" P 5 x 6 leaf chain used in a counterbalancemechanism for the drivers cab in an overheadcrane.FAILURE MODEExcessive judder noticed by the crane driver.DIAGNOSISInspection of the counterbalance arrangementshowed that the pulley had worn excessively onone side. This was reflected on one side of thechain. The pulley was found to be out of line withthe line of action of the chain attachment points.SOLUTIONRenew chain and pulley and realign.PAGE 23
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 18BFIGURE 18BMODE OF FAILURE - ALIGNMENTAPPLICATION1" P 5 x 6 leaf chain used in a counterbalancemechanism for the drivers cab in an overheadcrane.FAILURE MODEExcessive judder noticed by the crane driver.DIAGNOSISInspection of the counterbalance arrangementshowed that the pulley had worn excessively onone side. This was reflected on one side of thechain. The pulley was found to be out of line withthe line of action of the chain attachment points.SOLUTIONRenew chain and pulley and realign.PAGE 24
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 19FIGURE 19MODE OF FAILURE - GALLING & FRETTING CORROSIONAPPLICATIONChain used for a lifting application.FAILURE MODEGalling and fretting corrosion.DIAGNOSISThe chain being under constant loading at highbearing pressure has resulted in the lubricantbeing squeezed out between the pin and bushbore. This created a metal to metal contactresulting in a slight galling of the surfaces and theoxidization of the microscopic particles, giving thered oxide deposit. A typical example of frettingcorrosion.SOLUTIONMore frequent lubrication schedule to beintroduced.PAGE 25
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERTRANSMISSION INTRODUCTIONRenold Chain have over 100 years experience in the operationand maintenance of transmission chain. Involvement with designers,manufacturers and users of all types of equipment has enabled Renoldto develop the Installation and Maintenance Manual forTransmission Chain which should be referred to for more information.This definitive manual is designed to pass on the preferred methods ofcorrect handling, adjustment, installation and maintenance oftransmission chain drives resulting in maximum chain life.Should you require any further information, please contact ourtechnical sales staff.PAGE 26
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 20FIGURE 20MODE OF FAILURE - ABRASIONAPPLICATIONSimple transmission chain drive.FAILURE MODERubbing wear on the face of the side plates, theend of the side plates and the pin end.DIAGNOSISThe chain has been rubbing against some fixedpoint on the circuit. From the wear pattern it seemslikely that the chain has worn a groove in thefixture, probably initiated by the harder pin ends.SOLUTIONRealign the chain drive before the damage to thechain becomes too serious and the chain has tobe scrapped.PAGE 27
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 21FIGURE 21MODE OF FAILURE - ABRASIONAPPLICATIONStainless steel transmission chain used to removeproduce from the cooking oil in an automatic fryer.FAILURE MODEThe chain suffered rapid pin/bush wear and pitchextension.DIAGNOSISWhen the oil at the delivery end of the fryer wasexamined, it was found to contain product residuethat had been degraded to form very hard burntparticles, that were abrading the chain round parts.SOLUTIONFit replacement chain and introduce a filtrationsystem to the cooking oil to remove the abrasiveresidue.PAGE 28
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 22A - Before CleaningFIGURE 22AMODE OF FAILURE - CORROSIONAPPLICATION1 3/4" ANSI simple detachable chain used on atable roll drive in a steel mill.FAILURE MODEHeavy corrosion and erosion of all parts.DIAGNOSISBush and rollers have corroded / worn to a waferthin condition with corresponding wear on the pins.Plates have a great deal of side wear and areheavily pitted. This chain has been used in anextremely hostile environment subject to hightemperatures and water spray.SOLUTIONImprove lubrication methods. Replace chain morefrequently.PAGE 29
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 22B - After CleaningFIGURE 22BMODE OF FAILURE - CORROSIONAPPLICATION1 3/4" ANSI simple detachable chain used on atable roll drive in a steel mill.FAILURE MODEHeavy corrosion and erosion of all parts.DIAGNOSISBush and rollers have corroded / worn to a waferthin condition with corresponding wear on the pins.Plates have a great deal of side wear and areheavily pitted. This chain has been used in anextremely hostile environment subject to hightemperatures and water spray.SOLUTIONImprove lubrication methods. Replace chain morefrequently.PAGE 30
