Women's Health: A Guide To Preventing Infections
Women’s Health:A Guide to Preventing InfectionsInfection: Don’t Pass It On CampaignOffice of Public HealthVeterans Health Administration
Women’s Health:A Guide to Preventing InfectionsInfection: Don’t Pass It On (IDPIO)Campaign Contributing TeamOffice of Public HealthClinical Public Health Occupational Health Employee Education SystemOffice of Patient Care ServicesVA Infection Control Professionals National Center for Health Promotion andDisease Prevention National Infectious Diseases Service Women Veterans Health Strategic Health Care Group National Center for Patient SafetyVeterans Health AdministrationU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsInternet site: www.publichealth.va.gov/InfectionDontPassItOn
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsForewordVictoria DaveyI was delighted to see that Clinical Public Health collaborated with so many otheroffices within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) in the development of thisbook. These included our Infection: Don’t Pass It On campaign whose membershiprepresents about 13 VHA program offices and disciplines, including the WomenVeterans Health Strategic Health Care Group. I am even more impressed by the wealthof talent and expertise that contributed to its content – doctors, nurses, educators,infection control professionals, and so many others who believe in the mission ofkeeping our women Veterans healthy. It contains so much important information, somebasic – as we all could use reminders – and some very specific. There is no doubt thatthis resource will help all of our women Veterans learn more about these topics and theskills to address their own health.So much of what we do as individuals influences those around us. This is how I think of public health. That’s why Iwas excited after reading the resource information within this book. Providing this type of education to our womenVeterans is just one step toward public health. Think about it. Learning more about how germs and infectionsare spread empowers us as women to take personal steps toward more healthy behaviors. Let’s not forget theinfluence we have on those around us – pass this information along and help your children and other family andfriends to reduce the spread of infections. Never underestimate your own personal contribution to those aroundyou. Public health truly begins with personal health.I invite you to peruse the pages within this book. I have every confidence that you’ll be as pleased as I was withthis as a reliable and informative resource for women.Victoria Davey, PhD, MPH, RNChief Officer, Office of Public HealthVHA Central OfficeU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsWashington, DCVeterans Health Administration
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsIntroductionFlu infects up to one out of every five people in theUnited States each year. The U.S. also counts over onebillion colds and 19 million new sexually transmitteddisease (STD) infections among the infectionsoccurring each year. Flu, colds, STDs, and otherillnesses are caused by infections. Chances are thatyou or someone you know had an infection last year.the health of Veterans and their families. IDPIO andthe Office of Public Health are pleased to provideWomen’s Health: A Guide to Preventing Infections towomen Veterans. IDPIO has developed this booklet toprovide educational materials to the VA community toprevent the spread of infection and promote the healthof women Veterans.Infections are usually spread by passing germsfrom person to person. Infections can put a wholecommunity at risk. Some illnesses caused by infectionscan be mild, like a cold, while others are more severeand can even lead to death.This booklet describes the most common infections inwomen, from colds and flu to STDs such as chlamydiaand HIV. Topics such as how to prevent the spread ofgerms and women-specific issues such as pregnancyand breastfeeding are covered in this book. Use thisinformation to learn how to reduce your risk of gettingsick. If you are sick, this booklet can teach you how toavoid spreading the infection to your family and friends.The Office of Public Health and the Infection: Don’tPass It On (IDPIO) campaign are committed topreventing the spread of infection and improvingVeterans Health Administrationi
Women’s Health: IntroductionEach section has information on:uHow the infection is spread.uWhat the signs of infection are.uHow the infection is treated.uHow to avoid infection.uWhat you should do if you are infected.uHow the infection might affect your pregnancy.uLinks to more online information.Patricia Hayes, PhDChief ConsultantWomen Veterans Health Strategic Health Care GroupVeterans Health AdministrationiiIf you have specific concerns or think you have aninfection, see your health care provider. He or she willbe able to personally advise you on treatments anddevelop a health plan to keep you healthy and freefrom infection.Remember that everyone can help stop the spread ofinfection. Use this book to learn to clean your hands,get vaccinated, handle food safely, and practice safersex. All of these steps will help prevent infection andkeep you and your family healthy.Richard Martinello, MDChief ConsultantClinical Public HealthVeterans Health tPassItOn
