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GRADE FOURINTRODUCTION TO VIRGINIA STUDIESRefrigerator Card for SOL Home ReviewWhat were the three major American Indianlanguage groups found in Virginia? (VS.2d)How did thePowhatanpeople and theEnglishinteract? (VS.3g)1) IroquoianSpoken in southwestern Virginia andin southern Virginia near what istoday North Carolina. TheCherokee were in this group.2) SiouanSpoken primarily in the Piedmontregion.3) AlgonquianSpoken primarily in the Tidewaterregion. The Powhatans were in thisgroup.Captain John Smith initiated tradingrelationships with the Powhatans.Why did the relationship betweenthe Jamestown settlers and thePowhatans change?The Powhatans traded food,furs, and leather with theEnglish in exchange for tools,pots, guns, and other goods.The Powhatans contributed to the survival ofthe Jamestown settlers by:1) Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan,believed the English and American Indians(First Americans) could live in harmony.Pocahontas began a friendship with thecolonists that helped them survive.2) The Powhatans introduced new crops to theEnglish, including corn and tobacco.As time passed, the Powhatan people realizedthe English settlement would continue to grow.They saw the colonists as invaders that would takeover their land.Why are First Americans called Indians?(VS.2d)Christopher Columbus called thepeople he found in the lands hediscovered “Indians” because hethought he was in the Indies (nearChina).Artifacts such as arrowheads,pottery, and other tools thathave been found tell a lotabout the people who lived inVirginia.FIVE GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF VIRGINIA (VS.2b, VS.10b)How do the five geographic regions differ, and where are they located?Coastal Plain (Tidewater): flat land located nearAtlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay (includes theEastern Shore); east of the Fall Line Products - seafood Industries - shipbuilding, tourism, federalmilitary installationsPiedmont: land at the foot of mountains; rolling hills west of the Fall Line Products - tobacco products, information technology Industries - technology, federal and state government, farming, textilesBlue Ridge Mountains: old, rounded mountains that are part of AppalachianMountain system. They are located between the Piedmont and Valley and Ridgeregions and are a source of many rivers. Products - apples Industries - recreationValley and Ridge: includes the Great Valley of Virginia and other valleysseparated by ridges. (The Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley and Ridge Regionsare part of the Appalachian Mountain system.) They are located west of the BlueRidge Mountains. Products - poultry, apples Industries - farmingAppalachian Plateau: (area of elevated land that is flat on top); located inSouthwest Virginia; only a small part of plateau is located in Virginia Products - coal Industries - coal miningWhat is a peninsula? (VS.2c) A piece of land bordered by water on three sides.The Eastern Shore is a peninsula bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west andthe Atlantic Ocean to the east.Why were water features importantto the early history of Virginia? (VS.2c)Each river was a source of food andprovided a pathway for exploration andsettlement of Virginia.James RiverFlows into the Chesapeake BayRichmond and Jamestown are located alongthe James River.York RiverFlows into the Chesapeake BayYorktown is located along the York River.Rappahannock RiverFlows into the Chesapeake BayFredericksburg is located on theRappahannock River.Potomac RiverFlows into the Chesapeake BayAlexandria is located along the PotomacRiver.Fall Line (VS.2b): The natural borderbetween the Coastal Plain (Tidewater)and Piedmont regions, where waterfallsprevent further travel on the river.2007, Rebecca Mills, Supervisor of Social Studies, Spotsylvania County SchoolsWhat is relative location? (VS.2a)It may be described using terms thatshow connections between two placessuch as, “next to,” “near,” and“bordering.”Which states border Virginia?What bodies of water borderVirginia?Atlantic OceanProvided transportation links betweenVirginia and other places (e.g., Europe,Africa, and the Caribbean)Chesapeake BayProvided a safe harbor and was a source offood and transportation
Virginia’s Indians are referred to as Eastern Woodland Indians (VS.2e) The kinds of food they ate, the clothing they wore, and theshelters they had depended upon the seasons. Animal skins (deerskin) were used for clothing. Shelter was made from materials around them.The climate in Virginia is relatively mild with distinctseasons - spring, summer, fall, and winter resulting in a variety of vegetation. (VS.2e)What are some ways they adapted to the climate and interacted withtheir environment to meet their basic needs?GRADE FOURPage 2What was the impactof the arrival ofwomen on theJamestownsettlement? (VS.3e)The arrival of women in1620 made it possible forthe settlers to establishfamilies and a morepermanent settlement at Jamestown.What was the impact of the arrival ofAfricans on the Jamestown settlement?Africans arrived in Jamestown against their will.It is believed that they arrived as baptizedChristians and therefore, were labeled indenturedservants.JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIAWhat were the reasons for English colonization in America? (VS.3a) England hoped to find silver and gold in America. An American settlement would furnish raw materials that could not be grownor obtained in England, while opening new markets for trade.What were the reasons why the Jamestown settlers came toAmerica? (VS.3a) Jamestown was primarily an economic venture. The stockholders of the Virginia Company of London financed the settlementof Jamestown. Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North Americain 1607.Where is Jamestown located?people who worked for 5 to 7 years to pay for theirpassage to the colonies and then they were freeWhat hardships did the Jamestown settlersface? (VS.3f) The site they chose to live on was marshyand lacked safe drinking water. The settlers lacked some skills necessary to Many settlers died of starvation and disease.When the settlers arrived in 1607,Jamestown was located on a narrowpeninsula bordered on three sides bythe James River. Today, Jamestownis located on an island in the JamesRiver.Why did the settlers choose the site at Jamestown? (VS.3b) The location could easily be defended from Spanish attack by sea.The first charter of the Virginia Company ofLondon established companies to begincolonies in the New World.indentured servants:provide for themselves.(VS.3b)The King of England granted chartersto the Virginia Company of London to settle inNorth America. (VS.3c)The arrival of Africansmade it possible toexpand the tobaccoeconomy.What changes took place toensure survival? arrival of two supply ships forced work program and strongleadership of Captain John Smith emphasis on self-sustainingagricultureAmerica’s First Government System 1619 (VS.3d)In 1619, the governor of Virginia called a meeting of the Virginia Assembly.The Assembly included: the governor the governor’s council two citizen representatives (called “burgesses”) from each of thedivisions of Virginia (only white adult male landowners wereconsidered citizens)By the 1640s, the burgesses became a separate legislative bodycalled the Virginia House of Burgesses.Why was the Virginia House ofBurgesses important?The charters extended English rightsto the colonists.The Virginia House of Burgesses was the firstelected legislative body in America givingsettlers the opportunity to control their owngovernment.It became the General Assembly of Virginia, which continues to this day.2007, Rebecca Mills, Supervisor of Social Studies, Spotsylvania County Schools
GRADE FOURWhat effect did agriculture have on the Virginia colony?(VS.4a)The economy of the Virginia colony depended on agriculture as a primarysource of wealth.Tobacco became the most profitableagricultural product and was sold inEngland as a cash crop.cash crop: a crop that is grown to sellfor money rather than for use by thegrowersHow did agriculture in the Virginia colony influence the institutionof slavery?The successful planting of tobaccodepended on a reliable and inexpensivesource of labor. Large numbers of Africans were broughtto the colony against their will to work asslaves on the plantations. The Virginia colony became dependent onslave labor, and the dependence lasted a long time.Page 3Relocation of Virginia’s Capitalfrom Jamestown to Williamsburg (VS.4c) Jamestown’s drinkingWhatwater was contaminatedinfluenced the by seepage of salt water.move of the Dirty living conditionscapital fromcaused diseases.Jamestown Williamsburg was situatedtoat a higher elevation thanWilliamsburg? Jamestown. Fire destroyed woodenbuildings at Jamestown. Population was movingWhatwestward.influenced the Richmond was a moremove of thecentral location.capital from Richmond’s location wasWilliamsburgbetter for trade.to Moving to RichmondRichmond?increased the distancefrom attack by theEnglish.How did the relationship between the Virginia colony and England change over time? (VS.4b)Migration and living in new areas caused people to adapt old customs to their new environment.The culture of Virginia reflected American Indians (First Americans), African, and European origins.Although a colony of England, Virginia developed a unique culture different from that of England.How do cultural landscapes reflect beliefs, customs, and architecture of people? (VS.4b)Whenever people settle an area, they change the landscape to reflect the beliefs, customs, and architecture of their culture.Examples of cultural landscapes include:BarnsChurchesHomesWhere did the various cultural groups settle? The English settled primarily in Tidewater and Piedmont regions. Germans and Scotch-Irish settled primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, which was along the migration route. Africans settled primarily in the Tidewater and Piedmont regions, where agriculture required a great deal of labor. American Indians (First Americans) were primarily in the Tidewater and Piedmont regions and the Appalachian Plateau, wheretheir traditional homelands were located.Colonial Virginia had no banks.Barter was commonly usedinstead of money.Money, Barter, and Credit Vocabulary (VS.4d) money: a medium of exchange (bills, coins) barter: trading/exchanging of goods and servicesTobacco was used as money. Atobacco farmer could use his tobaccoto pay for goods and services.without the use of money credit: buying a good or service now and paying for itlater debt: a good or service owed to another saving: money put away to save or to spend at a latertimeFarmers and other consumers couldalso buy goods and services on creditand pay their debts when their cropswere harvested and sold.2007, Rebecca Mills, Supervisor of Social Studies, Spotsylvania County Schools