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 23FIGURE 23MODE OF FAILURE - CORROSIONAPPLICATIONChain drive used on a barrelling machine.FAILURE MODECorrosion.DIAGNOSISThis chain has been used in an environment withwater contamination. The chain has not beenregularly lubricated and external parts havegradually corroded until the rollers seized. Thechain has then proceeded to wear heavily on therollers.SOLUTIONProtect from water if possible. Increase degree ofmaintenance lubrication.PAGE 31
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 24FIGURE 24MODE OF FAILURE - FRACTUREAPPLICATION1.25" P BS zinc plated chain used in a waterenvironment.FAILURE MODEBushes fractured on assemblyDIAGNOSISCustomer supplied zinc plated bushes forassembly. When assembled the bushes broke intoseveral fragments due to hydrogen embrittlementas they had not been de-embrittled after plating.SOLUTIONEnsure correct de-embrittlement treatment iscarried out immediately after plating.PAGE 32
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 25FIGURE 25MODE OF FAILURE - FRACTUREAPPLICATION1.0" P BS chain.FAILURE MODEPlates fractured when chain working load wasapplied.DIAGNOSISChain had been zinc plated by customer withoutcarrying out any de-embrittlement treatment whichresulted in chain failure due to hydrogenembrittlement.SOLUTIONChain should be initially zinc plated beforeassembly by Renold.PAGE 33
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 26FIGURE 26MODE OF FAILURE - FRETTING CORROSIONAPPLICATIONTransmission chain with pushers at intervals tocontrol the conveying of boxes of breakfast cereal.FAILURE MODESevere wear of one pin of the pusher attachmentand red deposit indicating fretting corrosion.DIAGNOSISThe pusher attachment was designed 50.8mmpitch to fit on a chain of 25.4mm pitch and operateon sprockets designed for 25.4mm pitch chains.This obviously caused very high pressure on onepin of the attachment link which squeezed out mostof the lubricant. This resulted in the marginallubrication situation required to produce frettingcorrosion.SOLUTION1. Use specially designed sprocket teeth withrelieved tooth pocket at the attachment position.2. Employ a high performance lubricant with solidresidue to prevent squeeze-out.PAGE 34
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 27FIGURE 27MODE OF FAILURE - GALLINGAPPLICATION2.5" P ANSI chain used on a lifting application.FAILURE MODEThe bearing areas have suffered galling where thesurfaces have articulated and then fused together.DIAGNOSISVery high bearing pressures had beenexperienced in this lifting application. The effectbeing that the lubricant had failed and galling hadoccured on articulation.SOLUTIONUse a high quality, high pressure lubricant andensure that a film of lubricant is maintainedbetween mating surfaces.PAGE 35
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 28FIGURE 28MODE OF FAILURE - GALLINGAPPLICATION3.5" P BS chain used on a marine diesel engine.FAILURE MODESevere galling due to high bearing pressures andlack of lubrication between articulating surfacesresulting in surfaces fusing together.DIAGNOSISLubrication pump failure resulted in surfaces fusingtogether under high bearing pressure. This gallingprocess is also referred to as 'micro welding'.SOLUTIONEnsure adequate means of lubrication.PAGE 36
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 29AFIGURE 29AMODE OF FAILURE - LUBRICATION & ALIGNMENTAPPLICATION1" P BS duplex chain driving a flywheel on a 400Tonne press.FAILURE MODEExcessive wear. Chain jumping teeth causing toothrounding.DIAGNOSISExamination of the chain showed no lubricationhad been applied in the 6 months service life. Theloads involved require a minimum of oil sumplubrication. In addition to this the centre distancewas higher than recommended and the sprocketswere out of line.SOLUTIONImprove the lubrication method. Consider hardeningthe driver teeth. Correct the drive alignment.PAGE 37
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 29BFIGURE 29BMODE OF FAILURE - LUBRICATION & ALIGNMENTAPPLICATION1" P BS duplex chain driving a flywheel on a 400Tonne press.FAILURE MODEExcessive wear. Chain jumping teeth causing toothrounding.DIAGNOSISExamination of the chain showed no lubricationhad been applied in the 6 months service life. Theloads involved require a minimum of oil sumplubrication. In addition to this the centre distancewas higher than recommended and the sprocketswere out of line.SOLUTIONImprove the lubrication method. Consider hardeningthe driver teeth. Correct the drive alignment.PAGE 38