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsAcknowledgementsCompletion of this book would not have been possible without the interest and dedication of so many peoplewithin the Veterans Health Administration. First and foremost, special acknowledgement goes to JudithAnderson, MD, who conceived this book as a much-needed tool for our women Veterans. She spent countlesshours researching and drafting the contents of this book. Without her, this book would not be a reality. Specialthanks go to Dana Christofferson, PhD, for her commitment in editing and revising contents of this book. Sincerethanks and acknowledgement to Troy Knighton, MEd, EdS, LPC, National Seasonal Influenza and IDPIO ProgramManager, whose leadership has taken this book from concept to completion.Veterans Health Administrationiii
Women’s Health: AcknowledgementsFinally, many significant contributions, small and large alike, have been made to the overall effort of this book.Special recognition goes to colleagues listed below from the Women Veterans Health Strategic Health CareGroup and members of the Infection: Don’t Pass It On (IDPIO) campaign and others who represent the followingservices and offices:Office of Public Health Clinical Public Health Occupational HealthEmployee Education SystemOffice of Patient Care Services VA Infection Control Professionals National Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention National Infectious Diseases Service Women Veterans Health Strategic Health Care GroupNational Center for Patient SafetyThanks to all who managed to find extra time among their day to day responsibilities to participate in the writing,revision, and review of sections of this book. Lorraine Bem, EdD, MSHA, MSN, FACHE, National Project Manager/ANCC Nurse Planner, Birmingham EmployeeEducation Resource Center Jonna Brenton, RN, Women Veteran Program Manager, VA Montana Health Care System Marla Clifton, RN, MSN, CIC, MDRO Clinical Program Coordinator, National Infectious Diseases Service, VHACentral Office Maggie Czarnogorski, MD, Deputy Director, Clinical Public Health Programs, VHA Central Office Linda H. Danko, RN, MSN, Clinical Program Coordinator, National Infectious Diseases Service, VHA Central Office Pamela Del Monte, MS, RN-BC, ACNS, Associate Chief Nurse, Ambulatory Care, Durham VAMC Kathleen De Roos, APRN, MSN, CIC, VISN 23 Infection Prevention Coordinator Janet Durfee, RN, MSN, APRN, Deputy Chief Consultant, Clinical Public Health, VHA Central Office. Karen B. Feibus, MD, Deputy Director, Reproductive Health, Women Veterans Health Strategic Health CareGroup, VHA Central Office Stacy Garrett-Ray, MD, MPH, MBA, Deputy Director, Comprehensive Women’s Health, Women Veterans HealthStrategic Health Care Group, VHA Central tOn
Women’s Health: Acknowledgements Sally G. Haskell, MD, Acting Director, Comprehensive Women’s Health, Women Veterans Health Strategic HealthCare Group, VHA Central Office Patricia Hayes, PhD, Chief Consultant, Women Veterans Health Strategic Health Care Group, VHACentral Office Pamela Hirsch, NP-C, BS, MEd, MS, Director of Occupational Health, VHA Central Office Amanda M. Johnson, MD, FACOG, Senior Medical Consultant, Women Veterans Health Strategic Health CareGroup, VHA Central Office Vicki Macks, RN, BSN, CNOR, CIC, MDRO Prevention Coordinator, Memphis VAMC Scott E. Mambourg, PharmD, BCPS; Clinical Pharmacy Coordinator, Reno VAMCS Rick Martinello, MD, Chief Consultant, Clinical Public Health, VHA Central Office Phyllis Ogletree, CRNP, COHN-S, Nurse Practitioner/Occupational Health, Biloxi VAMC Jacqueline Parker, RN, MS, MPH, Patient Safety Officer, VISN3 – NY/NJ HCS Kathleen Pittman, RN, MPH, Program Manager, Prevention Practice, National Center for Health Promotion andDisease Prevention, Office of Patient Care Services Barbara Polak, RN, MSN, Deputy Director, Women’s Health Education, Women Veterans Health Strategic HealthCare Group, VHA Central Office Connie Raab, BA, Director, Public Health Communications, Office of Public Health, VHA Central Office Marian Rodgers, RN, MSN, MPH, CIC, Community Living Center MRSA Prevention Coordinator, Dayton VAMC Mary Standridge, RN, MSN, CIC, Infection Control Nurse, Memphis VAMC Beverly F. Van Metre, RN, BSN, MS, CHES, Clinical Programs Coordinator for HIV & Hepatitis C,Martinsburg VAMC Laure Veet, MD, Director, Women’s Health Education, Women Veterans Health Strategic Health Care Group,VHA Central Office Michael Williams, Public Health Intern, Clinical Public Health, VHA Central Office Laurie C. Zephyrin, MD, MPH, MBA, FACOG, Director, Reproductive Health, Women Veterans Health StrategicHealth Care Group, VHA Central OfficeVeterans Health Administrationv