GRADE FOURHow did the English Parliament and the colonistsdisagree over how the colonies should be governed?ParliamentColonists Parliament believed it hadlegal authority in thecolonies. Colonists believed their localassemblies had legalauthority. Parliament believed it had the Colonists believed theyright to tax the colonies.should not be taxed sincethey had no representation inParliament.YORKTOWN (VS.5c)What was the importanceof the American victory atYorktown?The American victory at Yorktownresulted in the surrender of theEnglish army, bringing an end tothe war.James Madison (VS.6a) James Madison believed in the importanceof having a United States constitution.Why is the Declaration of Independence an importantdocument? (VS.5a)The Declaration of Independence states: the authority to govern belongs to thepeople rather than to kings all people are created equal and haverights to life, liberty, and the pursuit ofhappiness.Thomas Jefferson authored theDeclaration of Independence. He kept detailed notes during theConstitutional Convention. His skills at compromise helped thedelegates reach agreement during thedifficult process of writing the Constitutionof the United States of America. This earned him the title “Father of theConstitution.”George Washington (VS.6a)REVOLUTIONARY WAR (VS.5b) George Washington, a Virginian, waselected as the first President of the UnitedStates of America. He provided the strong leadership needed tohelp the young country and provided amodel of leadership for future presidents. He is often called the “Father of OurCountry.”What contributions did Virginians makeduring the Revolutionary War era?PatriotVirginians whoserved in theContinental Armyand fought againstthe English.NeutralVirginians whodid not take sideswith England orthe ContinentalArmy.LoyalistVirginians whoremained loyal toEngland.African Americans from Virginia were divided about the war.Some slaves fought for the English because they were promisedfreedom. James Armistead LaFayette, a slave from Virginia, servedin the Continental Army and was given his freedom after the war.Women took on more responsibility during the war.George Washington provided military leadership by serving ascommander-in-chief of the Continental Army.Thomas Jefferson provided political leadership byexpressing the reasons for colonial independence from England inthe Declaration of Independence.Patrick Henry inspired patriots from other colonies whenhe spoke out against taxation without representation bysaying, “ . . . Give me liberty or give me death.”What geographic factors influenced Virginians tomove to the western frontier of Virginia and beyond?(VS.6c)After the American Revolution, Virginia’s agricultural base began tochange, and as a result, large numbers of Virginiansmoved west and to the deep South to find betterfarmland and new opportunities. Tobacco farming was hard on the soil, causingmany farmers to look west and south for newland to farm. Virginians migrated into western territories looking for large areasof land and new opportunities. As Virginians moved, they took their traditions, ideas, and cultureswith them. Settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountainsthrough the Cumberland Gap as theymigrated to new lands in the west.Documents that influenced the Constitution of the United States (VS.6b)Virginia Declaration of RightsPage 4Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomThe Virginia Declaration of Rights states that allVirginians should have certain rights, including freedomof religion and freedom of the press.George Mason wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights.The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom states that allpeople should be free to worship as they please.Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for ReligiousFreedom.The document became the basis for the Bill of Rights of theConstitution of the United States of America.This document was the basis for the First Amendment to theConstitution of the United States of America. The First Amendmentprotects religious freedom.2007, Rebecca Mills, Supervisor of Social Studies, Spotsylvania County Schools