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 30FIGURE 30MODE OF FAILURE - LUBRICATION & INSTALLATIONAPPLICATIONSpecial 2 1/2" P ANSI simple chain used forconveying in a mine.FAILURE MODENo 58 pin suffered a fatigue failure.DIAGNOSISThe joint was extremely dry and showed no signsof lubrication. The joint showed heavy galling withthe presence of surface corrosion products.Subsequent investigation revealed that the chainhad been running in water, but more significantlythat the user had opened out the holes on theloose plate of the No 58 joint to make assemblyeasier. This caused the fatigue failure experienced.SOLUTIONProvide a better lead in on the pin to enable theuser to assemble more easily. Reconsiderlubrication regime.PAGE 39
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 31FIGURE 31MODE OF FAILURE - MATERIAL CRACKING BELOW TEETHAPPLICATION0.5" P BS 20 tooth sprocket.FAILURE MODEMaterial cracking below teeth.DIAGNOSISCustomer had flame hardened the teethincorrectly. Due to the differential rate of coolingresulting from the sprocket section, crackingoccured.SOLUTIONSprockets to be supplied with teeth already flamehardened by Renold.PAGE 40
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 32FIGURE 32MODE OF FAILURE - OVERLOADAPPLICATION1.5" P BS chain test sample.FAILURE MODEOuter plates have been permanently stretched dueto the high load.DIAGNOSISGood example of overload.SOLUTIONCorrectly size the chain for the application.PAGE 41
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 33FIGURE 33MODE OF FAILURE - OVERLOADAPPLICATIONDuplex transmission chain used in severe overloadsituation.FAILURE MODESevere damage to transmission chain pin andcollapse of the chain bush.DIAGNOSISExcessive overload on the chain led to thecollapse of the bush and damage to the pin.SOLUTIONCorrectly size the chain for the application.PAGE 42
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 34FIGURE 34MODE OF FAILURE - RIVETING FAILUREAPPLICATIONSimple transmission chain drive to a machine.FAILURE MODEOne outer link has become detached and the pinbent.DIAGNOSISThe loose side plate of a No 107 connecting linkhas become detached due to inadequate rivetingon site. The pin has moved out and jammed inposition allowing the chain to continue workinguntil the failure was noticed.SOLUTIONReplace the No 107 link and ensure that the pinsare adequately riveted.PAGE 43
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERFigure 35FIGURE 35MODE OF FAILURE - WEARAPPLICATION1.5" P BS duplex chain.FAILURE MODEPin bearing areas worn. Note position ofintermediate plates is clearly visable.DIAGNOSISOver a long period of time the pins have graduallyworn until the chain elongation has reached 2%SOLUTIONMonitor chain extension regularly.PAGE 44
RENOLDTROUBLESHOOTERINDEX60 year old chain .45FAfatigue .39fatigue resistance .3flats on roller .18flushing oil.18flywheel.37,38fracture .8,32,33fretting .11,25,34fretting corrosion .11a long and trouble free life.45abrasion .5,6,12,27,28abrasion, chain round parts.28abrasive residues .6Bbarrelling machine .31bearing areas.35bearing pressure.25bi-planar block .11bottle washer chain .20bush, collapse of .42bush, corrosion and wear .9Ggalling .21,25,35,36gravity bucket conveyor.12grease, carbonised .18guide tracks .5CHcaustic environment.20cement conveyors .4centre distance .37,38chain drive .31chain pins.11Chain ProductsInstallation & Maintenance .45chain round parts.6chain, riding up .12constant loading .25contents .2conveying .39conveyor chain introduction.4conveyor chain roller .13cooling, differential rate of .40correctly lubricated component .15corrosion .9,10,29,30,31corrosion, heavy .29,30counterbalance mechanism.23cranked link .20heat resisting steels.16heat treatment .3heavy duty chain .9heavy duty gravity bucket conveyor .14high pressure.34,36hollow pin.21hooking wear .19hydrogen embrittlement.32, 33DIimpact .12impact, heavy .12installation.39Installation andMaintenance Manual .4international standards .3introduction .3Jjoint, dry .39judder.24Ldifferential wear .7duplex chain .37,38duplex transmission chain .42Eeccentric wear .13environment .10environment, hostile .29,30erosion .9,10escalator chain .21escalators .4excessive overload .42extended pin .17leaf chain .23lifting application .35lifting chain introduction .22lubricant, high pressure .21lubrication .37,38,39lubrication, correct .15lubrication, grease .