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsContentsSexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). . . . . . . . . 3Safer Sex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77uChlamydia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Colds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81uGenital Herpes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Influenza (Flu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83uGenital Warts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Pneumonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89uGonorrhea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Vaccines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93uHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) . . . . . . 25Vaccines and Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97uHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) . . . . . . . . . . . 31uSyphilis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37uTrichomoniasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Hepatitis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43uHepatitis A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45uHepatitis B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51uHepatitis C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Food Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Food-borne Illness During Pregnancy. . . . . . . 107uListeriosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113uToxoplasmosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Clean Hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Contact Lens Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Bacterial Vaginosis (BV). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Vaginal Yeast Infections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). . . . . . . . . . . . 73Veterans Health Administration1
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsSexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infectionsthat are spread by sexual contact with someone whohas an STD. STDs are mostly spread through vaginal,anal, or oral sex, and genital touching.Sexually TransmittedDiseases (STDs)There are about 19 million new STD infections eachyear in the United States. There are over 20 types ofSTDs. STDs may be caused by bacteria, parasites, orviruses. STD infection may show a range of signs, or nosigns at all. Sometimes people have an STD and don’tknow it. The only way to know if you have anSTD is by a medical exam and testing by your healthcare provider.Common STDs caused by bacteria that can betreated and cured with antibiotics include:u Chlamydia.u Gonorrhea.u Syphilis.Veterans Health AdministrationCommon STDs caused by viruses that can becontrolled with treatment include:u Hepatitis.u Herpes.u HIV.u HPV.If you have an STD,tell current andrecent sex partnersof the infection.3
Women’s Health: Sexually Transmitted DiseasesHow do you know if you have an STD?Your health care provider can examine and test you forSTDs. Some women are at a higher risk for STDs. Theyshould have regular exams and testing. Higher riskwomen include those who:Using condoms or not havingsex are the best options toprotect yourself from STDs.u Have had a previous STD.u Have new or multiple sexual partners.How can women avoid STDs?u Use condoms only some of the time.uu Have sex for drugs or money.u Use needles for illegal drugs. Avoid sexual contact.I ncluding vaginal, anal, or oral sex, orgenital touching. This is the only way to be absolutely sure ofavoiding STDs. u Have safer sex: educe the number of sexual partners.R Use barriers, including: ale condom.M Female condom. Condoms,when used correctly, canreduce the risk of getting an STD. Eachtime you have sex use a condom (male orfemale type): efore vaginal sex.B Before anal sex. Before oral sex. Dental dam. Plastic wrap, if other barriers are not available. ave sex with only one partner who does notHhave sex with others and does not have an STD.For moreinformation,see Safer Sexon page 77.4www.publichealth.va.gov/InfectionDontPassItOn