GRADE FOURPage 5Civil War Leaders (VS.7b) Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall”Differences between the Northern and Southern States thatled to the Civil War (VS.7a)SouthJackson played a major role in the Battleof Bull Run.Economy was industrialized.Economy was agricultural and reliedon slave labor. General Robert E. Lee, Commander ofNorthern states wanted the newstates created out of the westernterritory to be “free states.”Southern states wanted the newstates created out of the westernterritory to be “slave states.”NorthEvents leading to secession and Civil War:Abolitionists campaigned to end slavery.Nat Turner led a revolt against plantation owners in Virginia.Harriet Tubman supported a secret route that escapedslaves took; it became known as the “UndergroundRailroad.”John Brown led a raid on the United States Armory(Arsenal) at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He was trying tostart a slave rebellion. He was captured and hanged.What major Civil War battleswere fought in Virginia? (VS.7b)Battle of Bull Run (Manassas): first major clash of the Civil War.Fredericksburg: Union troops were defeated by the Army ofNorthern Virginia.Richmond: The Confederate capital was captured and burned nearthe end of the war.Monitor (Union ship) and the Merrimack (Confederate ship): Seabattle that took place in Virginia waters near Norfolk andHampton. The battle was fought to a draw.Appomattox Court House: Confederate army surrendered to Unionarmy resulting in the end of Civil WarWhy did Virginia secede from the Union? (VS.7a)After Abraham Lincoln became President of theUnited States in 1860, some southern states secededfrom the Union. Later, other southern states,including Virginia, seceded to form the ConfederateStates of America.”How did West Virginia become a state? (VS.7a) Conflict grew between the eastern counties of Virginia thatrelied on slavery and western countiesthat favored abolition of slavery. The disagreement between the tworegions of the state led to the formationof West Virginia.segregation: the separation of people, usually based on race or religiondiscrimination: an unfair difference in the treatment of peoplethe Army of Northern Virginia, defeatedUnion troops at Fredericksburg. Union General Ulysses S.Grant and his troops tookthe capital of Richmond.He later accepted thesurrender of ConfederateGeneral Robert E. Lee atAppomattox Court House.Reconstruction: The period following the Civil War inwhich Congress passed laws designed to rebuild thecountry and bring the southern states back into the Union.(VS.8a)What were some of the problems Virginiansfaced during the period of Reconstruction?Millions of freed slaves needed housing, clothing, food,and jobs.Virginia’s economy was in ruins: money had no value banks were closed railroads and bridges weregone plantations and cropswere destroyedRichmond, Virginia (1865)What measures were taken to resolve problems? The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency thatprovided food, schools, and medical care for freed slavesand others in Virginia and the rest of the South. Sharecropping was a system common in Virginia afterthe war in which freed men and poor white farmersrented land from a landowner by promising to pay theowner with a share of the crop.“Jim Crow” Laws (VS.8b)During Reconstruction, African Americans began to havepower in Virginia’s government, and men of all racescould vote.In the early 1900s “Jim Crow” laws establishedsegregation or separation of the races andreinforced prejudices held by whites.Ways “Jim Crow” laws affected African Americanlife: Unfair poll taxes and voting tests were established tokeep African Americans from voting. African Americans found it very difficult to vote or holdpublic office. African Americans were forced to use separate drinkingfountains. African American and white children attended separateschools.2007, Rebecca Mills, Supervisor of Social Studies, Spotsylvania County Schools
GRADE FOURGROWTH IN VIRGINIAContributions of Citizens (VS.9c)Virginia began to grow in many areas after theCivil War and Reconstruction. Virginia’s citiesgrew with people, businesses, and factories.Maggie L. Walker was the first AfricanAmerican woman and also the first woman tobecome a bank president in the United States.(VS.8c)What changes took place in Virginia to boost the economic growth? Railroads were a key to the expansion of business, agriculture,and industry. Railroad centers stimulated the growth of factories whereclothing, furniture, and other useful items were made.Harry F. Byrd, Sr., as governor, was knownfor “Pay as You Go” policy for roadimprovements, and he modernized Virginiastate government.Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., was the first AfricanAmerican winner of a major men’s tennissingles championship. He was also an authorand eloquent spokesperson for social change. The cities of Roanoke, Richmond,Norfolk, Newport News, Petersburg,Alexandria, and Lynchburg grewrapidly. Coal deposits became a source oflivelihood for residents of southwestVirginia.Agriculture to Industry (VS.9a)Why did Virginia change from an agri
2007, Rebecca Mills, Supervisor of Social Studies, Spotsylvania County Schools GRADE FOUR INTRODUCTION TO VIRGINIA STUDIES Refrigerator Card for SOL Home Review Why were water features important to the early history of Virginia? (VS.2c) Each river was a source of food and provided a pathway for exploration and settlement of Virginia. James River
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