specification and design, manufactured to exceed the highest international standards. . sprocket centres, levels, chain centres, etc. FIGURE 8 MODE OF FAILURE - IMPACT& ALIGNMENT. RENOLD TROUBLESHOOTER PAG
Spur Gears Catalog Number of KHK Stock Gears The Catalog Number for KHK stock gears is based on the simple formula listed below. Please order KHK gears by specifying the Catalog Numbers. Spur Gears Helical Gears Internal Gears Racks CP Racks & Pinions Miter Gears Bevel Gears Screw Gears
The powder metal gears initially produced were generally Smaller gears, but over the years the Size of the powder-metal gears has increased. Gears generally may include Spur gears, bevel gears and Worm gears and they may be Subclassified as Straight and helical Spur gears, Straight, Spiral, Zero bevel and hypoid bevel gears.
KKS- Hardened Spur Gears: Series: 212 213: Spur Gears Helical Gears Internal Gears Racks CP Racks & Pinions Miter Gears Bevel Gears Screw Gears Worm Gear Pairs Bevel Gearboxes Other Products Spur
Spur Gears. G-5. Styles of Spur Gears. Martin. Stock Spur Gears are available in five different styles. Steel Gears are furnished in plain style and plain style with hub. Cast gears are furnished, plain with hub, web with lightening holes, and spoke. Cast gears are machined on all
Screw Gears 341 Catalog Number of KHK Stock Gears The Catalog Number for KHK stock gears is based on the simple formula listed below. Please order KHK gears by specifying the Catalog Numbers. Material Type S S45C N Screw Gears SU Stainless Steel A CAC702 P MC901 Screw Gears S N 1 - 13 R (Example) Direction of Helix (Right) No. of Teeth (13 .
Exchange Mailflow Troubleshooter The Exchange Mailflow Troubleshooter is a really new component from the Exchange Troubleshooting assistant. You can use the Exchange Mailflow Troubleshooter to find the reason for broken mailflow, Non delivery reports or lost Messages if you are using Exchange Server 2007.
13 Gears—General Chapter Outline 13-1 Types of Gears 13-2 Nomenclature 13-3 Conjugate Action 13-4 Involute Properties 13-5 Fundamentals 13-6 Contact Ratio 13-7 Interference 13-8 The Forming of Gear Teeth 13-9 Straight Bevel Gears 13-10 Parallel Helical Gears 13-11 Worm Gears 13-12 Tooth Systems 13-13 Gear Trains 13-14 Force
Waterhead 1003 1346 St James 1041 1393 Chadderton South 1370 964 Failsworth West 1596 849 Chadderton North 2038 791 Chadderton Central 2096 695 Failsworth East 2234 643 Shaw 2295 893 Royton South 3008 628 Royton North 3297 808 Crompton 3858 510 Saddleworth West and Lees 3899 380 Saddleworth North 5892 309 Saddleworth South 6536 260 3.3 There is a wealth of evidence to suggest links between .