Women’s Health: Sexually Transmitted Diseasesu now that washing the vagina or douching after sexKwill not prevent it. The American Congress of Obstetricians andGynecologists (ACOG) recommend that womendo not douche. Douching can change the balance of germs andacidity in a healthy vagina. Any changes in that balance can cause an overgrowth of bad bacteria. This can lead to a yeastinfection or bacterial vaginosis. If you have a vaginal infection, douching can pushinfection-causing bacteria up into the uterus,fallopian tubes, and ovaries. This can cause moreserious problems. What about pregnancy?Some STDs can also be passed on to the baby duringpregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.It is important for all pregnant women to be tested forSTDs. Treatment of STDs can prevent the effects of theSTD on the baby. If you are pregnant or breastfeedingand have an STD, you should talk to your health careprovider about the risk of passing the STD to your baby.Some STDs can cause:u Early birth.u Low birth weights.u Other severe problems in the newborn baby.For more on STDs see:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):STD Prevention Todaywww.cdcnpin.org/scripts/std/prevent.aspCondom Fact Sheet In vic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – CDC Fact Sheetwww.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid.htmU.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office on Women’s Health:Sexually transmitted infections (STI) fact fmHIV/AIDS: Preventing HIV ing fact sheetwww.womenshealth.gov/faq/douching.cfmVeterans Health Administration5
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsChlamydia is an infection caused by bacteria.It is the most commonly reported sexuallytransmitted disease (STD) in the United States.ChlamydiaHow is it spread?u Nausea.Women get chlamydia through vaginal, oral, or analsexual contact with an infected person.u Fever.u Discomfort during sex.u Bleeding between periods.What are signs of chlamydia in women?u Rectal pain, bleeding, or discharge.75% of infected women and 50% of infected men haveno signs. Signs in women include:u Sore throat.u Increased or unusual vaginal discharge.u Burning with urination.u Pain in the back or abdomen.Veterans Health AdministrationMost women withchlamydia do not showany signs of infection.7
Women’s Health: ChlamydiaHow do you know if you have chlamydia?The only way to know if you have chlamydia is by amedical exam. Most women with chlamydia do nothave any signs of infection. See your health careprovider to be tested for chlamydia each year if you:u Are age 25 or younger and are sexually active.u Are older than 25 with new or multiple sex partners.u Do not practice safe sex.u re having sex with someone who might be havingAsex with others.u Are pregnant.How is it treated?Chlamydia can be treated and cured with antibiotics.Always finish antibiotic treatment, even if signs ofchlamydia go away. Do not have sex until aftertreatment and signs of it are gone. See your healthcare provider if your signs do not go away afterfinishing treatment.8What can happen if you have chlamydiafor a long time?u Problems getting pregnant.u Pregnancy outside of the uterus.u Swelling in the anus.u Eye and joint redness and pain.u ore likely to get HIV from a partner who is infectedMwith HIV.If you have chlamydia:u Always finish all antibiotic treatment.u o not have sex with someone who has chlamydiaDor has not finished treatment (to prevent re-infection).u Tell current and recent sex partners of the infectionso they can get checked.u now that it can raise the risk of getting andKspreading HIV.www.publichealth.va.gov/InfectionDontPassItOn
Women’s Health: ChlamydiaHow can you avoid chlamydia?u Avoid sexual contact.u Have safer sex: educe the number of sexual partners.R Condoms, when used correctly, can reduce therisk of getting chlamydia. Each time you have sexuse a condom (male or female type): efore vaginal sex.B Before anal sex. Before oral sex.What about pregnancy?All pregnant women should be tested for chlamydia.If you are pregnant and have chlamydia, you shoulddiscuss your pregnancy and infection with your healthcare provider. Pregnant women with chlamydia canhave early births or babies with eye and lung infections. uFor moreinformation,see Safer Sexon page 77. ave sex with onlyHone partner whodoes not have sexwith others and doesnot have chlamydia.Pregnant womenwith chlamydiacan pass it to theirbabies duringchildbirth. now that other forms of birth control do not protectKagainst chlamydia.For more on chlamydia see:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):Chlamydia – CDC Fact tmU.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office on Women’s Health:Chlamydia fact sheetwww.womenshealth.gov/faq/chlamydia.cfmU.S. National Library of Medicine:Chlamydia infections in 60.htmVeterans Health Administration9
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsGenital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)caused by herpes simplex viruses. Many people withherpes have no signs of infection and do not knowthey have it.Genital HerpesThere are 2 herpes simplex viruses thatcan cause infection:u One causes most genital herpes.u he other virus can also cause genital herpes butTmore often causes blisters of the mouth and lips(e.g., cold sores or fever blisters).The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) states that about 1 out of 6 people ages 14 to 49have genital herpes.How is it spread?The herpes virus is spread by skin-to-skin contact witha person who has the herpes virus:u Most often, from herpes sores or blisters.uL ess often, from normal looking skin where the virusfirst entered the body.u uring vaginal, anal, or oral sexual contact, or skinDto-skin contact. This may happen even withoutvisible sores.u The herpes virus enters the body through the:Lining of the mouth. Vagina. Labia. Regular skin that has small cracks or cuts. Women are moreeasily infected withherpes than men.Veterans Health Administration11
Women’s Health: Genital HerpesPeople with a weak immune system can get a herpesinfection more easily. A weak immune system is causedby some diseases (e.g., cancer, HIV/AIDS) and by somemedicines used to treat serious diseases.People who don’t know theyhave herpes can still spreadthe virus to others.What are signs of genital herpesin women?Women who have the herpes virus may have nooutbreaks or signs of infection. Many do not know theyhave the virus. Once you are infected, the virus staysin your nerve cells for life. When the virus is not active,there is no sign of infection. When the virus becomesactive, a herpes outbreak occurs. Some womenmay not have any outbreaks or may have only oneoutbreak, while others may have multiple outbreaks.First OutbreakThe first herpes outbreak often occurs within the 2weeks after contracting the virus from an infectedperson. The first signs may include:uI tching, tingling, or burning feeling in the vaginal oranal area.u Flu-like symptoms, including fever.u Swollen glands.u Pain in the legs, buttocks, or vaginal area.u A change in vaginal discharge.u Headache.u Painful or difficult urination.u feeling of pressure in the area below theAstomach.12After a few days, painful sores, blisters, or ulcers maydevelop where the virus entered the body. Theseareas include:u The vaginal or anal area.u The mouth.u Inside the vagina .u On the cervix.u In the urinary tract.u On the buttocks or thighs.u n other parts of your body where the virus hasOentered.Sometimes the first outbreak will not occur until monthsor years after infection.Other OutbreaksAfter the first outbreak, you may have more outbreaks.For most, these outbreaks occur less often over time.The signs of herpes infection are usually milder thanduring the first outbreak, and they go away faster.For people with a weak immune system, outbreaks canbe severe and long-lasting.See your healthcare provider tobe tested if youhave signs ItOn
Women’s Health: Genital HerpesHow do you know if you havegenital herpes?Living with genital herpes causes some people to:u Feel embarrassed or ashamed.The only way to know if you have genital herpes is by amedical exam. Your health care provider can examineyou and test for it. Lab samples are taken from a sore,blister, or blood. Your health care provider may ask totest you for other infections at the same time.u Worry about infecting a sexual partner.u orry that having herpes will affect relationships withWsexual partners.u Avoid dating or sexual relationships.Tell current and most recent sexpartners of your herpes infection.Most people with herpes are able to live with the virusand manage their outbreaks. Talking to trusted healthcare providers and friends can help. Your health careprovider can talk to you about medicines that treatoutbreaks and about ways to reduce the chance ofpassing the virus on to a sexual partner.How is it treated?Genital herpes can be treated, but it cannot be cured.Anti-viral medicines can make outbreaks:u Shorter.u Less severe.u Less frequent.Veterans Health AdministrationMedicines canhelp lower thechance that youwill pass thevirus to others.13
Women’s Health: Genital HerpesIf you have genital herpes, duringoutbreaks you should:u Keep the infected area clean and dry.u Avoid touching the sores or blisters.u Clean hands after contact with the infected area.u void skin-to-skin contact from the time you firstAnotice signs of herpes until the sores have healed.How can you avoid genital herpes?Most women get genital herpes through sexual contactwith a person who has herpes sores. You can get thevirus without having sex. To avoid infection:u Avoid skin-to-skin and sexual contact.u Have safer sex: Reduce the number of sexual partners. For more on howto clean hands,see Clean Handson page 119. Before vaginalsex. Before anal sex. Before oral sex. u14 ondoms, when used correctly, can reduce theCrisk of getting genital herpes. But, condoms maynot cover all infected areas. Each time you havesex use a condom (male or female type):For moreinformation,see Safer Sexon page 77. Have sex with onlyone partner whodoes not have sexwith others and does not have herpes. now that other forms of birth control do not protectKagainst herpes sItOn
Women’s Health: Genital HerpesWhat about pregnancy?A pregnant woman who has genital herpes can passthe virus to her baby. A baby born with herpes might:u Be born early.u Have brain, skin, or eye problems.uNot survive.If you are pregnant, you should tell your health careprovider if you have herpes. If you show any signs ofherpes during pregnancy, tell your provider. Pregnancycan be managed safely if your health care providerknows about your herpes. Medicines can help babiesborn with herpes if they are treated right away.For more on genital herpes see:Department of Veterans Affairs (VA):Herpes simplex mplex.aspCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):Genital Herpes – CDC Fact onal Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID/NIH):Genital /default.aspxU.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office on Women’s Health:Genital herpes fact terans Health Administration15
Women’s Health: A Guide to Preventing InfectionsGenital warts are caused by low-risk types of humanpapillomavirus (HPV). These viruses may not causewarts in everyone.Genital WartsHow are they spread?Women can get genital warts from sexual contactwith someone who has HPV. Genital warts are spreadby skin-to-skin contact, usually from contact with thewarts. It can be spread by vaginal, anal, oral, or handgenital sexual contact. Genital warts will spread HPVwhile visible, and after recent treatment. Long-termsexual partners usually have the same type ofwart-causing HPV.Veterans Health AdministrationWhat are signs of genital wartsin women?Genital warts can grow anywhere in the genital area:u In the vagina.u Around the vaginal opening.u On the cervix (the opening to the womb).u On the groin.u In or around the anus.u In the mouth or throat (rare).17
Women’s Health: Genital WartsGenital warts:u an be any size – from so small they can’t be seen,Cto big clusters and lumps.u an be smooth with a “mosaic” pattern or bumpy likeCa cauliflower.u Are soft, moist and flesh-colored.u Can cause itching, burning or pain.Not all HPV infections cause genital warts. HPVinfections often do not have any signs that you can seeor feel. Some HPV infections can be more serious, seeHPV, page 31.Even if you can’t see any genital warts,you could still have an HPV infection.How is it treated?See your health care provider to discuss treatment.Even when genital warts are treated, the HPVinfection may remain. Warts may also return aftertreatment. Over-the-counter treatments for other typesof warts should not be used. Treatments for genitalwarts include:u atch and wait to see if the warts stay the same, getWbigger, or go away.u edicines applied directly to the warts. These canMinclude prescribed creams.u Burning off the warts.u Freezing off the warts.u Cutting the warts out.u Using special lights or lasers to destroy the warts.How do you know if you havegenital warts?Genital warts can be detected by:u Yourself.u A sexual partner.u A health care provider.The only way to confirm HPV infection is if your healthcare provider does an HPV On
Women’s Health:Genital WartsWhat can happen if you have genitalwarts for a long time?How can you avoid genital warts?u Get vaccinated against HPV. Certain types of HPV vaccines protect against thelow-risk HPV that causes 90% of genital warts. HPV vaccine is safe for all females 9 to 26years old. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) recommends all 11-12 year old girls get theHPV vaccine.u Avoid sexual contact.u Have safer sex: Reduce the numberFor moreof sexual partners.information, Condoms, when usedsee Safer Sexon page 77.correctly, can reducethe risk of gettingHPV.But, condoms may not cover all infected areas.Each time you have sex use a condom (male orfemale type): Before vaginal sex. Before anal sex. Before oral sex.The immune system fights HPV infection. The typesof HPV that cause genital warts do not cause cancer.Without any treatment, genital warts may:u Go away.u Remain unchanged.u Increase in size or number.If you have genital warts:u Discuss treatment for genital warts with your healthcare provider.u now that it you may never know when you got HPVKor who gave it to you.u now that partners that have been together for aKwhile often share the same HPV types, even if bothhave no symptoms.Condoms may not fullyprotect against HPV sinceHPV can infect areas notcovered by a condom. uVeterans Health Administration ave sex with only one partner who does notHhave sex with others and does not have HPV. Know that other forms of birth control do not protectagain
Introduction. Flu infects up to one out of every five people in the United States each year. The U.S. also counts over one billion colds and 19 million new sexually transmitted disease (STD) infections among the infections occurri
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